Dynamics of zinc under long-term application of chemical fertilizers and amendments by maize–wheat cropping sequence in Typic Hapludalfs

This present investigation took place on a continuing long-term fertilizer experiment, initiated in 1972 at the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture CSK HPKV, Palampur, aimed at studying nutrient dynamics of micronutrients, especially Zn, after continuous use of chemical fertilizers and amendments over the previous 36 years in an acid Alfisol under a maize–wheat system. Treatments investigated were as follows: T₁: Control; 100% N; 100% NP; 100% NPK (optimal application - 120:26:33(maize)/25(wheat)); 100% NPK + FYM (10 t ha⁻¹ to the maize crop); T₆: 100% NPK + lime (900 kg ha⁻¹); T₇: 100% NPK + Zn (25 kg ha⁻¹ as ZnSO₄); T₈: 100% NPK + Hand weeding; T₉: 100% NPK (-S); T₁₀: 150% NPK (super-optimal application); and T₁₁: 50% NPK (sub-optimal application). Different forms of zinc in soil were determined through a sequential extraction method. Results revealed that previous applications of high-analysis fertilizers and amendments caused a marked depletion in the pools of Zn as compared to buffer plots. All pools of Zn as well as crop productivity and Zn uptake were noticeably greater in farmyard manure (FYM)-amended plots compared with plots not receiving fertilizer. The residual fraction was the dominant form but organically bound and exchangeable forms were found to play major role in nutrient supply, crop productivity and nutrient uptake. Correlation and regression analysis studies showed that organic forms constituted the most important pool contributing towards variation in yield and uptake by maize and wheat crops. Exchangeable and organically bound forms contributed significantly towards the availability of DTPA-extractable Zn in soil.     

低土壤肥力下秸秆还田和施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响

为了研究我国华北平原低肥力土壤条件下秸秆还田和施钾肥对作物产量和钾素平衡的影响,于2008年10月～2011年10月在中国农业科学院高新技术园区国家测土施肥中心实验室试验基地（河北省廊坊市）,通过3年6季的定位试验,比较了施钾与秸秆还田的增产效应、钾素吸收利用和作物土壤系统的钾素平衡状况。结果表明:在氮、磷肥充足的情况下,施用钾肥（NPK）、秸秆还田（NP+St）和秸秆还田配施钾肥（NPK+St）,均有明显的增产效应,表现为NPK+StNPKNP+StNP;不同施钾措施在夏玉米上的增产效果优于冬小麦;同一作物秸秆还田结合施钾肥的增产效果最好,降低了年度间的产量变异系数,在获得高产的同时,年际间产量稳定,有利于稳产;施钾肥和秸秆还田可显著提高小麦和玉米的钾素吸收总量; NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为1.26,0.42,0.92。秸秆还田和施钾肥有利于钾素的收支平衡,减轻作物对土壤钾素的消耗,缓解土壤钾素肥力下降的程度,可维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定。     

