用STS标记检测春化基因Vrn-A1在中国小麦中的分布

在证实Vrn-A1春化基因的STS标记与CAPS标记结果一致的基础上,用STS标记检测了全国主要麦区历史上大面积推广和当前主栽的250份品种的春化基因Vrn-A1。结果表明,中国品种Vrn-A1基因平均分布频率为36.8%,不同麦区的分布频率不同,依次为东北春麦区=北部春麦区=西北春麦区（100%）＞新疆冬春麦区（42.9%）＞西南冬麦区（35.3%）＞黄淮冬麦区（19.8%）＞长江中下游冬麦区（17.4%）＞北部冬麦区（3.0%）,这与冬春特性有关。在长江中下游冬麦区和西南冬麦区品种中,Vrn-A1基因分布频率随着时间推移呈降低趋势;在黄淮冬麦区品种中,20世纪50到70年代呈上升趋势,随后呈下降趋势。在年最大推广面积大于66.7万hm²的58份品种中,Vrn-A1基因的频率为27.6%。这些信息有助于改良小麦品种的适应性和提高产量潜力。     

小麦穗发芽抗性的4个分子标记有效性检验

为筛选出适宜黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区种植的抗穗发芽白粒小麦品种或种质资源,以36份黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区的主要品种（系）及地方品种为研究对象,对已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记：Vp1B3、Xgwm155、Xgwm269和Xbarc170进行有效性验证。测定参试材料种子萌发指数（GI）,并用上述4种标记进行PCR扩增,对扩增条带进行统计分析。结果表明,GI值显示,红粒品种（GI均值为5.1%）明显较白粒品种（GI均值为28.0%）低;4种标记扩增出的带型中仅Vp1B3的845 bp片段能有效地区分36份小麦品种(系);GI值筛选出6份抗穗发芽品种（系）中,其中3份为Vp1B3标记鉴定,可作为黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦穗发芽抗性育种中首选基因资源。     

Limited but specific variations of seed storage proteins in Japanese common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The electrophoretic banding patterns ofgliadin in common wheat lines derived fromJapan were determined byacid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For the 107 wheat lines used in our study,27 different patterns were identified, 13corresponding to the -gliadin, 8 tothe , -gliadin and 6 to the-gliadin. The gliadin patterns ofJapanese wheat cultivars and landracesgreatly differed from the patterns of wheatlines from other countries, and thevariation seen in wheat lines from Japanwas limited to 46 patterns. Sevencollection or breeding areas in Japanshowed different frequencies in theirgliadin patterns. Combining the gliadinpatterns with high molecular weightglutenin subunit compositions, 67combinations were observed. One gliadinpattern consisting of -gliadinpattern F, , -gliadinpattern H and -gliadin pattern Dwas frequently found in many Japanese wheatlines, though the other patterns werelimited to only one or two wheat lines.     

中国小麦品种穗发芽抗性差异的研究

利用收获时种子发芽率和面粉降落值法，于2000—2002年2个小麦种植年度，研究了黄淮、北部、长江中下游、西南冬麦区和东北春麦区1950年以来的781个主要推广品种和新品系的穗发芽抗性。结果表明，小麦穗发芽抗性测定值在年度间极显著或显著正相关，不同年代小麦品种的穗发芽抗性差异较大。1990年以来育成品种的穗发芽抗性与20世纪80年代相近，但明显弱于50、60以及70年代。黄淮、西南和春小麦3个麦区种子发芽率低于2%的高抗品种数分别占各自麦区供试总数的1.7%、4.5%和5.7%，而长江中下游和北部2个冬麦区的种子发芽率都在10%以上；东北春麦区品种的抗性较强，种子发芽率平均为11.2%。利用等电聚焦电泳从发芽率和降落值均偏低的品种中鉴定出异源2号、蜀万24、蜀万761、陕160、孟县4号、京411、京9428、鉴26、燕大1817、农大45、衡水6404、晋麦5号、8号、鄂麦14和克辉等15个携带迟熟α-淀粉酶基因的品种，分布在5个不同麦区。对这些品种及其亲本进行SSR分子标记分析，发现有些与其亲缘关系密切的品种，却不携带迟熟α-淀粉酶基因。上述结果说明，该基因在我国五大小麦产区均有分布，但具该基因的品种数量少，占供试品种数的1.9%，通过育种程序容易选择出不携带该基因的小麦品种。     

