Phenotypic diversity in the pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis>) core collection

The pigeonpea core collection developed at ICRISAT genebank consists of 1,290 accessions from 53 countries. The core collection, which includes selected lines in extra early, early, medium and late maturity groups was evaluated for 18 qualitative and 16 quantitative characters during the 2004 rainy season, to assess the phenotypic diversity and determine the relative importance of different characters in evaluating pigeonpea germplasm accessions. The four maturity groups differed significantly for all characters under study. The medium maturity group showed significantly higher mean number of primary, secondary and tertiary branches, number of racemes, pod bearing length, pods per plant, shelling percent and plot seed yield. Late maturity group showed significantly higher mean for leaf size, plant height, pod length, seeds per pod and 100-seed weight, indicating this group as a good source of vegetable pigeonpea. Significant positive correlations were found between number of secondary branches and pods per plant in extra early group (r = 0.756), late maturity group (r = 0.776) and entire core (r = 0.728) and between number of racemes and pods per plant in all maturity groups and entire core. Principal coordinate and principal component analysis showed that seven qualitative and nine quantitative traits were important in explaining multivariate polymorphism. The Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′) varied for different maturity groups and traits. Phenotypic diversity, averaged over all the 16 characters, increases from extra early group (0.36 ± 0.04) to late maturity group (0.42 ± 0.04) suggesting that medium and late maturity groups have greater diversity compared to extra early and early maturity groups.     

Chemotaxis of deleterious rhizobacteria to birdsfoot trefoil

Intact seeds and seed and seedling root exudates of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were used as chemoattractants in experiments to determine the relative importance of chemotaxis in spermosphere and rhizosphere colonization by selected rhizobacteria. Results for soft-agar, capillary tube and soil chemotaxis assays indicated that selected deleterious rhizobacteria were attracted to seed and seedling root exudates. Several sugars and phenolic fractions detected in exudates were chemoattractants for these rhizobacteria. Using soil-chemotaxis assemblies, migration of rhizobacterial isolates through 2 cm distances of soil toward birdsfoot trefoil seeds was detected within 24 h. Isolates were not detected at the same site in soils without seeds until 72 h after inoculation. These results suggest that attraction of deleterious rhizobacteria toward seeds and seedling roots mediated by exudates (chemotaxis) might be the first step in the establishment and subsequent colonization of bacteria involved in soilborne disease complexes of birdsfoot trefoil.     

Collection, evaluation and classification of Greek populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Fifty-five Greek Vicia faba L. populations, collected from diverse areas, were planted at two dry and low fertility sites for evaluation and classification. Yield evaluation, which was carried out by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the basis of seven yield traits, showed the number of pods per plant, number of ovules and seeds per pod, and branching from the basal nodes to be the most important traits for population evaluation regarding yield. For population classification, four dissimilarity coefficients (Manhattan, Average Taxonomic Distance, Euclidean distance and squared Euclidean distance) and four multivariate methods (PCA, UPGMA, Neighbor-joining and Principal Coordinate Analysis) were evaluated using fifteen morphological and seven yield traits. Neighbor-joining was chosen as the most suitable multivariate method. This method combined with PCA for the seven yield traits, placed the populations into six groups. As revealed by the application of PCA on all twenty-two traits the grouping was based mainly on pod characteristics, stem thickness, plant height, 1000 seed weight and branching from basal nodes. Based on the results of the present study, a model is proposed for conserving cross-pollinated species, such as faba bean.     

