哈茨木霉突变体T-DNA插入位点侧翼序列的克隆及其插入序列分析

利用分子生物学技术扩增T-DNA插入突变体中T-DNA侧翼未知序列是克隆突变相关基因、研究T-DNA整合方式的基础,TAIL-PCR是扩增已知序列侧翼未知序列的有效方法,本研究根据哈茨木霉的基因组特点,引用和设计了12条随机AD引物,用这些引物分别与3条右边界嵌套特异引物进行组合对哈茨木霉突变子的T-DNA侧翼未知序列进行扩增,发现不同的随机引物的扩增效率差异很大,以AD5的扩增效率最高,能扩增出80%的T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列。随机挑取哈茨木霉T-DNA插入突变子52个,选用引物AD5对T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列进行TAIL-PCR扩增并分析扩增序列发现,在获得的42条侧翼序列中7条只含有质粒序列、33条对应着单一的侧翼序列T-DNA、另外2条序列相同。34条T-DNA侧翼边界序列中13条保存着完整的右边界序列,21条T-DNA边界序列存在一定程度的缺失现象,说明农杆菌转化哈茨木霉的过程中T-DNA右边界存在一定程度的剪切。该研究的进行对明确农杆菌介导的木霉遗传转化过程中T-DNA的整合方式具有一定意义,为研究农杆菌转化木霉的机理奠定了实验基础。研究也精细确定了33个不同突变株的T-DNA插入位置,为后续的基因功能研究奠定基础。     

紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉产生多菌灵抗药性菌株的研究

多菌灵是植物病害防治中常用的化学杀菌剂,野生型哈茨木霉对多菌灵比较敏感。为了能够更好地将哈茨木霉菌应用于实践,本试验采用紫外线-氯化锂复合诱变的方法,实现哈茨木霉菌株对多菌灵的抗性改良。试验共获得315株正向突变菌株,其中hcb-35菌株抗性能力较强。利用毒力测定方法检测了多菌灵对hcb-35有效抑菌中浓度,及hcb-35对多菌灵的抗药遗传稳定性;并利用对峙试验及显微观察检测其抑菌能力。结果显示,与哈茨木霉出发菌株hc相比,多菌灵对哈茨木霉突变株hcb-35菌株的有效抑菌中浓度提升285%;连续转接12代后,hcb-35菌株抗药性相对稳定且抑菌效果较出发菌株无明显差异,表明应用紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉可以获得遗传稳定的耐多菌灵突变株。     

农杆菌介导的拟康氏木霉遗传转化及T-DNA插入突变体的筛选

建立并优化了农杆菌介导转化拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii SMF2)获得T-DNA插入突变体的体系,在木霉孢子浓度106个/mL、农杆菌A600=0.15~0.20、乙酰丁香酮浓度为250μmol/mL的条件下共培养36 h转化率最高,转化子可达60~120个/106个孢子。共获得转化子1 000多个,连续转接5代能够稳定遗传,部分转化子表现为生长和形态异常,PCR验证潮霉素B抗性基因已整合进转化子基因组DNA中。该转化体系的建立为开展其生防机理研究和探索菌株改良奠定了基础。     

一种农杆菌介导稻瘟病菌的遗传转化

以农杆菌C58C1及携带潮霉素抗性的质粒pBIG2RHPH2为介导,以广泛不致病的野生型稻瘟病菌CY2为出发菌株,开展稻瘟病菌T-DNA插入转化条件的研究。农杆菌OD600为0.1条件下,乙酰丁香酮(AS)200μmol/L,用IM培养基(pH5.2)共培养。结果表明,在潮霉素、头孢噻肟钠和壮观霉素为200μg/mL,2mm滤纸条筛选培养,转化效率最高,平均可获得329.0个转化子/1×104个孢子。通过对转化子的继代稳定性和PCR检测,证明转化子均获得了T-DNA插入片段,且能稳定遗传。采用接种法,在不同遗传背景的44个抗稻瘟病的水稻近等基因系接种8000个转化子,获得20个致病突变体。     

