多肽类抗生素的环境安全性评价研究进展

多肽类抗生素(AMPs)是目前国内应用较广泛的抗生素种类之一。该类化合物不易被生物体吸收,多数以原形形式随粪便和尿液排出体外,可能会对环境和人类健康造成严重危害。本文综述了环境中AMPs的暴露情况及检测方法,揭示了其在环境中的迁移转化、降解特性及生态效应,同时介绍了其耐药菌和抗性基因的产生和去除技术,分析了该类抗生素环境安全性研究的发展趋势,提出AMPs的环境行为和生态效应研究应从多药联合使用方面及发生机理等进一步深入,未来应开发出更有效地AMPs抗性基因去除技术。本文为全面评估AMPs的环境安全性及有效避免或降低该类抗生素耐药性及抗性基因(ARGs)的传播提供科学依据。     

The application of antimicrobial peptides as growth and health promoters for swine

With the widespread ban on the use of antibiotics in swine feed,alternative measures need to be sought to maintain swine health and performance.Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs) are part of the nonspecific defense system and are natural antibiotics produced by plants,insects,mammalians,and micro-organisms as well as by chemical synthesis.Due to their broad microbicidal activity against various fungi,bacteria and enveloped viruses,AMPs are a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics for use in swine production.This review focuses on the structure and mechanism of action of AMPs,as well as their effects on performance,immune function and intestinal health in pigs.The aim is to provide support for the application of AMPs as feed additives replacing antibiotics in swine nutrition.     

The application of antimicrobial peptides as growth and health promoters for swine

With the widespread ban on the use of antibiotics in swine feed, alternative measures need to be sought to maintain swine health and performance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the nonspecific defense system and are natural antibiotics produced by plants, insects, mammalians, and micro-organisms as well as by chemical synthesis. Due to their broad microbicidal activity against various fungi, bacteria and enveloped viruses, AMPs are a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics for use in swine production. This review focuses on the structure and mechanism of action of AMPs, as well as their effects on performance, immune function and intestinal health in pigs. The aim is to provide support for the application of AMPs as feed additives replacing antibiotics in swine nutrition.     

细菌对抗菌肽的抗性及机理

抗菌肽(AMPs)是一类广泛存在于自然界生物体中的小肽类物质,它是机体先天性免疫系统的重要组成部分。AMPs作为传统抗生素的替代品被广泛重视,然而细菌对于AMPs的抗性如同对抗生素的耐药性一样不容忽视。本文主要从浮游菌、生物膜和信号调节3个方面阐述细菌对于AMPs的抗性及机理。     

抗菌肽的活性机制及其分子设计研究进展

抗菌肽是生物体在抵抗外来微生物入侵时产生的一类防御性小肽,在自然界分布广泛,是机体先天免疫系统的重要组成部分。与传统的抗生素相比,抗菌肽分子质量小、水溶性好、热稳定性好、抗菌机理独特、具有广谱的抗细菌、抗病毒、抗真菌、抗肿瘤等活性,且不易诱发细菌产生耐药性等特点。随着细菌耐药问题不断出现及新型抗菌肽的陆续发现,抗菌肽的抗菌活性、溶血性及细胞毒性的机制已成为研究的热点。笔者主要对抗菌肽的分子改造及活性机制的最近研究进展进行阐述,以期为抗菌肽的分子设计改造和应用提供科学的参考依据。     

Porcine antimicrobial peptides: new prospects for ancient molecules of host defense

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, endogenous, polycationic molecules that constitute a ubiquitous and significant component of innate immunity. These natural antibiotics have broad microbicidal activity against various bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Because most AMPs kill bacteria by physical disruption of cell membranes, which may prevent microorganisms from developing resistance against these agents, they are being explored as possible alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Pigs, like many other mammals, produce an impressive array of AMPs, which are synthesized predominantly by host leukocytic phagocytes or mucosal epithelial cells. Currently, more than a dozen distinct porcine AMPs have been identified and a majority belongs to the cathelicidin family. This review briefly summarizes recent advances in porcine AMP research with an emphasis on the diverse biological functions of each peptide. Mechanisms of action of these AMPs and their role in the resistance to infections are considered. Finally, the current status of pharmaceutical and agricultural uses of AMPs as well as future prospects for their application in the food animal industry is discussed.     