施钾和秸秆还田对春玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤钾素平衡的影响

【目的】明确秸秆还田与施钾肥对玉米产量、养分吸收与利用以及土壤钾素平衡状况的影响,为东北地区玉米秸秆和钾肥资源合理利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验于2010~2012年在玉米主产区吉林省公主岭市朝阳坡镇大房身村开展,试验设氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷肥+秸秆还田（NP+St）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPK+St）4个处理, 于每年玉米成熟期每处理小区取有代表性的玉米5株,分为秸秆和子粒两部分,测定地上部干物重,并测定其氮、 磷、 钾含量,收获时取中间四垄玉米按14%水分计产。试验前和小区玉米收获后采集020 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤速效钾含量,计算钾素利用等相关参数,分析不同处理的春玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤钾素平衡状况。【结果】施钾肥和秸秆还田能提高玉米产量,与NP处理相比,NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理玉米产量分别增加13.8%、 9.6%和3.8%。施钾肥和秸秆还田可提高玉米秸秆和子粒氮、磷、钾的吸收总量。与NP相比,NPK、NP+St 和 NPK+St处理氮的吸收总量提高9.4%~24.7%,磷提高12.2%~26.0%,钾提高6.9%~26.4%,其中NPK+St处理的养分吸收总量最高。秸秆还田结合施钾肥（NPK+St）有利于提高钾收获指数、化肥钾和秸秆钾的利用率,其钾收获指数,化肥钾农学效率、回收率、秸秆钾回收率均高于单施化学钾（NPK）和秸秆还田处理（NP+St）。其中钾收获指数分别提高5.5%和18.8%,化肥钾农学效率和回收率分别提高8.3%和1.1%,秸秆钾农学效率和回收率分别提高4.0%和0.7%。秸秆还田结合施用钾肥（NPK+St）土壤速效钾含量比NPK和NP+St提高1.9%~4.0%,其表现为NPK+StNP+StNPKNP。NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理钾素实际盈亏率分别为15.0%、-51.1%和 -18.1%。【结论】秸秆还田结合施用钾肥不仅可以提高玉米产量、增加养分吸收总量,还有利于土壤钾素的收支平衡,提高土壤速效钾含量,对维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定具有重要的作用,可在当地农业生产中推广应用。     

Optimum plant stand and nutrient doses for summer groundnut under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation in light black soils of peninsular Western India

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha^?1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1?>?P2?>?P3 (p?<?0.05) while in case of drip fertigation, differences were significant only for available K which was significantly higher in P1 over both P2 and P3. Under check basin irrigation, F2 i.e., application of 100 percent of recommended nutrient doses, being at par with F3, significantly improved pod yield, haulm yield and net returns over that with F1 however, differences were not significant under drip fertigation. NH₄–N, NO₃–N and available P and K in soil under both the irrigation systems were in the order F3?>?F2?>?F1 (p?<?0.05).     

玉米秸秆源有机物料对黑土养分有效性与酶活性的提升效应

  【目的】  研究以玉米秸秆为主要原料制备的不同类型有机物料对东北黑土土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响,为黑土地保护和秸秆资源高效利用提供理论依据。  【方法】  田间定位试验连续进行了5年。试验设不施肥对照 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、化肥配施秸秆 (NPK+ST)、化肥配施生物炭 (NPK+BR) 以及化肥配施堆肥 (NPK+CP) 5个处理,各有机物料每年均为等碳量投入 (C 3200 kg/hm2)。5年后,采集耕层 (0—20 cm) 和亚耕层 (20—40 cm) 土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳 (SOC)、活性有机碳 (LOC)、速效养分与酶活性,并结合年际间玉米产量变化进行综合评价。  【结果】  与NPK相比,NPK+BR处理显著增加了耕层及亚耕层SOC含量,增幅分别为28.2%和11.2%;NPK+CP和NPK+ST处理增加了耕层SOC含量,增幅分别为15.5%和7.6%,对亚耕层SOC含量影响不显著;配施有机物料处理显著增加了0—40 cm土层LOC含量,且NPK+CP和NPK+ST处理LOC含量在0—20 cm土层显著高于NPK+BR,增幅分别为13.2%和8.7%,各种有机物料处理LOC含量在20—40 cm土层差异不显著;3个配施有机物料处理均显著增加了0—20 cm土层有效磷含量,仅NPK+CP和NPK+BR处理显著提高了20—40 cm土层有效磷含量;配施有机物料处理对0—40 cm土层土壤速效氮和速效钾含量影响均不显著,但配施堆肥处理0—20 cm土层土壤速效氮含量显著高于配施秸秆和生物炭处理。配施有机物料处理比NPK处理显著增加了0—40 cm土层土壤纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性。NPK+ST和NPK+BR处理比NPK+CP处理更利于提高耕层纤维素酶活性,NPK+ST处理耕层蔗糖酶活性显著高于NPK+BR和NPK+CP处理;配施有机物料处理亚耕层土壤纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性差异不显著。NPK+ST和NPK+CP处理较NPK+BR处理显著提高了0—40 cm土层土壤磷酸酶活性。不同处理玉米产量在年际间波动变化,配施有机物料处理玉米产量高于NPK处理,NPK+CP和NPK+ST处理对玉米产量的提升在第一年即有明显效果,而NPK+BR处理对玉米产量的积极效果在4年后才表现出来。各处理平均玉米产量的高低表现为NPK+CP > NPK+ST > NPK+BR > NPK > CK。  【结论】  化肥配施生物炭对0—40 cm土层土壤有机碳的积累作用最突出,而配施秸秆和堆肥更利于提升土壤活性有机碳的含量。配施堆肥0—20 cm土层土壤速效氮含量显著高于配施秸秆和生物炭处理,三者0—20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量无显著差异,但配施堆肥和生物炭20—40 cm土层有效磷含量显著高于配施秸秆处理。配施秸秆或生物炭增强了0—40 cm土层土壤纤维素酶活性,而蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性以配施秸秆和堆肥处理为最高。随着土壤肥力的提高,配施有机物料处理促进了玉米产量的提升,以配施堆肥处理对玉米平均产量的增加幅度最高。因此,对于基础肥力较高的黑土而言,生物炭还田可实现黑土有机碳的快速提升,而堆肥和秸秆直接还田对玉米产量的促进作用更为明显。     