中国小麦育成品种和农家种中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的分子检测

Lr34/Yr18是重要的慢叶锈和慢条锈基因, 携带该连锁基因的小麦品种被广泛种植于世界许多国家。利用STS标记csLV34对慢叶锈和慢条锈基因Lr34/Yr18进行分子检测的结果表明, 我国231份育成品种(系)中仅有14份材料携带Lr34/Yr18基因, 占6.1%。不同麦区分布频率不同, 其中北部冬麦区为零, 黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区、西南冬麦区和西北春麦区分别为3.0%、21.4%、16.7%和33.3%。在422份农家种中, 359份含有Lr34/Yr18基因, 占85.1%。Lr34/Yr18基因在不同麦区的分布频率也存在差异, 北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区、西南冬麦区、南部冬麦区和西北春麦区分别为89.6%、77.4%、93.1%、93.8%、96.6%和61.1%。csLV34标记扩增产物为150 bp和229 bp的片段, 能有效鉴别品种是否携带Lr34/Yr18基因, 是一个重复性好、准确率高的分子标记, 可用于小麦Lr34/Yr18基因的鉴定与选择。     

中国小麦育成品种和农家种中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的分子检测

Lr34/Yr18是重要的慢叶锈和慢条锈基因, 携带该连锁基因的小麦品种被广泛种植于世界许多国家。利用STS标记csLV34对慢叶锈和慢条锈基因Lr34/Yr18进行分子检测的结果表明, 我国231份育成品种(系)中仅有14份材料携带Lr34/Yr18基因, 占6.1%。不同麦区分布频率不同, 其中北部冬麦区为零, 黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区、西南冬麦区和西北春麦区分别为3.0%、21.4%、16.7%和33.3%。在422份农家种中, 359份含有Lr34/Yr18基因, 占85.1%。Lr34/Yr18基因在不同麦区的分布频率也存在差异, 北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区、西南冬麦区、南部冬麦区和西北春麦区分别为89.6%、77.4%、93.1%、93.8%、96.6%和61.1%。csLV34标记扩增产物为150 bp和229 bp的片段, 能有效鉴别品种是否携带Lr34/Yr18基因, 是一个重复性好、准确率高的分子标记, 可用于小麦Lr34/Yr18基因的鉴定与选择。     

中国冬播小麦面粉颗粒度分布及近红外透射光谱测试技术研究

面粉颗粒度是影响小麦食品加工品质的重要性状。以2001－2002年度来自北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区和西南冬麦区的256份小麦品种（系）为材料，用激光散射颗粒度分析仪和近红外透射光谱技术对面粉颗粒度进行了研究。结果表明，我国小麦面粉颗粒度分布特点为从北向南，硬质麦分布比例逐渐减少，软质麦分布比例逐     

基于SNP标记揭示我国小麦品种(系)的遗传多样性

为了解我国主要小麦品种(系)的遗传多样性,为亲本组配提供参考,利用90KSNP芯片技术对国内为主的240个小麦品种(系)进行全基因组扫描,分析其遗传多样性和遗传基础。结果表明,多态性SNP位点在B基因组最多, D基因组最最少,尤其4D上最少;在全基因组范围内PIC平均值为0.26。参试品种间平均遗传相似系数为0.656,变幅为0.133～0.998,且87.05%品种间遗传相似系数在0.60～0.78之间;国内西南麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦品种(系)间的平均相似系数较高,分别为0.718和0.712,国外品种(系)间的相似系数最低,为0.552。聚类分析将参试品种(系)划分为7个类群,大部分类群含有来自不同区域育成品种(系),主成分分析显示各区域育成的品种(系)相互交集,表明我国各省市间种质资源交流较为频繁,但部分单位育成的品种(系)遗传基础不够丰富,部分品种(系)间遗传相似性较高,在育种中亟待引入新的种质,拓宽遗传基础。     

Inheritance of gliadin composition in bread wheat,Triticum aestivum L.

Summary The gliadin compositions of 101 selected lines from 2 crosses between varieties of T. aestivum were examined by applying starch-gel electrophoresis at pH 3.1. The gliadin patterns of these lines were recognized to be composed of sections of the parental patterns. In a wheat variety the gliadin pattern proved to be divisible into 6 or 7 sections, the configurations of which are inherited unaltered. Its gliadin composition, consequently, is determined by at least 6 genetic factors. The sections appeared to be identical to the gliadin fractions currently known as , , , and ; the gliadin proved to consist of 2 sub-fractions and the gliadin of 2 or 3 sub-fractions.Dedicated to Professor Dr H. Veldstra on the occasion of his retirement from the chair of biochemistry of the University of Leiden.     