Patterns of diversity in pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis> (L.) Millsp.) germplasm collected from different elevations in Kenya

Pigeonpea germplasm accessions collected from low (<500 m), medium (501–1000 m), high (1001–1500 m) and very high elevation zones (>1500 m) of Kenya were evaluated for 15 agronomic traits and seed protein content at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) among elevation zones for the number of primary and secondary branches, days to 75% maturity, pod length, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Mean values indicated that the accessions from low elevation zone were significantly different from those collected in higher elevation zones for early flowering and maturity, number of primary branches, pod length, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index. None of the accessions collected in Kenya belonged to extra early (<80 days to 50% flowering) and early (80–100 days to 50% flowering) maturity groups, as defined by time to flowering at Patancheru, India. Mean diversity index based on all characters indicated that accessions from the low elevation zone are more diverse than those from the higher elevation zones. Frequency distribution for trait extremes indicated that the accessions from the low elevation zone were early to flower and mature, short statured, produced more primary and secondary branches with high pod bearing length, long pods, more pods per plant, more seeds per pod, a high seed yield and harvest index. Accessions from the very high elevation zone were late flowering, with a large number of tertiary branches, large seeds and a high shelling percentage and could be a source for cold tolerance and the breeding of vegetable types. Results suggest that the elevation of collection sites is therefore a very important determinant of variation patterns of pigeonpea in Kenya.     

Performance of legume–grass mixtures in the West Balkan region

Three perennial legumes (alfalfa, red clover and birdsfoot trefoil) and four cool-season perennial grasses (orchardgrass, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass and red fescue) were grown in legume–grass combinations and in pure stands of individual species, at three locations in the West Balkan region (Novi Sad, Banja Luka and Pristina) in the period from 2012 to 2015. The study evaluated dry matter yield, legume–grass–weed proportion and forage quality. High annual forage yield of legume–grass mixtures can be obtained with proper selection of species and an appropriate legume–grass ratio. However, high and stable yield, particularly in the case of grasses, depends on the amount and schedule of precipitation as well as the cutting time. The mixtures and legume pure stands achieved better forage production both per cutting and on the annual basis and had better forage quality than grass pure stands.     

NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM EFFECTS ON GRAIN SORGHUM PRODUCTION AND STALK ROT FOLLOWING ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)], grown on the often infertile claypan soils of the eastern Great Plains, requires attention to soil fertility. Experimental objectives were to determine the effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertility levels, N application, and legume residual on grain sorghum production and stalk rot. Following alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil, first-year sorghum yield was 7 Mg ha^?1 and not affected by N fertilizer. In subsequent years, yield increases due to N were less than 20%. Sorghum yield increased at low P and K rates, especially with nitrogen (N) fertilization and was greater following birdsfoot trefoil than following alfalfa. In 1995 when fertilized with N, lodging and stalk rot severity were increased by P and reduced by K. In 1996, stalk rot severity was reduced by K fertilization. Grain sorghum, grown after legume crops, required minimal levels of P and K, especially when N fertilizer was added.     

Elemental composition of birdsfoot trefoil

Abstract

Developmental and environmental effects on mineral nutrient concentration in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) are not well documented. In this study, elemental composition of two birdsfoot trefoil stands were determined from a late vegetative stage through reproductive growth. ‘Norcen’ birdsfoot trefoil was established on a Glyndon silt loam (coarsesilty, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls) in Roseau County, Minnesota (49°N), in 1980, and Norcen and ‘Leo’ birdsfoot trefoil were seeded on a Waukegan silt loam (fine‐silty over sandy or sandy‐skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludolls) near Rosemount, Minnesota (45°N), in 1981. Shoot and root samples were taken at approximately biweekly intervals in the year following establishment. Shoots were separated into stems, leaves, umbels, and seed.

Environment influenced the concentration of most elements. This environmental effect was generally consistent among plant parts for Ca, Mg, S, Na, and Mn; i.e., all parts had a lower elemental concentrations at Rosemount than at Roseau. The relationship between environments for P, K, Zn, and Cu concentrations varied with different plant parts; i.e., some”; plant components had element concentrations higher at the southern than northern location, whereas other components had element concentrations that showed the converse. Although most elements were less concentrated with advancing developmental stage, environment modified the rate and extent of change in concentration of every element in at least one plant part. Interactions of environment with developmental stage were not as evident for shoots as for the separate shoot components. Whereas other reports have often emphasized the large differences in nutrient concentrations among legume species, our data suggest that nutrient concentration may be as strongly influenced by environment as by species.     