Carbon and nutrient dynamics under long-term nutrient management in tropical rice-wheat-jute system

Impacts of 43-year nutrient management on carbon (C) and nutrient dynamics were studied in a rice-wheat-jute system in tropical India. Carbon dynamics was investigated on the basis of its distribution of labile (microbial biomass C, permanganate oxidizable C and water soluble C) and slow pools (Walkley Black oxidizable organic C), its indices (C pool index, lability index) and C management index (CMI) at different soil depths. Nutrient dynamics was judged by major nutrients availability, and related soil enzymatic activities. We studied seven treatments including unfertilized control, 100% NPK (N:P₂O₅:K₂O 60:30:60), 50% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NP, 100% N, 100% NPK + farm yard manure (10 tonnes FYM ha^?1). Nutrients availability and soil enzymatic activities were significantly increased under balanced fertilization (100% NPK + FYM) over other treatments. Labile, slow and total C was also found highest in 100% NPK + FYM. Enhanced C indices under 100% NPK + FYM over 100% NPK and other treatments signified the importance of long term balanced fertilization on soil C stabilization. Lability indexes were lower at sub-soil (30-45cm). In terms of favourable nutrient dynamics and CMI, balanced application of NPK plus organics were recommend for long term sustainability of rice-wheat-jute system in tropics.     

Soil Quality for Rice Productivity and Yield Sustainability under Long-term Fertilizer and Manure Application

Productivity and sustainability of rice-rice cropping system depend upon the soil quality which is primarily governed by application of fertilizers and manures. However, such information is limited and hence, the present investigation was carried out in a 9-year-old long-term fertilizer experiment at Bhubaneswar, India. There were seven treatments (control, application of 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + Zn, 100% NPK + FYM, 100% NPK + Zn + B, and 100% NPK + Zn + S) laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Indicators of soil quality (physical, chemical, and biological) were diagnosed from 30 numbers of soil properties measured on the post-wet season soil and soil quality was assessed taking productivity and sustainability of dry season rice as goal functions. Results revealed that the highest productivity and sustainability of dry season rice was found with application of 100% NPK + FYM. This treatment, in general, showed better physical, chemical, and biological properties than rest of the treatments. The highest soil quality index (SQI) was recorded in 100% NPK + FYM (0.941) treatment followed by 150% NPK (0.826) with CEC diagnosed as the only key indicator for rice productivity. For yield sustainability in dry season, reserve K and total N were important contributing 89% and 11%, respectively to the SQI. Therefore, these soil properties could be used to monitor soil quality in wet season. Application of FYM along with 100% NPK could sustain the productivity of dry season rice by improving soil properties under subtropical rice-rice system.     