β-折叠抗菌肽的研发及应用策略

抗生素的滥用导致全球细菌耐药性问题愈发严重，严重威胁人类、畜禽健康及畜牧业发展，功能多样且不易导致细菌产生耐药性突变的抗菌肽（antimicrobial peptides，AMPs）逐渐发展为抗生素的潜在替代品。β-折叠是抗菌肽一个主要的二级结构分类，该类肽通常由一个或多个二硫键来维系结构的稳定，现已发现许多抗菌肽具有此类结构。相比于目前研究广泛的α-螺旋AMP，它们被认为拥有更强的抗酶解能力和更高的细胞选择性。本篇综述介绍了β-折叠抗菌肽的来源和抗细菌机理，并梳理了一些常见的分子设计方法和应用策略，以期为β-折叠抗菌肽的研发应用提供新思路。     

靶向抗菌肽的设计策略与应用

抗生素问世以来挽救了无数生命，然而近年来抗生素的滥用越来越严重，从而导致多重耐药菌的出现以及机体正常微生物群落的生态失衡等问题，迫使人们开始寻找有效的抗生素替代物。抗菌肽广泛存在于动植物体中，具有抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒及免疫调节等生物学活性，且不易诱发细菌耐药性，在临床和畜牧生产中表现出极好的应用前景。为避免细菌耐药性和微生态紊乱等问题的产生，具有靶向功能的抗菌肽受到科研工作者的青睐，逐渐成为研究的热点，并有望成为抗生素替代物之一。本文对近年来靶向抗菌肽的设计思路及其在临床和畜牧生产中的应用前景进行概述，以期为将来靶向抗菌肽的开发提供新的思路。     

抗菌肽的研究进展及应用前景

天然抗菌肽是广泛分布在细菌、病毒以及动植物等各种生物体内的一大类具有抑制和/或杀灭病原微生物活性的多肽或小分子蛋白质的总称。由于其具有分子质量小、对热稳定和抗菌谱广等特点,以及不同于抗生素的全新的抗菌机制,在近20多年里,抗菌肽的开发和应用已成为研究的热点,在动植物转基因工程及药物开发领域具有广阔的应用前景。文章就抗菌肽的来源与分布、结构与分类、作用机理,抗菌肽的分子生物学和基因表达调控以及抗菌肽在畜牧兽医领域的应用前景加以论述。     

抗菌肽的研究进展

抗菌肽,又称为肽抗生素,是多种生物体经外界环境诱导由特定基因编码、核糖体合成并由一些腺体分泌的参与到生物体固有免疫反应的小分子多肽。经试验证实,其除了具有广谱高效的抗菌活性之外,对于部分真菌、原虫、病毒及癌细胞等也具备强有力的杀伤作用,甚至某些抗菌肽对HIV-1病毒的增殖也具有抑制作用。论述了抗菌肽的研究现状,并对其应用及现存问题进行了深入的探讨。     

A bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) kills methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus but promotes adherence of the bacteria

The cathelicidin family is one of the several families of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). A bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP‐28) belongs to this family. Recently, the emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a big problem. AMPs are expected to be leading compounds of new antibiotics against drug‐resistant bacteria. In this study, we focused on the activity of BMAP‐28 against bacterial cell surfaces. First, we observed morphological change of MRSA caused by BMAP‐28 using a scanning probe microscope. We also studied activities of BMAP‐28 against adherence of S. aureus to fibronectin, collagen type I, collagen type IV. We confirmed whether BMAP‐28 can bind to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of S. aureus. BMAP‐28 was indicated as damaging the cell surface of MRSA. In a particular range of concentrations, BMAP‐28 promoted adherence of S. aureus against fibronectin and collagens. It was revealed that BMAP‐28 and LTA of S. aureus bound with each other. Our study showed the potential of BMAP‐28 which can damage MRSA and interact with LTA of S. aureus but promote its adherence in some concentrations. This study provides new points of which to take notice when we use AMPs as medicines.     

Why is Anti‐Microbial Resistance a Veterinary Problem As Well?