蚕豆6×6双列杂交子代主要性状的遗传效应分析

为提高蚕豆优势组合的选配效率,以6个蚕豆材料(P1~P6)为亲本,采用Griffing完全双列杂交配制30个组合,分析亲本和F₁的9个主要农艺性状的杂种优势、配合力和遗传力。结果表明,蚕豆产量相关农艺性状的杂种优势明显,分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、百粒重和单株产量的超亲优势为正值,株高、始荚高和主茎节数的超亲优势为负值。配合力效应分析表明,P1和P2为选育大粒高产的优良亲本,P1×P2和P4×P6符合高产的育种目标,P2×P5和P2×P6符合大粒的育种目标;遗传力分析表明,百粒重、每荚粒数和单株粒数的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均较高,可以相对稳定地遗传给后代,且这3个性状主要受加性效应控制,适宜进行早代选择,其他性状主要受非加性效应影响;主要性状与单株产量的相关分析表明,蚕豆育种应将单株荚数和单株粒数作为重点目标;通径分析表明,在育种过程中应重点关注分枝数、株高、百粒重、每荚粒数等农艺性状。本研究为蚕豆育种进程中的亲本选配和后代选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

Kura Clover Response to Potassium Fertilization

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) is a persistent perennial forage legume that produces high-quality herbage for grazing, but its response to potassium (K), an essential plant nutrient, is unknown. Our objective was to determine the effect of four dipotassium oxide (K₂O) rates on forage yields and stands of Kura clover compared to birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). There was a significant linear response in Kura clover and alfalfa forage yields to K₂O fertilization each year. Averaged over 4 years, Kura clover forage yield increased by 0.024 Mg ha^–1 per kg of K₂O applied, and the yield response was similar for alfalfa. Birdsfoot trefoil forage yield response to K₂O fertilization was less than those of alfalfa and Kura clover. In the first 2 years after seeding, Kura clover forage yields were consistently less than for alfalfa at all rates of K₂O fertilizer, but in subsequent years Kura clover yields were similar to or exceeded those of alfalfa. Final groundcover values, an estimate of stand density, of unfertilized (0 K₂O rate) Kura clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and alfalfa were 86, 35, and 21%, respectively. Final groundcover of Kura clover and alfalfa was increased by K₂O fertilization. We conclude that Kura clover has good persistence with low soil K fertility but stands and yields can be increased by fertilization.     

Applications of mineral nitrogen increase the yield and content of crude protein in narrow-leaf lupin seeds

Abstract

In a plant pot experiment with non-inoculated seed stock of narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius, L.) of the variety ‘Prima’ we explored the effects of nitrogen compounds applied in the form of NH₄NO₃ on different dates (before sowing, after emergence and during flowering) and at various levels (0–0.5–2–3 g N per pot) on changes in the number of pods per plant, the 1000-seed weight, seed yields and the content of crude protein in seeds. The experiment included four treatments; the first was a control treatment not fertilized with nitrogen. In the other treatments we applied nitrogen either as a single application before sowing or in three split applications. In all the nitrogen-fertilized variants the number of pods per plant, total seed yields per plant and the concentration of crude protein all increased compared to the unfertilized control variant. The highest levels of nitrogen (3 g N per pot) reduced the 1000-seed weight compared to the unfertilized control variant. The total application of 2 g N per pot split into application before sowing (0.5 g N), after emergence (0.5 g N) and during flowering (1 g N) resulted in a highly significant increase in the number of pods per plant (+78%), the 1000-seed weight (+20.1%) and therefore higher seed yields per plant (+139.8%) compared to the control treatment not fertilized with nitrogen. Increasing levels of nitrogen linearly increased the content of crude protein in seeds during harvest from 24.2% to 40.6%, thus increasing the nutritional quality of the seeds.     