Relationship Between Gluten Strength and Glutenin Proteins in Durum Wheat Cultivars

An electrophoretic study of gliadin and glutenin proteins, mainly low-molecular-weight (LMW) Glutenin Subunits, was undertaken to investigate possible assoeiations between these proteins and gluten strength. Thirty-eight durum wheat cultivars having different origins and currently grown in Spam were analysed. Different electrophoretic methods were used to analyse the seed storage proteins. Protein grain content was estimated and gluten strength was measured by the SDS-sedimentation test. New patterns for LMW glutenins were observed. Besides the known patterns of LMW-1, associated with γ-gliadin 42, and LMW-2 associated with γ-gliadin 45, six cultivars had LMW-2^? associated with γ-gliadin 43, one cultivar showed LMW-2* associated with γ-gliadin 44, and another cultivar, null for γ-42 and γ-45, had LMW-1^?. Significant differences for gluten strength were found among groups of cultivars with different LMW patterns. High molecular weight glutenins were found in general to be poor indicators of viscoelastic properties, although band 20 showed a negative influence on quality. The results are discussed in relation to development ol cultivars with good gluten strength.     

2000—2015年北部、黄淮冬麦区国家区试品种的品质特征

区试品种品质的特征分布能够反映未来几年推广品种的走向，了解近年小麦区试品种品质变化对我国小麦品质育种方向具有指导意义。本研究以2000—2015年北部、黄淮冬麦区1001个区试品种的1589份样品为材料，按强筋、中强筋和中筋品种分类，分析了我国近十几年育成和审定品种的品质变化趋势。结果表明，参试品种数量逐年递增，综合品质有待提升；审定品种比例总体呈下降趋势，尤其是中筋品种，但中强筋品种的比例有所上升。8个品质指标分析结果显示，中筋品种的蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量平均值较高，而沉淀指数、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大拉伸阻力平均值一般；沉淀指数、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大拉伸阻力平均值以强筋品种高于中强筋品种，又高于中筋品种，类型间有显著差异(P<0.05)。各品质指标在年度间的变异，以强筋品种最大，其次是中强筋品种，中筋品种最小。与对照品种相比，强筋品种蛋白质质量性状显著偏低。未来5~10年生产中，小麦中强筋品种会有所增多。     

1BL/1RS易位系在我国小麦育种中的应用

采用SDS-PAGE和SCAR标记对我国小麦主产区近30年来主要推广品种和新近育成的部分品系共179份进行了1BL/1RS鉴定,结果表明：我国20世纪80年代后育成的小麦品种中约38%为1BL/1RS品种,其中北方冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区频率较高,分别为59%和42%;长江中下游冬麦区和西南冬麦区频率较低,均为20%;东北春麦区未发现1BL/1RS品种。大多     

SSR荧光标记和银染技术的比较分析

应用多重PCR简单重复序列（SSR）荧光标记分析技术和常规的SSR银染技术，对北方冬麦区451份材料（中国小麦初选核心种质的一部分）进行分析，用相同材料和引物，对这两种方法的检测效果进行评价。用24对引物扩增，银染法共检测出235个等位变异，每个位点检测到的等位变异为3～20，平均为9.8个，多态性信息指数PIC为0.22～0.93     