Resistance to anti‐microbial agents has become one of the main issues in public health strategies world‐wide. Much attention has been paid to the emergence of pathogenic micro‐organisms such as enterococci or Salmonella that have developed resistance mechanisms that render them almost untreatable with current antibiotics. One of the alleged reasons for such an emergence is the non‐medical use of antibiotics, especially in animals. However, only recently have veterinary forums and journals begun to discuss this topic. On the other hand, anti‐microbial resistance has also become a problem in veterinary medicine and the number of reports indicating high rates of resistance among animal‐originated micro‐organisms is considerable. The present review deals with the mechanisms of resistance known for antibiotics in common veterinary use, the problem of anti‐microbial resistance in veterinary medicine and the links between the use of antibiotics in animals and the emergence of anti‐microbial resistance in humans.     

抗菌肽抑制脂多糖诱导的炎症反应

抗菌肽是一种对多重耐药菌株表现出特异性抗菌机制的小分子多肽。同时,抗菌肽还具有抗炎活性,可以通过直接中和脂多糖(LPS)、抑制生物性炎症因子的产生来减轻炎症反应;亦可通过趋化白细胞、促进免疫细胞增殖等来影响获得性免疫,从而调节宿主免疫系统发挥保护作用。本文综述了近年来LPS诱导炎症产生的机制及抗菌肽抑制LPS诱导炎症反应的作用机理。     

抗菌肽在调节动物免疫力方面的研究进展

抗菌肽是一种古老的生物活性分子,作为宿主防御系统的重要组成成分,其广谱抗菌活性和多方面免疫调节功能,日益引起医药界和生物学界的广泛关注并逐渐成为研究热点。人们有望利用其不引起有害炎症反应的特性,来激活并加强宿主的免疫反应。作者主要综述了目前抗菌肽在调节动物免疫方面的研究进展。     

畜禽粪便残留四环素类抗生素的水体污染状况及生态毒理效应

四环素类抗生素是我国畜牧业使用量最大的广谱抗生素之一,因其在动物肠胃系统内难以被完全吸收而在畜禽粪便中残留量较大,导致大量四环素类抗生素随畜禽粪便还田进入土壤,最终进入水环境,并对水环境造成潜在的环境风险。综述了四环类抗生素对我国水体的污染状况及其对水生生物的生态毒理效应,以期为控制该类抗生素对我国水环境的污染提供参考。     

抗菌肽的抗菌作用及其机制

基因编码的抗菌肽广泛分布于昆虫、植物、动物及人体内,是先天性免疫防御系统的重要组成部分.抗茵肽不仅具有广谱抗细菌能力,还可以抗真菌、被膜病毒等多种微生物以及寄生虫.抗茵肽除了具有较强的直接杀灭有害微生物的活性外,还具有许多其他生物学功能,如抑制肿瘤细胞、中和内毒素以及抗炎等.它们还可以通过趋化树突状细胞、单核细胞和记忆...     

抗菌肽粗提物对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮不同水平抗菌肽粗提物对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和肠道菌群的影响。将480只210日龄海赛克斯褐壳蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加200、400、600 mg/kg抗菌肽粗提物的试验日粮。结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽粗提物能显著提高蛋鸡的蛋黄相对重(P<0.05),对回肠内大肠杆菌有显著抑制作用(P<0.05),而对其他指标并无显著性影响(P>0.05);日粮添加400 mg/kg抗菌肽粗提物能显著提高蛋鸡的产蛋率和蛋黄相对重(P<0.05),降低白蛋白和血糖含量(P<0.05),显著降低回肠大肠杆菌的数量(P<0.05);日粮添加600 mg/kg抗菌肽粗提物能够显著提高血清SOD活性(P<0.05),而对其他指标无显著性影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,蛋鸡日粮中添加400 mg/kg抗菌肽粗提物效果最佳。     

Campylobacter

Species within the genus, Campylobacter, have emerged over the last three decades as significant clinical pathogens, particularly of human public health concern, where the majority of acute bacterial enteritis in the Western world is due to these organisms. Of particular concern are the species, C. jejuni and C. coli, which are responsible for most of these gastrointestinal-related infections. Although these organisms have already emerged as causative agents of zoonoses, several aspects of their epidemiology and pathophysiology are only beginning to emerge. Trends in increasing antibiotic resistance are beginning to emerge with oral antibiotics, which may be the drug of choice for when it is necessary to intervene chemotherapeutically. This review wishes to examine (i) emerging clinical aspects of the disease, such as Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), (ii) the association between these organisms and poultry as a natural host, (iii) environmental aspects of Campylobacter epidemiology, (iv) the emergence of atypical campylobacters (v) emerging trends in antibiotic resistance, (vi) adoption of modern methods for the detection of campylobacters.