木霉菌厚垣孢子形成相关基因的克隆及功能研究

意义与目的厚垣孢子是抗逆能力极强的一类真菌繁殖体,大规模生产真菌厚垣孢子是突破生防真菌产业化的主要技术瓶颈之一,克隆和分析厚垣孢子形成相关基因,对阐明真菌厚垣孢子形成的遗传机制、真菌生长发育的遗传机制、生防真菌产厚垣孢子工程菌的构建以及病原真菌初侵染原的控制具有重要意义。材料与方法根据作者已研究出的木霉菌大量快速产厚垣孢子的液体发酵产孢培养基和发酵控制工艺,采用根癌农杆菌介导的T-DNA插入方法,建立哈茨木霉或绿色木霉的插入突变体库,然后通过所发明的产厚垣孢子特异培养基筛选T-DNA插入突变体库,筛选出产厚…     

生物质材料与拮抗微生物复配对烟草生长及青枯病发生的影响

为研究防控烟草青枯病的策略,选取了生物质材料牡蛎粉分别与拮抗微生物哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum,Th)、多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa,Pp)复配后进行田间小区试验.通过分析烟株农艺性状、青枯病发病情况和产量产值,探究了生物质材料与拮抗微生物菌剂复配对烟草生长及青枯病的影响.结果表明:与单用哈茨木霉、多粘类芽孢杆菌相比,牡蛎粉与哈茨木霉、多粘类芽孢杆菌复配之后对烟草青枯病的防控效果较好,在发病高峰期的相对防治效果分别为77.13%,62.67%.对比单独使用效果,多粘类芽孢杆菌对烟草青枯病的防效高于哈茨木霉,发病高峰期时,多粘类芽孢杆菌的相对防效为67.46%,高于哈茨木霉的36.17%.2种拮抗微生物菌剂对烤烟前期农艺性状均有很好的促进作用,其中牡蛎粉的复配施用可以提升拮抗微生物菌剂的促生功效.     

木霉对草坪褐斑病的拮抗效果及耐药性

通过木霉属5菌株与大连高尔夫球场上草坪褐斑病菌的对峙培养试验,研究结果表明:哈茨木霉Thar1菌株、哈茨木霉Thar2菌株、深绿木霉Tat菌株、钩状木霉Tha菌株及桔绿木霉Tci菌株对病原菌的抑制率为:66%、73%、71%、77%、55%,而相对抑菌效果分别为2.06、3.94、2.35、3.54、2.27,可以作为草坪褐斑病菌的生防菌加以利用。在这5株木霉中以哈茨木霉Thar2对草坪褐斑病菌的拮抗作用最强。观察结果表明,哈茨木霉Thar2对草坪褐斑病菌的拮抗机制主要表现为生长竞争、重寄生及产生抗菌物质。     

哈茨木霉T2-16的GFP标记及其生防特性

优化高效拮抗生防菌哈茨木霉T2-16的转化条件，筛选出与野生型菌株具有相似生防特性的阳性转化子，为生防木霉菌T2-16的定殖动态、分布规律等研究打下基础。通过PCR和分子克隆技术构建具有G418抗性基因的绿色荧光（GFP）表达载体pKN-sGFP，利用PEG-CaCl₂介导的原生质体转化法，获得强荧光表达的哈茨木霉T2-16转化子，并将其与野生型菌株的生物特性进行比较，筛选出与野生型菌株具有相似生防特性的阳性转化子。试验结果显示，哈茨木霉T2-16在20℃培养条件下对1000 μg/mL G418敏感，在上述优化条件下，转化获得稳定遗传的阳性转化子TG2-10；进一步比较其与野生型菌株的生物特性发现，两者之间无明显差异，可用于下一步哈茨木霉T2-16生防机理的研究。     