Effects of 17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomass C and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth

As labile organic pools, soluble organic matter and soil microbial biomass are sensitive to changes in soil management and therefore good indicators of soil quality. Effects of a 17-year long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN), soluble organic C, and soluble organic N during the maize growing season were evaluated in a loess soil (Eum-Orthic Anthrosol) in northwest China. The fertilization treatments included no fertilizer (CK), inorganic N, P, and K fertilizer (NPK), cattle manure plus NPK fertilizer (MNPK), and straw plus NPK fertilizer (SNPK). Our results showed that C storage in the 0–20 cm soil layer was 28% to 81% higher in the fertilized treatments compared to the unfertilized treatment. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, SMBC and SMBN in the three fertilized treatments were higher than in the unfertilized treatment on all sampling dates, while microbial biomass C and N in the 0−10 cm soil layers were the highest at grain filling. In the same soil layer, soil-soluble organic C generally decreased in the order MNPK > SNPK > NPK > CK, while soluble organic N was the highest in the MNPK followed by the SNPK treatment. There was no significant difference in soluble organic N in the NPK and CK treatments throughout most of the maize growing season. Changes in soluble organic N occurred along the growing season and were more significant than those for soluble organic C. Soluble organic N was the highest at grain filling and the lowest at harvest. Overall, our results indicated that microbial biomass and soluble organic N in the surface soil were generally the highest at grain filling when maize growth was most vigorous. Significant positive relationships were found between soluble organic C and SMBC and between soluble organic N and SMBN.     

Evaluation of Farm Plot Conditions and Effects of Fish Scrap Compost on Yield and Mineral Composition of Field Grown Maize

? The increasing availability of composted soil amendments derived from residues not normally encountered in farming has prompted this study of fish scrap compost. An on-farm field trial with maize (Zea mays) was established to test the effects of composted fish scrap (CFS) in comparison to un-composted farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nutrients (NPK). Fish scraps were previously composted with sawdust. Farm manure resulted from bedding dairy animals with a sawdust/straw mixture. Both CFS and FYM had C:N ratios of approximately 31. Yields and nutrient content were evaluated following application of 0.50, 23 and 106 Mg/ha of NPK, FYM and CFS, respectively which were applied based on estimated N-release. Ear-node leaves sampled at tasseling and analyzed for major and minor nutrients indicated that phosphorus was very significantly lower in compost compared to manure and NPK. Statistical analysis revealed that were was no significant differences in yields which decreased in the order FYM > NPK > CFS > Control. Simple regression analysis indicated that no single tissue trait explained yields but multiple regression showed that P and Cu levels in tissue explained 55% of yield variation (p=0.026). Apparently, the relatively high C:N of aged CFS and FYM had little or no effect on growth while slightly but not significantly decreasing plant total-N in CFS plots. The study underscores the fact that previous soil conditions on the farm must be accounted for before traits like C:N or other mineral characteristics of amendments are used to predict yield potential.     

How different long‐term fertilization strategies influence crop yield and soil properties in a maize field in the North China Plain

The impact of fertilization on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties was investigated in a long‐term (> 18 y) experimental field in N China. A completely randomized block design with seven fertilizer treatments and four replications was used. The seven fertilizer treatments were (1) compost (COMP), (2) half compost plus half chemical fertilizer (COMP1/2), (3) balanced NPK fertilizer (NPK), (4–6) unbalanced chemical fertilizers without one of the major elements (NP, PK, and NK), and (7) an unamended control (CK). In addition to maize yield, soil chemical and biological properties were investigated. Compared to the balanced NPK treatment, maize yield from the COMP treatment was 7.9% higher, from the COMP1/2 was similar, but from the NP, PK, NK, and CK treatment were 12.4%, 59.9%, 78.6%, and 75.7% lower. Across the growing season, microbial biomass C and N contents, basal soil respiration, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, dehydrogenase, urease, and invertase activities in the COMP and COMP1/2 treatments were 7%–203% higher than the NPK treatment. Values from all other treatments were up to 60% lower than the NPK treatment. Maize yield is closely related to the soil organic C (OC) and biological properties, and the OC is closely related to various biological properties, indicating that OC is a suitable indicator for soil quality. Our results suggest the most limiting nutrient for improving the yield or soil quality was P, followed by N and K, and balanced fertilization is important in maintaining high crop yield and soil quality. Additionally, increases in OC, N, and biological activities in COMP and COMP1/2 treatments imply that organic compost is superior to the chemical fertilizers tested.     