Effects of boron and lime on boron concentration and growth of forage legumes under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

Maximum yields of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were obtained when 0.25 to 1.0 ppm B was added to the soil. An application of lime to raise the soil pH to 5.8–6.3 improved yields, while at pH 6.8 a decline in yield in the first and second cuts of birdsfoot trefoil was noted. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the yield of all cuts of birdsfoot trefoil and first cut of red clover, with much higher yields with high rates of lime at high rates of added B.

Levels of 4 to 9 ppm B in the leaf tissue of the three crops were in the deficiency range. Boron concentrations of 21 to 45, 39 to 52, and 30 to 45 ppm in the first cuts of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were indicative of sufficiency and were associated with maximum yields, while levels of >59, >99, and >68 ppm, respectively, in the three crops were in the toxicity range. Sufficiency levels of soil B for legumes appeared to be related to pH since B deficiency was more severe at higher pH than at lower pH. Liming of soil from pH 5.3 to 6.8 resulted in decreased concentration of B in all the three crops with the smallest decreases in alfalfa. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the B concentrations of the three crops, with much higher B concentrations in high B treatments at low soil pH than at high pH values.     

Potential of landrace germplasm for genetic enhancement of white lupin in Egypt

Landraces of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) collected in Egypt were evaluated along with locally developed cultivars and selected foreign germplasm for yield and major morphological characteristics in five different locations. These locations represent different soil types and climatic conditions in Egypt. The results showed an outstanding performance of the local cultivar checks across traditional locations for lupin cultivation, which supports the utilization of local germplasm for further improvement of locally adapted lupins in Egypt. The results further suggest that local landrace germplasm may be an important source of alleles for shortening the vegetative period, reducing plant height and stem length, as well as for improving some yield components as number of pods and seeds per plant. The genotype-by-location interaction was significant for all characteristics. Mass selection in the Egyptian germplasm collection of white lupin has the potential for enhancing yield, especially in germplasm adapted to newly reclaimed desert locations.     

喷施矮壮素和多效唑对紫云英生长发育及结实性状的影响

  【目的】  研究不同时期喷施矮壮素和多效唑对紫云英生长发育及结实的影响,明确有利于增产的最佳喷施时期,为提高紫云英种子产量提供有效的化控途径。  【方法】  选取紫云英品种‘信紫1号’为供试材料,分别于越冬后期、返青期、现蕾期、初花期和始花后5天在叶面喷施矮壮素或多效唑 (浓度均为400 mg/kg),以叶面喷施清水为对照。于盛花期,调查株高、茎粗、分枝数、SPAD值、单株重等生长指标,成熟期按常规考种法考察记载花数、荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率等结实性指标。  【结果】  现蕾期叶面喷施矮壮素和多效唑均可有效抑制植株株高,提高分枝数、SPAD值和单株重,多效唑喷施效果好于矮壮素。与喷清水对照相比,现蕾期喷施矮壮素的紫云英花数、荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率分别显著提高了16.32%、21.45%、15.94%、2.38个百分点和0.94个百分点,而其在越冬后期和返青期喷施却显著降低各指标;现蕾期喷施多效唑的紫云英花数、荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率分别显著提高了31.69%、43.41%、29.49%、4.76个百分点和2.14个百分点,在越冬后期喷施显著降低花数和荚果结实率。矮壮素和多效唑均在现蕾期喷施的种子产量最高,两者较对照分别增产15.95%和29.88%。  【结论】  在紫云英现蕾期,叶面喷施植物延缓剂多效唑和矮壮素,均可显著促进花期花荚发育,减少花荚脱落,促进花荚结实成粒,最终获得较高的种子产量,多效唑效果好于矮壮素。     

Growth of perennial forage legumes in acidic soils of the Appalachian Hill‐Lands after liming