哈茨木霉SH2303防治玉米小斑病的初步研究

哈茨木霉SH2303是本实验室分离获得的1株具有生防效果的菌株,该菌株能够较好的防治玉米小斑病。通过离体叶片试验确定哈茨木霉SH2303诱导玉米抗小斑病的持效期达15 d。盆栽及大田试验表明,防治玉米小斑病防效分别达到78.1%和56.3%。盆栽试验表明,哈茨木霉 SH2303处理的叶片在挑战接种小斑病菌后第36 h,玉米体内防御反应酶系PAL和SOD活性达到峰值。同时,防御基因Pal和Sod的表达水平也明显上升。综合分析表明,哈茨木霉SH2303的诱导抗性作用是防治玉米小斑病的重要机制之一。     

木霉对5种病原菌抑菌活性筛选

采用滤纸片法对云南地区分离并鉴定到的15株木霉进行2株病原细菌(大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)和3株植物病原真菌(小麦全蚀、番茄早疫、稻疫)抗菌活性筛选。获得可抑制5种病原菌(广谱)的木霉7株。抑菌圈直径范围在0.7～2.8 cm。其中哈茨木霉8917提取物对3株植物病原真菌的抑制最强,哈茨木霉10176提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制最强,哈茨木霉10174提取物对大肠杆菌的抑制最强。同时,将15株供试木霉与3株病原真菌进行对峙培养,结果显示:对番茄早疫菌抑制率最高的是新康氏木霉8722和深绿木霉8956,对小麦全蚀菌抑制率最高的是新康氏木霉8722和康氏木霉8701,深绿木霉8686对稻疫菌的抑制率最高。哈茨木霉在滤纸片法活性筛选中相对其他木霉抑菌活性较好,但在对峙培养活性筛选中其抑菌活性最弱。     

根癌农杆菌介导的胶孢炭疽菌遗传转化体系的建立

本研究基于农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法,建立了芒果胶孢炭疽菌高效的遗传转化体系,获得一批炭疽菌的T-DNA插入突变体,其目的是为炭疽菌的功能基因组学研究和致病相关基因的克隆奠定基础。结果如下:通过摸索并优化了体系的各项因子,在潮霉素筛选浓度为200μg/mL,菌液浓度为OD₆₆₀=0.15条件下,AS为200μmol/L,选择pH5.5的IM共培养基中转化效果最好;进一步通过对转化子的继代稳定性和PCR检测,结果发现潮霉素抗性稳定遗传和假阳性率低;通过菌落形态观察和产孢能力的测定获得3个菌落形态异常突变体,6个产孢能力下降突变体。     

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Fusarium oxysporum: An Efficient Tool for Insertional Mutagenesis and Gene Transfer

ABSTRACT Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) has long been used to transfer genes to a wide variety of plants and has also served as an efficient tool for insertional mutagenesis. In this paper, we report the construction of four novel binary vectors for fungal transformation and the optimization of an ATMT protocol for insertional mutagenesis, which permits an efficient genetic manipulation of Fusarium oxysporum and other phytopathogenic fungi to be achieved. Employing the binary vectors, carrying the bacterial hygromycin B phosphotrans-ferase gene (hph) under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter as a selectable marker, led to the production of 300 to 500 hygromycin B resistant transformants per 1 x 10(6) conidia of F. oxysporum, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than that previously accomplished. Transformation efficiency correlated strongly with the duration of cocultivation of fungal spores with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells and significantly with the number of Agrobacteruium tumefaciens cells present during the cocultivation period (r = 0.996; n = 3; P < 0.01). All transformants tested remained mitotically stable, maintaining their hygromycin B resistance. Growing Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells in the presence of acetosyringone (AS) prior to cocultivation shortened the time required for the formation of transformants but decreased to 53% the percentage of transformants containing a single T-DNA insert per genome. This increased to over 80% when Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells grown in the absence of AS were used. There was no correlation between the average copy number of T-DNA per genome and the colony diameter of the transformants, the period of cocultivation or the quantity of Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells present during cocultivation. To isolate the host sequences flanking the inserted T-DNA, we employed a modified thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) technique. Utilizing just one arbitrary primer resulted in the successful amplification of desired products in 90% of those transformants analyzed. The insertion event appeared to be a random process with truncation of the inserted T-DNA, ranging from 1 to 14 bp in size, occurring on both the right and left border sequences. Considering the size and design of the vectors described here, coupled with the efficiency and flexibility of this ATMT protocol, it is suggested that ATMT should be regarded as a highly efficient alternative to other DNA transfer procedures in characterizing those genes important for the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum and potentially those of other fungal pathogens.     