Nutrient Management for Sustaining Productivity of Sunflower-Based Cropping Sequence in Indian Semiarid Regions

A comprehensive long-term study (2006–2010) was undertaken to develop a balanced and integrated nutrient supply system for sunflower-based cropping sequence considering the efficient utilization of residual and cumulative soil nutrient balance along with added fertilizers by the crops grown in rotation. The fertilizer application was done in potato and sunflower while greengram was raised as such on their residual effect. Significant response in yield was observed with 150% of the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) or inclusion of farmyard manure (FYM) with the recommended NPK in the cropping sequence indicating 6.2–7.0% gain in system productivity over the existing recommendations. Each additional unit of P and K nutrition prompted system productivity by 18.9 and 11.0 kg kg^?1 of applied nutrient, respectively. Apparent yield decline was observed in K and PK omission plots to the extent of 15.8 and 27.4% in potato, 10.5 and 23.9% in sunflower and 4.2 and 8.3% in greengram, respectively, compared to the recommended fertilization. The superiority of the FYM along with the recommended NPK (potato/sunflower) was evident on the overall profitability and sustainability of the system, highlighted by the significantly higher productivity (7.16 t SFEY ha^?1), sustainability yield index (SYI; 0.76), production efficiency (PE; 27.85 kg SFEY ha^?1 day^?1) and net returns (2520 USD ha^?1) with a B:C ratio of 2.91. Apparent change in potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)-N was negative in all the treatments while N and P balance was positive with 150% NPK fertilization. Nutrient uptake exceeded the replenishment with 100% NPK application and maintained net negative soil nutrient stock for all the primary nutrients, indicating the need for revalidation of the existing recommendations in the system perspective. Conspicuous improvement in residual soil fertility in terms of maximum buildup of soil organic carbon (14%) and enhancement in soil KMnO₄-N (4.2%), Olsen-P (19.4%), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc)-K (5.8%) and dehydrogenase enzyme activity (44.4%) was observed in FYM-treated plots over the initial values. The study suggested that the inclusion of legumes and FYM application with the recommended NPK in potato-sunflower cropping sequence will sustain the system’s productivity through the efficient use of nutrients, enhanced microbial activity and improved soil health while combating escalating prices of fertilizers as well as environmental issues in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India and similar environments.     

Effect of short-term supply of farmyard manure on maize growth and soil parameters in pot culture

Farmyard manure (FYM) improves various soil parameters and to a large extent, the availability of water and nutrient to crops when it is applied to the soil. This study aims to further investigate the short-term effects of different levels of FYM on maize plants and soil parameters. Maize plants grown in pot culture were treated with no FYM (control), recommended NPK (inorganic fertilizers), and FYM at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 t ha^?1 along with recommended NPK, and the cultures were analyzed 8 weeks after germination. Soil bulk density and soil pH decreased with the increasing levels of FYM, whereas soil porosity, soil organic matter (SOM), soil water content, plant height, root and shoot yield, and NPK uptake of maize were increased compared with the control or recommended NPK, respectively. The present results indicate that short-term application of higher FYM levels improves soil properties. Furthermore, the application of FYM at only higher rates significantly increases the nutrient uptake of maize plants due to improved soil properties. The supply of different amounts of nutrients increases biomass and nutrient uptake in plants.     

