常压室温等离子体结合紫外诱变筛选红霉素高产菌株

利用常压室温等离子体射流诱变(ARTP)和紫外照射对红霉素产生菌进行复合诱变,得到4株产量明显提高的突变菌株,4株菌的平均发酵效价较出发菌株提高25.2%;其中一株(12#菌株)经发酵摇瓶验证,红霉素发酵单位可达10029单位/mL,比出发菌株提高了28.6%,且遗传稳定性良好。实验证明ARTP-UV复合诱变是一种简单高效的筛选方法。     

复合生态菌固态发酵木薯渣工艺参数优化及混菌发酵对木薯渣营养品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨复合微生物固态发酵木薯渣最佳发酵参数,并考察混菌发酵对木薯渣营养品质的影响。从木霉、曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母4大类共12株菌中分别筛选出1株发酵效果较好的菌株,以营养改善最佳的菌株为主发酵菌,与其它3株进行不同组合,筛选出最适发酵组合,并考察组合中不同菌种最适接种比例、接种量和菜粕添加量;在此基础上采用正交试验设计,考察发酵时间、发酵温度、料水比以及初始p H间交互作用对木薯渣营养价值的影响。结果表明:每克发酵原料按黑曲霉-II∶枯草芽孢杆菌-II∶酿酒酵母=3∶2∶1的比例接种2.5×106个微生物(孢子),菜粕添加量为20%,发酵时间4 d,发酵温度35℃,料水比1∶2,初始p H 4效果最好。以最优条件发酵木薯渣,以干物质计算,发酵后木薯渣粗蛋白由10.77%提高到17.92%(P0.05),粗纤维由21.50%降低到16.54%(P0.05)。此外,发酵后产物羧甲基纤维素酶、滤纸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活分别达到12.31、3.92和3.95 U/g DM。利用复合微生物固态发酵可以显著提高非常规饲料原料木薯渣的营养价值。     

高产纤维分解酶黑曲霉诱变选育与发酵条件优化

本试验旨在研究高产纤维分解酶黑曲霉诱变选育与发酵条件优化。通过对黑曲霉X1诱变选育(紫外、硫酸二乙酯、紫外-硫酸二乙酯复合诱变),获得产纤维分解酶能力强的突变菌黑曲霉,并对其产酶发酵条件和水解秸秆能力进行研究。结果表明,黑曲霉X1经紫外、硫酸二乙酯及紫外-硫酸二乙酯复合诱变,筛选出1株产酶能力高的突变菌黑曲霉X1U4-1;与原菌相比,突变菌滤纸酶活性提高了66.7%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性提高了22.3%,木聚糖酶活性提高了3.8%,还原糖含量(12 h)提高了6.8%。黑曲霉X1U4-1最适发酵产酶条件为发酵时间72 h,玉米芯∶麸皮=3∶7,接种量1.2 mL,硫酸铵浓度4%;在此条件下,滤纸酶活性达到0.77 U/g,纤维素酶活性达到93.80 U/g,木聚糖酶活性达到9 383.18 U/g。本研究表明,采用紫外-硫酸二乙酯复合诱变可有效改善黑曲霉产酶性能和水解秸秆能力。     

牦牛血发酵的最佳菌种组合及最优发酵条件探究

为探究牦牛血发酵的最佳菌种及最优发酵条件,采用正交试验筛选出最佳的发酵菌种组合,以发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量、磷酸二氢钾添加量、麦麸添加量、菌种比例等条件为对象,在单因素试验基础上利用Box-Behnken试验设计原理,通过响应面法构建复合菌发酵牦牛血模型。结果表明:最适发酵组合为黑曲霉与酵母菌组合,在发酵时间为50h、温度为30℃、酵母与黑曲霉之比为0.4、接种量为0.3%的条件下,发酵后牦牛血可溶性蛋白质含量最高,最大预测值提高8.25%,实测值提高8.40%,且粗蛋白质含量增加,粗纤维含量减少。     

Eremothecium ashbyii T_(30)过量合成核黄素发酵工艺条件研究

以本室筛得的核黄素高产突变株E ashbyiiT30 为出发株 ,探讨了发酵工艺条件对核黄素产量的影响。结果表明 :不同氮源、碳源、发酵用水、培养基灭菌方式及种子液质量都对核黄素产量有较大的影响 ,而且在发酵过程中 ,发酵 2 4h时添加 2 5μmol/L的碘乙酸或发酵 4 0h时补加约 2 0g/L的葡萄糖或发酵 4 8h时补加约 17% (v/v)的新鲜培养基 (无油 )同对照组相比 ,分别增产 2 7 1% ,2 4 3%和 2 0 9%。     

酿酒酵母培养物对肉仔鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在探究日粮中添加不同发酵时间的酿酒酵母培养物对肉仔鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响,并确定其应用于肉仔鸡的最适发酵产品的发酵时间。选取336羽健康、体质量相近的1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为7个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,酿酒酵母培养物组分别在基础日粮中添加发酵时间12,4,36,48,60h的酵母培养物,阳性对照组添加"达农威益康V XP"酵母培养物产品,预试期7d,试验期为42d。结果表明:饲粮中添加不同发酵时间的酿酒酵母培养物可以改善肉仔鸡的生长性能,与对照组相比,7~42d添加发酵24,36h的酿酒酵母培养物组肉仔鸡的平均日增重(ADG)分别显著提高了11.16%,12.36%(P0.05),料重比(F/G)分别降低了9.19%,8.77%(P0.05),且各处理组的平均日采食量(ADFI)均有提高趋势(P0.05),比对照组分别提高了1.41%,2.32%,2.70%和3.46%,且阳性对照组与对照组基本持平。同时,添加酿酒酵母培养物可以促进肉仔鸡的免疫功能,21,42d,添加发酵24,36h酿酒酵母培养物组的免疫球蛋白(IgA,IgG)浓度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而添加发酵36h酿酒酵母培养物组的白蛋白和血清总蛋白质含量也显著高于空白对照组与阳性对照组(P0.05)。各试验组的免疫器官指数与对照组相比均有不同程度地提高,其中42d,添加发酵24h酿酒酵母培养物组的脾脏指数显著高于对照组(P0.05),比对照组提高了36.19%。综上所述在本试验条件下,添加发酵24,36h的酿酒酵母培养物对肉仔鸡的营养保健效果最佳。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌高抑菌活性诱导技术研究