Development of Spontaneous Hygromycin B Resistance in Monilinia fructicola and Its Impact on Growth Rate, Morphology, Susceptibility to Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides, and Sporulation

ABSTRACT Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with plasmids carrying the hygromycin B resistance gene hph frequently is being used for inserting genes into fungal spores and mycelial cells and for conducting insertional mutagenesis to identify genes connected to a particular phenotype. In this article, we report that stable hygromycin B resistance can develop spontaneously in germinating conidia from Monilinia fructicola and that the mutants exhibit altered phenotypes. One spontaneously developing hygromycin B-resistant colony developed per 2.5 x 10(5) germinating conidia. Mutants grew significantly slower on potato dextrose agar, were 2.4- to 3.1-fold more sensitive to demethylation inhibitor fungicides, lacked melanization, and did not produce spores. The mode of action of hygromycin B resistance in the mutants seemed to be different from the hph transgene-mediated hygromycin B resistance based on different phenotypic characters. The ability of M. fructicola and possibly other fungi to spontaneously develop hygromycin B resistance associated with an altered phenotype may interfere with the selection of true transformants if hygromycin B is used as selective agent. This is particularly confounding if the hph gene is used as selectable marker in insertional mutagenesis experiments conducted for the identification of genes involved in melanization, sporulation, or fungicide resistance.     

Antagonism of Nutrient-Activated Conidia of Trichoderma harzianum (atroviride) P1 Against Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT The effect of preliminary nutrient activation on the ability of conidia of the antagonist Trichoderma harzianum (atroviride) P1 to suppress Botrytis cinerea was investigated in laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. Preliminary nutrient activation at 21 degrees C accelerated subsequent germination of the antagonist at temperatures from 9 to 21 degrees C; at >/=18 degrees C, the germination time of preactivated T. harzianum P1 conidia did not differ significantly from that of B. cinerea. When coinoculated with B. cinerea, concentrated inocula of preactivated but ungerminated T. harzianum P1 conidia reduced in vitro germination of the pathogen by >/=87% at 12 to 25 degrees C; initially quiescent conidia achieved this level of suppression only at 25 degrees C. Application of quiescent T. harzianum P1 conidia to detached strawberry flowers in moist chambers reduced infection by B. cinerea by >/=85% at 24 degrees C, but only by 35% at 12 degrees C. Preactivated conidia reduced infection by >/=60% at 12 degrees C. Both quiescent and preactivated conidia significantly reduced latent infection in greenhouse-grown strawberries at a mean temperature of 19 degrees C, whereas only preactivated conidia were effective in the field at a mean temperature of 14 degrees C on the day of treatment application. An antagonistic mechanism based on initiation of germination in sufficiently concentrated inocula suggests that at suboptimal temperatures the efficacy of Trichoderma antagonists might be improved by conidia activation prior to application.     

向日葵黄萎病菌突变体库的建立及其阳性转化子的鉴定

为揭示向日葵大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.的致病机理,利用农杆菌介导法将带有潮霉素抗性标记和绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的双元载体转入大丽轮枝菌的分生孢子中并获得阳性转化子,以野生型菌株为对照,对随机挑取的阳性转化子的菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、产孢量、粗毒素分泌量和致病力进行了研究。结果表明,共获得800株阳性转化子,随机选取的40株阳性转化子中有2株的菌落只产生白色气生菌丝,不能形成黑色微菌核。与对照相比,40株转化子的生长速率均有不同程度降低,其中转化子A1生长速度降低最显著,菌落直径仅为3.28 cm,比对照下降了38.92%。40株转化子中有3株的产孢量高于对照,其中转化子A9的产孢量最高,为3.50×10~7个/mL,比对照提高1.10倍;转化子A1的产孢量最低,仅为1.35×10~7个/mL,比对照下降了19.16%。40株转化子中有4株的粗毒素分泌量较对照显著升高,占测定菌株的10%,有24株较对照显著降低,占60%,其余12株与对照无显著差异。40株转化子中有3株的致病力较对照显著增强,占测定菌株的7.5%;有7株的致病力较对照显著降低,占17.5%;其余30株与对照无显著差异。     