玉米秸秆炭还田对黑土土壤肥力特性和氮素农学效应的影响

【目的】探索玉米秸秆炭对东北黑土土壤肥力特性和氮素农学效应的影响,可为东北玉米集约化生产区秸秆资源利用和培肥土壤提供理论和实际应用基础。【方法】本研究以东北典型黑土区春玉米种植体系为研究对象,通过连续两年的田间原位试验,研究了添加500℃厌氧条件热解的玉米秸秆炭对土壤养分含量、 微生物和酶活性的影响及玉米秸秆炭对作物产量和氮素农学效应的影响。试验设三个处理: 1)PK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田(CK); 2)NPK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田; 3)NPK+4 t/hm2秸秆还田+2 t/hm2秸秆生产秸秆碳,在玉米成熟期取020 cm土壤样品和植株样品,采用常规方法进行相关项目的测定。【结果】 1)土壤养分分析结果。与秸秆还田相比,秸秆炭处理在2013和2014年土壤碱解氮含量(AN)分别提高了10.1%和9.7%,均达到显著水平(P0.05); 土壤速效磷含量(AP)分别提高了13.7%和27.3%,在2014年达到显著水平(P0.05); 土壤微生物量碳含量(SMBC)分别提高了13.5%和26.9%,土壤脲酶活性(URE)分别提高了22.3%和31.8%,2014年SMBC和URE升高均达显著(P0.05)。秸秆炭对土壤有机质(OM)、 全氮(TN)、 速效钾(AK)、 土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)和蔗糖酶活性(SUC)的提升效果在两年试验中均没有达到显著水平, 2)氮素农学效应影响结果。与处理2相比,处理3肥料氮偏因子生产力(PFPN)分别提高了3.3%和9.6%,肥料氮经济效益(EBN)分别提高了12.9%和27.5%,均在2014年表现出显著提高(P0.05); 而两年间处理3的玉米产量分别提高3.3%和9.5%、 肥料氮利用率(UEN)分别提高了3.9%和14.0%、 肥料氮农学效率(AEN)分别提高了11.6%和23.9%,但均未达显著水平。【结论】2年试验初步表明施用玉米秸秆炭可以提高土壤微生物活性和土壤酶活性,调节土壤与作物之间的养分供需,改善土壤养分状况,对提升氮素农学效应有作用。因此,玉米秸秆炭可作为秸秆资源高效利用的有效形式,其长期效果还需进一步试验。     

Effect of a four-decade long application of fertilizers,farmyard manure and lime,on forms of soil acidity and their relationship with yield of wheat and maize in an acid Alfisol

The present investigation was undertaken in the on-going long-term fertilizer experiment initiated during 1972 at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India. Continuous application of fertilizers either alone or in combination with farmyard manure (FYM)/lime affected different forms of soil acidity (total acidity, total potential acidity, pH dependent acidity, extractable acidity, exchangeable acidity, and non-exchangeable acidity) significantly, in surface and sub-surface layers. Continuous cropping with the application of lime and optimal doses of fertilizers decreased different forms of soil acidity at all the depths, significantly. Highest productivity of wheat and maize was recorded in 100% (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) NPK + FYM, which was at par with 100% NPK + lime. Different forms of soil acidity were found to be negatively correlated with wheat and maize yield. Grain and straw/stover yield of wheat and maize showed the highest negative correlation values with non-exchangeable acidity.     

Productivity,nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil fertility as influenced by cotton-based cropping system with integrated nutrient management practices in semi-arid tropics

Field experiments were conducted on cotton to evaluate the different cotton-based intercropping system along with balanced nutrient management practices on enhancing cotton productivity. Cropping systems have been considered as main plots and nutrient management practices have been considered as subplots. The results showed that cotton + onion system recorded the highest cotton equivalent yield (CEY) of 2052 and 1895 kg ha^?1 which was on par with cotton intercropped with dhaincha, which recorded 2010 and 1894 kg of CEY ha^?1 in both the seasons. Combined application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants (S₅) registered highest CEY in both the seasons. Cotton intercropped with dhaincha (M₂) recorded highest uptake of N, P, and K. Among the nutrient management practices, application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants (S₅) showed highest uptake of N, P, and K. A similar trend was noticed in the post-harvest soil fertility too and it is significantly higher under cotton + dhaincha and application of 100% recommended NPK with bioinoculants treatment compared to 100% recommend NPK alone. It could be concluded from these results that crop productivity can be improved and soil fertility status can be sustained with integrated plant nutrient management practices.     

Influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) on nutrient use efficiency,soil fertility and productivity of hybrid rice

A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 on sandy-loam lateritic soil of Indian subtropics to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency of applied nutrients and soil fertility in restoring sustainability with hybrid rice cultivation. Application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through mustard oil cake (MOC) or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer recorded significantly higher grain and biomass yields, greater NPK removal and higher partial factor productivity of applied nutrient (PFPN) than those of the crop having 100% RDF, 100% RDN through MOC and 25% RDF + 75% RDN through MOC, which showed very poor performance. The former treatments also improved organic carbon and available NPK contents in soil in spite of greater removal of NPK by the crop. Results of study suggested integrated use of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through MOC or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer for increasing hybrid rice productivity, PFPN and improving soil fertility for sustainability.     

Soil boron status: impact of lime and fertilizers in an Indian long-term field experiment on a Typic Paleustalf

In Indian agriculture, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers are predominantly used by the farmers, often ignoring secondary and micronutrients. Significance of boron (B) in nutrient management studies has been increasingly underlined under intensive cropping systems particularly in acid soils. In order to understand the distribution of soil native B in different fractions and their contribution to plant B uptake as influenced by nutrient management, soil samples collected after wheat (2009–2010) from a long-term experiment (LTE) continuing since 1972–1973 on Typic Paleustalf of Ranchi were subjected to sequential fractionation of soil B. Treatments included N alone, NP, NPK, 150% of recommended NPK, NPK + farmyard manure (FYM), NPK + lime, and an unfertilized-control. Five soil B fractions were determined along with hot CaCl₂-extractable (available) B. Averaged across the treatments, the soil had low organic carbon (C), pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and high free sesquioxides. Total B content was 21.7 mg kg^?1. Among different B fractions, residual B was the major contributor to total B and other fractions collectively shared 7% of total B only. Application of N alone depleted readily soluble, specifically adsorbed and organically bound B bringing the contents even below unfertilized-control. Conjoint use of lime or FYM with NPK increased significantly these fractions, whereas a decrease in oxide bound B was noticed under these treatments. Available B was positively correlated with these fractions indicating their significance in controlling B availability in the soil. The study revealed that use of lime or FYM helped modifying the distribution of soil B in different fractions by way of changing soil pH and organic C content, resulting in enrichment of plant available pool. A drastically low available B content in different treatments receiving fertilizers alone, however, suggested the necessity of B fertilization at prescribed rates for maintaining soil B fertility as also high crop yields.     

Effect of Crop Rotations and Continuous Fertilization on the Status of Silicon (Si) Available in Soil in a 97-Year Permanent Experiment

ABSTRACT

This work aims to study the status of silicon (Si) as a plant nutrient in the soil of Bahtim long-term field experiment in Egypt under the effect of crop rotations system and continuous fertilization. The experiment has been set up since 1912 based on two main factors: (1) crop rotations: mono-cropping (MC), two-year rotation (2Y-R), and three-year rotation (3Y-R), and (2) Fertilization: mineral nitrogen N, phosphorus P, potassium K, and organic farmyard manure FYM. Available N, P, K, and Si in soil were estimated. Productivity of soil was evaluated using Berseem (Trifolium alexndrinum L.) cultivated and harvested in 2019. The plant-available Si (PAS) in soil decreased significantly compared to the control C in case of MC by 70.26%, 2Y-R by 85.09%, and 3Y-R by 92.65% in the direction of N > NP > NPK. Mineral fertilization decreased the PAS significantly by 12.84% N, 29.52% NP, 78.45% NPK compared to the control C in the order of MC > 2Y-R > 3Y-R. Berseem yield (t ha^?1) increased significantly compared with the control C following the order C < N < NP < NPK. The most significant increase in the yield was recorded for the NPK treatments by 224.04%, and 200% in case of MC, 2Y-R, 3Y-R, respectively.     

