玉米成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及褐化控制研究

玉米成熟胚组织培养过程中发生褐化可影响愈伤组织的诱导、生长和组培过程的进行。实验研究探讨3种防褐剂硝酸银(AgNO3)、活性炭和PVP及培养条件对玉米成熟胚愈伤组织诱导和继代过程中褐化控制的作用。结果表明,一定浓度的AgNO3能明显减轻褐化,其中愈伤组织诱导时10.0 mg/LAgNO3控制外植体褐化的效果最佳;愈伤组织继代培养时7.0 mg/LAgNO3控制较为适宜。2.0 g/L活性炭能有效抑制外植体的褐化,高于此浓度会抑制愈伤组织的诱导;继代培养初期在含2.0 g/L活性炭的培养基中培养7 d,不仅能有效控制褐化,还在一定程度上促进了愈伤组织的生长。愈伤组织诱导时1.0 g/LPVP能在有效控制外植体褐化的同时促进愈伤组织的形成。暗培养能显著减轻褐化的发生,有利于愈伤组织的诱导。     

玉米成熟胚离体培养体系的建立

以玉米品种豫玉32和安玉12的成熟胚为外植体,利用正交实验研究蔗糖、2,4-D、AgNO3这3个因素及组合对玉米成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明,对安玉12诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20g/L蔗糖+2.0 mg/L2,4-D+5.0 mg/LAgNO3,豫玉32诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20 g/L蔗糖+4.0 mg/L2,4-D+10.0 mg/L AgNO3。     

水稻成熟胚盾片诱导愈伤组织再生体系的建立

采用水稻成熟胚盾片诱导愈伤组织作为分化再生的外植体，通过优化激素组合和调节培养基渗透压，建立了适合水稻遗传转化的高效再生体系，将水稻成熟胚诱导愈伤组织分化再生的过程划分为3个不同时期，即成熟胚盾片愈伤组织诱导，胚性细胞诱导保持，胚性愈伤组织分化再生，以CultureI(LS 2,4-D2.0mg/L)诱导成熟胚盾片愈伤组织，愈伤组织剥离后接种于Culture II-3(LS 2,4-D 2.5mg/L 山梨醇3g/L)上诱导胚性愈伤组织，继代后接种于Culture Ⅲ-2(MS NAA 0.5mg/L 6-BA 1.0mg/L Kinetin 2.0mg/L 山梨醇8g／L）上分化成苗，培养结果表明，该再生体系所获得的胚性愈伤组织分化再生率均在60％－80％之间，利用本研究建立的高效再生体系建立水稻外源基因遗传转化系统，使转化过程中所得转化愈伤组织高效再生成苗，从而顺利获得转化植株，可以提高水稻外源基因转化的效率，为水稻品种的定向遗传改良提供优良的遗传转化技术体系。     

西洋参的胚状体发生与植株再生

用通过低温阶段的西洋参(panaxquinquefolium L.)种胚,先在MS+24—D(0.5—2.0mg/l)+CA(500—2000mg/l)的培养基上诱导出愈伤组织,继代培养2代,在胚性愈伤组织上发生胚状体,然后接在y2MS+6—BA0.5mg/L培养基上成长为绿色小苗,经过壮苗培养6个月,主根直径0.4厘米,盆栽成活。     

通过继代培养提高橡胶树体胚诱导频率的研究

橡胶树体胚诱导频率低、正常胚状体比例低是影响橡胶树花药培养的重要限制因子。组织切片结果显示:50 d的愈伤组织生长期实际上应划分为2个阶段:0~30 d为愈伤诱导阶段,30~50 d为胚性表达和愈伤增殖阶段,因此本试验以30 d的橡胶树花药愈伤组织为材料,通过继代培养基的正交筛选,探索通过继代培养提高橡胶树体胚分化频率的途径。试验结果显示:橡胶树初代花药愈伤组织经过优化后的继代培养基继代培养1次后,分化的胚状体是不继代培养分化胚状体数量的4.29倍,而其中正常胚状体的数量是不继代的2.4倍。继代培养基包含4种激素,以6-BA的影响最大,其次为KT。优化的愈伤继代培养基为改良MS培养基添加6-BA0.1 mg/L+KT 0.3 mg/L+3,4-D 0.3 mg/L+ABA 0.013 mg/L。与传统橡胶树花药再生体系相比,本试验增加了愈伤组织继代这一程序,并摸索了适宜的继代培养基配方,使花药再生体系更加符合实际花药培养发育的过程,以提高橡胶树胚状体分化频率,促进橡胶树体胚苗产业的发展。     