普通小麦及近缘粗山羊草α-醇溶蛋白基因的克降、定位与进化分析

通过特异PCR引物设计,从普通小麦品种(豫麦34和烟农19)和粗山羊草(T9、T197、T48、T176和T17)中扩增、克隆了7个新的α-醇溶蛋白基因,分别命名为Gli-YM34、Gli-YN19、Gli-T9、Gli-T197、Gli-T48、Gli-T176和Gli-T17,基因序列长度为846~891 bp,编码282~297个氨基酸残基,都具有α-醇溶蛋白的典型结构特点。其中Gli-YM34和Gli-YN19基因推导的醇溶蛋白都含有一个额外的半胱氨酸残基,可能对面筋品质有正向作用。根据α-醇溶蛋白氨基酸序列所具有的4种T细胞抗原表位和多聚谷氨酰胺重复区的平均长度以及中国春缺体四体分析,将来自普通小麦品种的Gli-YM34和Gli-YN19基因定位在6D染色体上的Gli-D2位点,而且Gli-YM34和Gli-YN19与来自粗山羊草的α-醇溶蛋白基因具有很高的序列相似性,进一步证明粗山羊草是普通小麦D基因组的供体。在克隆的4个典型α-醇溶蛋白基因中检测到21个SNP和1个9 bp的缺失。系统进化分析表明,α-醇溶蛋白基因与低分子量谷蛋白亚基基因关系较近,在大约43.69百万年时分化,与ω-醇溶蛋白和HMW-GS基因亲缘关系较远,它们的分化时间大约为79.39百万年。     

Capillary zone electrophoresis analysis of gliadin proteins from Chinese and Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars

Gliadin proteins extracted from fifteen Chinese and Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars were fractionated using a new separation technique – Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE). Different CZE conditions were defined to optimize resolution and reproducibility of gliadin separations. Excellent resolution and high reproducibility of gliadin CZE patterns were obtained by using 47 cm length, 50 μm i.d. capillaries at 15 kV and 30° C in sodium borate buffer system with acetonitrile (ACN) and sodium dodecyl sulfate. By using these CZE conditions, gliadin proteins from each cultivar were easily separated into more than 35 components. This resolution is generally superior to that of one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and RH-HPLC. Analysis of reproducibility of gliadin CZE patterns from Chinese cultivar ‘Lumai 6’ showed that the average relative standard deviation (RSD) for peak migration times and heights was 0.21% and 4.06%, respectively. Gliadin electrophoregrams of all cultivars studied showed clear qualitative and quantitative differences, including presence or absence of some major peak, migration times and heights of peaks. Specifically, some closely related cultivars that were not differentiable by A-PAGE, were readily differentiated by CZE. In addition, winter wheat cultivars from China and Yugoslavia showed greater differences in gliadin compositions revealed by CZE. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦种质资源醇溶蛋白指纹图谱数据库的初步建立及应用

利用ISTA的A-PAGE标准方法,初步建立了我国小麦的主要栽培品种、古老地方品种及国外引进品种共90份材料的标准醇溶蛋白指纹图谱数据库,并利用该数据库对90份供试材料进行了遗传多样性分析及聚类分析,共发现有75条相对迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,且出现频率不同,表明醇溶蛋白指纹图谱具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

利用RAPD标记鉴定大豆种质

本研究以５７个中国大豆祖先吕系及育成品种和１８个美国大豆祖先品系为ＤＮＡ样品来源，通过随机引物ＰＣＲ扩增基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性，探索利用ＲＡＰＤ标记鉴定和相关种质的可能性。研究结果表明，５０个１０摩尔随机引物共扩增可分辩产物２４６个，其中８２．４％的随机引物可产生多态性产物，所扩增产物的５４．４％至少在两个基因毒草境存在差异。上ＰＣＲ扩增产物分别以１和０记录存在与否。扩增产物间的成对比较可产生非相似     

Regional patterns of microsatellite diversity in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions

This study was conducted to assess regional patterns of diversity of Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions and to identify areas of diversity that can be used as source of new germplasm for developing high yielding and stable varieties. A collection of 133 Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions and eight introduced cultivars was analysed using 29 wheat microsatellite markers. A total of 383 alleles were detected with an average value of 13.14 alleles per locus. Relatively more alleles were observed in the B genome than in the A genome. Gene diversity indices ranged from 0.08 to 0.95, with a mean value of 0.72. Accessions collected from the same region were pooled and the number of alleles and gene diversity were calculated over the 29 simple sequence repeats for each region. Higher numbers of alleles were detected in the Shewa region (8.72), followed by Tigray (5.86) and Hararghe (5.76). The highest average gene diversity value was found in Shewa (0.65), followed by Gondar (0.64). No significant correlation was observed between geographic distance and genetic distance. Out of 383 different alleles detected, 93 (24.4%) were observed to be region‐specific. Region‐specific alleles were found across all chromosomes except for Xgwm752, Xgwm155 and Xgwm148. Genetic similarity coefficients were estimated for all the possible 55 pairs of regional comparisons and they ranged from 0.16 to 0.52, with a mean value of 0.50. All provinces were differentiated in the UPGMA cluster diagram.     