红壤旱地玉米开花期土壤酶活性对长期施肥的响应

【目的】 长期施肥条件下,土壤酶活性与土壤养分周转和作物生长密切相关,因此,研究驱动土壤速效氮磷钾养分和作物养分吸收的关键土壤酶活性因子十分重要。 【方法】 基于始于1986年的红壤旱地长期施肥定位试验,于试验进行31年时的早玉米开花期 (2017年6月18日) 采集不施肥 (CK)、氮磷钾化肥 (NPK)、两倍氮磷钾化肥 (2NPK)、氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥 (NPKM)、单施有机肥 (OM) 5个处理的土壤样品,分析土壤蔗糖转化酶 (INV)、脱氢酶 (DEH)、纤维素酶 (CEL)、脲酶 (UR)、多酚氧化物酶 (PHOX)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP) 和β-葡萄糖苷酶 (BG) 的变化规律,并利用冗余分析 (RDA) 探讨了驱动红壤旱地速效养分和玉米氮磷钾含量的关键土壤酶活性因子。 【结果】 与CK处理相比,施肥可以显著增加红壤旱地的土壤酶活性,且以NPKM处理的土壤酶活性最高。NPKM处理下INV、DEH、UR、PHOX、ACP和BG活性分别比OM处理增加了13.7%、13.5%、10.6%、10.5%、5.6%和13.4%,比2NPK处理增加了32.4%、112.2%、22.8%、33.3%、27.6%和50.4%。但是,在氮磷钾化肥用量之间,呈现出2NPK处理的CEL和UR活性显著高于NPK处理 (增幅为26.0%和50.6%),而INV、DEH、PHOX、ACP和BG均无显著差异。土壤pH、有机碳、速效氮磷钾和植株氮磷钾含量也呈现出NPKM处理显著高于其他处理的规律。RDA结果表明,INV、CEL和UR是影响土壤速效氮磷钾和植株养分含量的关键酶活性因子 (R2 > 0.90, P < 0.001)。 【结论】 在红壤旱地上,玉米开花期土壤酶活性对不同施肥处理的响应规律不同,其中有机无机肥配施更有利于提高土壤酶活性,且纤维素酶和脲酶活性对氮磷钾化肥用量改变的响应比较敏感。土壤蔗糖转化酶、纤维素酶和脲酶可以作为关键酶活性因子表征玉米开花期红壤旱地的养分周转和迁移。      

长期不同施肥和土地利用方式对塿土耕层碳储量的影响

利用土20年长期肥料定位试验研究了不同土地利用方式和施肥对土壤有机碳和无机碳储量变化的影响。试验包括休闲（Fallow, FL）、 撂荒（Setaside, SL）、 不施肥（CK）、 单施氮（N）、 氮钾（NK）、 磷钾（PK）、 氮磷（NP）、 氮磷钾（NPK）、 氮磷钾配合秸秆还田（SNPK）、 氮磷钾配合低量有机肥（M1NPK）和氮磷钾配合高量有机肥（M2NPK）11个处理。结果表明,CK和 FL 处理等质量耕层土壤有机碳储量仍维持在试验前水平,NP和 SL 处理显著提高了耕层土壤有机碳储量,年均增加分别达到 347 kg/hm2 和518 kg/hm2, 此4个处理等质量耕层土壤无机碳储量均较试验开始前（Initial soil, IniS）显著下降,尤其是NP处理显著低于其它3个处理。与IniS和CK相比,除NK处理外的所有施肥处理均显著地提高了等质量耕层土壤有机碳储量,其大小顺序为 M2NPKM1NPKSNPKNPKNPPKN,最大年均增加量为M2NPK 944 kg/hm2,最小为N 127 kg/hm2。施肥处理除PK和M2NPK处理外,其它处理等质量耕层土壤无机碳储量均较试验前明显降低,可能是由于土壤酸化所致。PK和M2NPK处理无机碳储量能够维持不下降,表明土壤无机碳和有机碳在适合条件下可能有某种关系。试验结果还显示,长期试验20年除M1NPK和M2NPK处理外,其它处理耕层土壤容重均明显高于试验开始前,表明等质量土壤碳储量与等深度碳储量相比可以更好地反映土壤碳的变化。