A major constraint to the renovation of forage legume‐based pastures on acidic soils of the Appalachian hill‐lands is thought to be the absence of effective rhizobia. A growth chamber experiment was done with aluminum (Al) toxic, low pH (≥ 4.2) soils from four series (Berks, Lily, Tate, and Westmoreland) that were planted with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), or birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). These soils, without lime addition, were previously shown not to contain effective, naturalized populations of rhizobia for these plant species. However, a non‐toxic, pH 6.8, Watauga soil was shown to have such rhizobia but only for alfalfa. In the present study, these five soils were reexamined after liming to pH ≥ 5.5 for effective, naturalized populations of rhizobia and the efficacy of soil inoculation with commercially available rhizobia. In addition to effective, naturalized R. meliloti for alfalfa in the Watauga soil, similar populations of R. trifolii for red clover, and R. lotus for birdsfoot trefoil, were now found. Such rhizobia were also found for alfalfa in the Lily soil and for red clover in the Lily and Tate soil. Thus, liming allowed the expression of effectiveness of natural rhizobia that otherwise would not have been detected in soil pot experiments without lime. Inoculation of the toxic soils after lime addition with commercial rhizobia was effective in about half of the soil‐plant combinations that did not contain populations of effective, naturalized rhizobia. Asymbiotic shoot growth of all the plant species was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with soil pH over a range of 5.5–6.6. These results indicate that, in the absence of effective, naturalized populations of rhizobia, improvement of rhizobial inocula could increase forage production by ～34% for some species on some of the toxic soils, even after the pH of the soils is increased to ≥ 5.5.     

Flowering and podding characteristics on the main stem of soybean grown on varying levels of phosphate nutrition 1

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants normally abort a high percentage of flowers and pods. This study was conducted to determine the effect of P nutrition on flower and pod abscission in soybean. Williams 82 soybeans were established in hydroponic culture in the greenhouse at four levels of P (0.45 mM, 0.20 mM, 0.10 mM or 0.05 mM), and main stem flowers and pods were counted every two days from flowering to maturity. The two highest P treatments had similar flower production, pod production, pod abortion, seed weight and seeds per pod, but the 0.20 mM P treatment had 20% lower dry matter production and 19% lower seed yield. At P supplies of 0.10 or 0.05 mM, flower production, pod production, flowers per node, pods per node, seed yield, seed number and weight per seed were less (P < 0.05) than at 0.20 mM. Flowers produced per main stem node and seeds per pod were largely unaffected by limited P. Plants supplied 0.10 or 0.05 mM P aborted more flowers and pods than did those supplied 0.45 or 0.20 mM P. At P supply of 0.05 mM, flower, pod and total abortion was 80%, 49% and 90%, respectively. Flower and pod production were 50% and 78% less, while plant dry weight, seed yield and weight per seed were 83%, 90% and 23% less, respectively for the 0.05 mM P treatment compared to control. The data indicate that the primary effect of limited P on reproductive growth of soybean is to increase flower and pod abortion.     

Autofertility in a pure line faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm collection

Summary A pure line faba bean germplasm collection (BPL) was derived by a process of cyclic single plant progenies starting in 1979 through 1985. In 1985/86, 840 of these pure line accessions from 677 original populations from 41 countries were evaluated for autofertility by comparing the mean of five plants where all flowers were tripped vs. five plants with no tripped flowers for number of seeds produced (seed index). In a replicated trial grown at the same time, seed yield, 100 seed weight, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, and number of flowers per inflorescence were also evaluated. A high number of BPL accessions failed to set seeds in the screen houses without tripping, the mean seed index measure of autofertility was 0.51 with a C.V. of 74.2%. There were marked differences among countries of origin for autofertility, with Egypt having the highest (SI = 0.94) and the USSR the lowest (SI = 0.26) autofertility, however, most countries expressed a large range, suggesting that breeders should first look in their own material for this trait rather than searching in exotic germplasm. In general, there was a higher level of autofertility in Middle Eastern countries that may be due to natural selection for non-dependency on pollinators for high yield. Contrary to the findings of others, large seeded accessions had a high autofertility (SI = 0.704) compared to small seeded accessions (SI = 0.384), however, both had similar ranges. In general, there was no significant correlations among autofertility and yield and its components. The variability found in this large pure line collection for autofertility is of potential use for developing cultivars not dependent on insect populations for high yield and for developing self-pollinated faba bean.     