为了提高纳豆芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性,筛选出高抑菌活性菌株,试验以纳豆芽孢杆菌BN-3作为始发菌,通过紫外线(UV)和硫酸二乙酯(DES)对其进行复合诱变,得到变异菌株XC-80,并进行营养源优化及发酵条件优化正交试验,使变异菌达到最高的抑菌活性。结果表明:紫外线最佳诱变时间为12 s,硫酸二乙酯最佳涂布浓度为0.3%,复合诱变使纳豆芽孢杆菌抑菌活性提高16.9%;经营养源优化,变异菌株XC-80最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为胰蛋白胨,最适金属盐为硫酸镁;正交试验得出优化发酵条件为葡萄糖2%,胰蛋白胨0.5%,硫酸镁0.06%,初始pH值7.2,接种量0.5%,培养温度30℃,转数140 r/min,培养时间72 h,抑菌活性较诱变后菌株再次提高25.2%;最终筛选后菌株较始发菌抑菌活性累计提高46.4%。说明复合诱变及发酵条件优化筛选出了具有高抑菌活性的变异菌株XC-80,优化了发酵条件,显著提高了发酵液抑菌活性。     

原生质育种筛选可利用泔水发酵生产菌体蛋白饲料的研究

以餐厨垃圾为发酵培养基对9株酵母进行筛选,获得1株非蛋白氮转化率较高的菌株产朊假丝酵母0233,在餐厨垃圾固体培养基中发酵24h后,非蛋白氮转化率为36.69%。对该菌株的原生质体形成与再生的条件进行研究,结果表明:原生质体形成与再生最佳条件为菌龄26h,渗稳剂为含0.1%β-巯基乙醇的0.7mmol/L山梨醇,蜗牛酶浓度2.5%,酶解70min。在此条件下,原生质体形成率为92.80%,原生质体再生率为10.6%。采用He-Ne激光(632.8nm)对产朊假丝酵母0233的原生质体进行反复诱变,得到1株在餐厨垃圾固体培养基发酵后非蛋白氮转化率有较大提高的突变株,其非蛋白氮转化率为56.69%,比出发菌株(产朊假丝酵母0233)的非蛋白氮转化率提高1.6倍。该突变株经多次传代后有较高稳定遗传性,无明显的回复突变。     

B .methylotrophicus SWU6菌株产纤维素酶发酵条件的优化?

前期从自然界土壤中分离筛选到一株纤维素酶产生菌 Bacillus methylotrophicus SWU6菌株,为提高该菌株发酵产酶能力,本研究采用3,5二硝基水杨酸显色法(DNS)对该菌株产酶所需碳源、氮源、温度、pH 值、装瓶量、接种量等发酵条件进行优化,并比较优化前后等量发酵上清液中 CMCase 酶活大小。结果表明：SWU6菌株产纤维素酶的最适碳源为淀粉,最适氮源为牛肉膏,最适培养温度为50℃,培养基最适初始 pH 值为5.0,最适装瓶量为20%,最适接种量为2%;在最优发酵产酶条件下,SWU6菌株发酵上清液中的 CMCase 酶活达到454.69 U/mL,明显高于优化前利用基础培养基发酵所产的 CMCase 酶活,且酶活提高约3倍。通过发酵条件优化后,SWU6菌株单位体积发酵液显示出了更强的纤维素酶活性。     

三重复合诱变选育林可霉素高产菌株

以提高林可霉素的生产水平为目的,将林可霉素产生菌LK15-012先用0.6%甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理3 h,然后常压室温等离子体(ARTP-200W)照射90 s、最后紫外线(UV)照射50 s。结果表明:致死率为98.5%,正突变率为71.8%。最终获得2株高产突变株LK16-032和LK16-049,摇瓶效价比出发菌株LK15-012提高了42.50%和35.25%。将两株突变株分别通过100 L小试、10 t中试和60 t大生产进行发酵验证,发酵效价明显高于生产菌株。采用EMS-ARTP-UV三重复合诱变明显提高了林可霉素的生产水平。     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量的不确定度评估

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量,对标准溶液、体积、质谱峰面积、浓缩过程及回收率等测定不确定度因素进行了分析,通过评定各不确定度分量及标准不确定度,得出11种β-受体激动剂的扩展不确定度在0.7 ～ 1.1 ng/mL范围内.由各因素对合成不确定度的贡献比分析可知,影响较大的因素为试验回收率及标准溶液浓度.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

文山黄牛的现状与保种措施

文章阐述了文山黄牛的品种特性、现状和保种措施。文山牛保种可采用原产地活体保种,迁地活体保种和现代生物技术保种等多种方式。文山牛体型较大,性情温顺,产肉性能好、活动敏捷、结构紧凑、肌肉强健、肉品质优良、耐粗饲、适应性广、繁殖力和抗病力均较强等特点。文山牛是云南省一个地方良种,种质资源保护刻不容缓。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.