小麦骨干亲本“胜利麦/燕大1817”杂交组合后代衍生品种遗传构成解析

小麦地方品种燕大1817是我国小麦育种骨干亲本之一,胜利麦/燕大1817杂交组合是北部冬麦区小麦品种遗传改良的基础组合。利用随机分布于小麦全基因组21条染色体上的175对在胜利麦和燕大1817间具有多态性的SSR标记(每条染色体平均8.3对)分析了燕大1817和胜利麦对其38份后代衍生品种的遗传贡献率。结果表明,在全基因组水平上,燕大1817对其后代衍生品种贡献率为26.8%,胜利麦对其后代衍生品种贡献率为43.6%;在部分同源群水平上,燕大1817对其后代衍生品种A、B和D基因组的贡献率分别为25.9%、25.7和26.4%,胜利麦对其后代衍生品种A、B和D基因组的贡献率分别为46.1%、39.1%和44.0%。说明引进种质对我国北部冬麦区小麦品种遗传改良起了重要作用。在染色体水平上,胜利麦对其后代衍生品种的21条染色体贡献率在20.0%~63.3%间,其中对1A染色体贡献率仅有20.0%,对7A染色体贡献率高达63.3%。骨干亲本燕大1817对其后代衍生品种的21条染色体贡献率在7.5%~44.2%间,其中对2A染色体贡献率仅有7.5%,对7D染色体贡献率可达44.2%。骨干亲本燕大1817对后代衍生品种贡献率较高的基因组(单元型)区段有7个,分别是3A上的Xwmc11–Xcfa2262、7B上的Xbarc1073–Xwmc475、1AL上的Xgwm357–Xwmc312、7DS上的Xbarc305–Xwmc506、4AS上的 Xgwm165–Xgwm610、1B上的Xwmc419–Xwmc134和2D上的Xcfd56–Xbarc228,其中,3A染色体上的Xwmc11–Xcfa2262区段对衍生品种贡献率高达77.5%。而胜利麦对后代衍生品种贡献率较高的基因组(单元型)区段有8个,分别是6BS上的Xwmc105－Xwmc397、3D上的Xgdm72–Xgdm8、2DS上的Xgdm5–Xgwm455、7AL上的Xbarc121–Xgwm332、5DL上的Xgwm174–Xwmc161、5BL上的 Xgwm499–Xbarc308、5A上的Xbarc141–Xgwm291和4BL上的Xgwm66–Xgwm251,其中6BS上的Xwmc105–Xwmc397区段对衍生品种的贡献率最高,达71.3%。这些基因组(单元型)区段上存在许多与产量、抗病、抗逆和适应性等重要农艺性状相关的基因和QTL,对北部冬麦区小麦品种遗传改良可能起了重要作用。     

中国小麦品种对白粉病的抗性反应与抗病基因检测

利用来自不同生态区的8个白粉菌菌株对20世纪80年代以来国家审定(认定)品种、近期参加国家区域试验的品系和核心种质等小麦材料进行抗病性评价,同时利用与Pm4a、Pm8和Pm21基因连锁的分子标记检测了相关抗病基因的存在。在148个国家审定品种中有16.9%的品种能够抗多个菌株,其中大多是近10年选育的品种。不同年代审定的品种中感病品种的频率均超过50%。各个小麦生产区抗病品种的频率高低与该地区白粉病的严重性和育种的关注程度有一定关系。在1 160份小麦核心种质中抗E09菌株的地方品种和育成品种的比例只有3.4%和4.2%。西南冬麦区和新疆冬麦区入选的品种抗病频率较高,华南冬麦区、东北春麦区和北方春麦区没有发现抗E09菌株的品种。多菌株鉴定结果表明,263份微核心种质中33.7%的品种表现抗病性,其中大多数品种能够抗1~2个菌株,因此在核心种质的利用中应注意选用抗性强的品种作为轮回亲本,同时有必要构建抗白粉病的应用核心种质,以提高核心种质的利用效果。根据抗病基因分子标记检测结果,我国小麦品种有43.2%含有Pm8基因,该基因在区域试验参试品种中的频率也很高,特别是在黄淮麦区培育的品种中频率仍高达50%;Pm4a和Pm21基因主要出现在长江流域培育的品种中。有些抗性突出的品种可能含有其他抗病基因。