铁兰体细胞胚的诱导及植株再生

以铁兰无菌苗为外植体,研究不同激素配比对铁兰胚性愈伤组织诱导及体细胞胚形成的影响,并对体细胞胚的发生过程进行形态学观察.结果表明:2,4-D对铁兰胚性愈伤组织的诱导具有重要作用,诱导铁兰胚性愈伤组织的最适2,4-D浓度为2.0 mg/L;胚性愈伤组织在含ABA的培养基上可分化形成体细胞胚.形态及解剖学观察表明,愈伤组织既可以产生于外植体的外层细胞,又可产生于外植体的深层细胞.体细胞胚的形态发生经历了与合子胚形态发生相似的阶段,即经过球形胚、子叶形胚等.胚经过萌发、芽的伸长和生根后形成再生植株.     

玉米幼胚离体培养体系的建立

以78599、A189和糯杂3号的幼胚为外植体进行幼胚培养,研究最佳培养基配方及培养程序。结果表明:用改良的玉培培养基 2mg/L2,4-D 0.2mg/LKT 5mmol CaCl2 600mg/L脯氨酸 500mg/L水解酪蛋白 7g/L琼脂 30g/L糖进行诱导培养,3种基因型中78599最易诱导出愈伤组织。在其它条件不变的情形下,2,4-D浓度降到1mg/L,胚性愈伤组织呈颗粒状分散且颗粒细小,呈黄绿色。此种胚性愈伤组织接种在加KT或加BA的分化培养基中,以加KT的绿苗数多。     

适合全周期间作的橡胶树品种热垦628花药再生体系研究

在橡胶树体胚发生再生体系研究中，如何快速获得胚性愈伤组织是能否成功建立再生体系的关键。本研究基于课题组前期的研究基础，以橡胶树花药为外植体，通过正交试验设计方案研究了毒莠定、KT、6-BA、IAA四种激素的不同浓度组合对橡胶树花药胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响，结果表明：橡胶树花药愈伤组织诱导的最优组合培养基为MS基础培养基，硫胺素0.4 mg/L、天冬酰胺300 mg/L、水解酪蛋白100 mg/L、脯氨酸100 mg/L、精氨酸100 mg/L、谷氨酰胺100 mg/L、L-半胱氨酸-盐酸盐50 mg/L、蔗糖70 g/L、椰子水50 mL/L、植物凝胶2.2 g/L，并添加毒莠定浓度20 mg/L、KT浓度2 mg/L、6-BA浓度1 mg/L、IAA浓度0 mg/L，愈伤组织诱导率达73.3%～100%。所有处理在诱导愈伤组织25～28 d左右，愈伤组织达到快速增殖时期，对胚性愈伤组织的诱导起主要作用的是毒莠定浓度，其浓度在20～30 mg/L之间时，对胚性愈伤组织的诱导有促进作用。低浓度的毒莠定虽然也能诱导愈伤组织产生，但是这些愈伤组织几乎为无胚胎发生能力的非胚性愈伤组织。同时用获得...     

玉米自交系郑58和丹340幼胚再生体系的建立

研究选取9个优良玉米品种的自交系,以幼胚为外植体,以N6、MS培养基为基本培养基,诱导愈伤组织,探讨基因型、培养基类型、外植体大小、激素浓度等因素对愈伤组织诱导率的影响,分析不同基因型愈伤组织生长状态的差异,对诱导成功的愈伤组织进行分化和再生。研究结果表明,基因型对愈伤组织诱导率起决定作用,且基因型和培养基之间存在相互作用;外植体大小在1.5～2.0 mm时的幼胚较适合诱导胚性愈伤组织;2,4-D对玉米幼胚愈伤组织的诱导形成起关键作用,浓度在2.0～2.5 mg/L时大多能诱导出胚性愈伤组织。     

玉米自交系愈伤组织诱导及植株再生研究

以玉米自交系7922、H99、P2、Mo17、吉846、吉63等的幼胚为外植体诱导愈伤组织，研究了不同培养基、不同激素种类和浓度及不同碳源的种类和浓度对愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明：NB培养基的胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高；对于不同基因型玉米自交系2,4-D浓度为2 mg/L时胚性愈伤组织诱导率均最高；在以20 g/L蔗糖和20 g/L葡萄糖及30 g/L蔗糖和10 g/L葡萄糖作碳源的诱导培养基上愈伤组织诱导率最高，但不能长期继代使用。对不同激素组合对玉米愈伤组织再生分化的影响进行了探讨。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。