Inoculation responses of perennial forage legumes grown in fresh hill‐land ultisols as affected by soil acidity‐related factors

A growth chamber experiment was initiated with two field moist, marginal and acidic (pH 5.1–5.2) soils of the Lily series (Typic Hapludults) in order to determine the need for improved legume‐rhizobia symbioses for forage species of current, or potential, use in the renovation of Appalachian hill‐land pastures. One soil was from an abandoned pasture having broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.) as the predominant vegetation, whereas the other was from a minimally‐managed pasture dominated by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Treatments included inoculation (or no inoculation) and the addition of aluminum, nil, or lime to provide a range of soil acidities. Both soils contained effective populations of naturalized rhizobia for white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), but low and/or ineffective naturalized populations of rhizobia for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), bigflower vetch (Vicia grandiflora Scop.), and flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.). Seed inoculation, by lime‐pelleting, was highly beneficial in establishing effective symbioses for all these latter species. The addition of low levels of aluminum or lime (1.5 and 2.0 cmol/kg soil, respectively) had little effect on any of the symbioses, with the exception of those for alfalfa. Thus, an improved legume rhizobia symbiosis would not seem to be a prerequisite for renovating pastures established on chemically similar ultisols with the forage legume species examined in this study, especially if the pasture has at least some history of management.     

Genetic diversity in West African okra (Abelmoschus caillei) (A. Chev.) Stevels — Multivariate analysis of morphological and agronomic characteristics

Summary Factor, Principal component and canonical analyses were used to study the extent of genetic diversity among 30 accessions of West African okra. Genetic variability among the accessions proved to be large. Pigmentation of various parts of the accessions and fruit characteristics contributed significantly to the total variation observed. Factor analysis and principal component analysis produced similar results which were substantially different from those produced by canonical analysis. The first three canonical variables accounted for 100% of the total variance while the number of pods per plant, and pod weight primarily accounted for the first canonical variable. Whereas the second canonical variable was primarily loaded by number of seeds per pod and fruit colour, the third canonical variable was comprised of a weight of 100 seeds and number of epicalyx segments.The level of variability observed supports the opinion (Stevels, 1988, 1990) that this okra type constitutes a separate species.     

Morphological characteristics of best Cornelian cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cornus mas</Emphasis> L.) genotypes selected in Serbia

On the territory of Serbia, the Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) populations grow at different locations and on a variety of geological substrates and they represent a large and important genetic potential for use in breeding programs of this fruit species. Collection and study of Cornelian cherry genotypes, introduction of best selections in commercial production, and preservation of genetic variability are activities that could improve the existing fruit gene pool. In the Vojvodina Province, over 200 Cornelian cherry genotypes have been monitored at all stages of growth and development. Large variability has been observed in all morphological and chemical characteristics under study. This paper deals with 10 Cornelian cherry genotypes, which showed best morphological characteristics in a three-year study (2007–2009), which will be used for the development of standard Cornelian cherry varieties in Serbia.     

马棘的γ辐照效应与彩叶突变选育

用0~450Gy 8种剂量60Co γ射线辐照马棘干种子,研究表明：150Gy以下低剂量辐照对种子具有刺激效应,350Gy以上的高剂量具有显著的抑制作用,200～450Gy之间时,剂量与出苗率、成苗率和苗高显著相关,综合考虑苗高和成苗率,初步认为马棘种子辐照以300Gy为佳。经300Gy辐照诱变2代出现黄色、白色、虎斑、紫色等4大类型的10种叶色变异,尤以黄色突变谱最丰富。并对比分析了黄色、紫色和银白3种叶色突变体材料的物候期、成枝量、分枝长度、主干花序数、结荚果数、成熟种子数、耐逆性与适应性等特征特性。