辣椒胶孢炭疽菌遗传转化体系的建立

由辣椒胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides导致的辣椒炭疽病是辣椒生产上最为严重的真菌病害之一。本文以辣椒胶孢炭疽菌CSLL11为供试菌株,采用PEG-CaCl_2介导的原生质体转化法,将含有潮霉素B抗性基因和eGFP表达基因的DNA片段成功转入辣椒胶孢炭疽菌的原生质体中,获得了稳定表达绿色荧光的转化子,从而成功建立了辣椒胶孢炭疽菌的遗传转化体系。试验结果表明,可有效筛选阳性转化子的潮霉素B浓度为500 mg/L;PCR及Southern blot结果显示,eGFP表达基因已单拷贝整合至辣椒胶孢炭疽菌转化子的基因组中;使用荧光显微镜观察第一代及继代培养后的转化子,菌丝与分生孢子均表现出强烈的绿色荧光信号,说明GFP能在转化子中稳定遗传;将转化子与野生型菌株相比,菌落形态、生长速率及致病力水平无明显差异。本研究建立了辣椒胶孢炭疽菌遗传转化体系并获得了稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白的转化子,对辣椒炭疽菌与寄主互作的研究及病害防治具有重要意义。     

农杆菌介导的西瓜枯萎病菌遗传转化

为获得带GFP标记的西瓜枯萎病菌转化株,用于后期观察病原菌侵染过程,采用农杆菌介导的方法,对西瓜枯萎病菌1号生理小种进行了遗传转化。结果表明:共培养时间为36h,枯萎病菌孢子和农杆菌AGL1比例为1∶1时该菌株的遗传转化效率最高,可以达到117.33个转化子/107个孢子。转化株的孢子、菌丝体及萌发的孢子均能发出稳定而强的绿色荧光。转化株的致病力检测显示其致病力与转化前的野生菌株致病力无明显差异。结果表明本研究获得的带GFP标记的西瓜枯萎病菌转化株可用于观察病菌在西瓜根系的侵染过程。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</Emphasis>-mediated transformation for random insertional mutagenesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum lagenarium</Emphasis>

Random insertional mutagenesis using a marker DNA fragment is an effective method for identifying fungal genes relevant to morphogenesis, metabolism, and so on. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AtMT) has long been used as a tool for the genetic modification of a wide range of plant species. Recent study has indicated that A. tumefaciens could transfer T-DNA not only to plant cells but also to fungal cells. In this study, AtMT was applied to Colletotrichum lagenarium for random insertional mutagenesis. We constructed a binary vector pBIG2RHPH2 carrying a hygromycin-resistant gene cassette between the right and left borders of T-DNA. Optimal co-cultivation of C. lagenarium wild-type 104-T with pBIG2RHPH2-introduced A. tumefaciens C58C1 led to the production of 150–300 hygromycin-resistant transformants per 10⁶ conidia. Southern blot analysis revealed that T-DNA was mainly integrated at a single site in the genome and at different sites in transformants. The T-DNA inserts showed small truncations of either end, but the hygromycin-resistant gene cassette inside the T-DNA was generally intact. The mode of T-DNA insertion described above resulted in highly efficient gene recovery from the transformants by thermal asymmetrical interlaced-polymerase chain reaction. The fungal genomic DNA segments flanking T-DNA were identified from five of eight mutants that had defective melanin biosynthesis. The sequence from one of the segments was identical to that of the melanin biosynthesis gene PKS1 of C. lagenarium, which we previously characterized. These results strongly support our notion that AtMT is a possible tool for tagging genes relevant to pathogenicity in the plant pathogenic fungus C. lagenarium.