如何提高仔猪的断奶窝重

断奶窝重，指断奶时全窝仔猪总重量，包括寄养和并窝过来的仔猪的重量。断奶窝重与母猪的泌乳力、开食和补料的早晚、猪料的质量、窝产仔数、初生窝重、仔猪的成活率、断奶头数、母猪品质等多方面因素息息相关。     

提高仔猪断奶窝重的措施

仔猪断奶窝重直接影响猪其后的生长发育，因此提高仔猪断奶窝重是养猪生产中的一个重要环节。仔猪的断奶窝重与母猪泌乳力、窝产仔数、初生窝重、开食早晚、饲料质量、仔猪成活率和哺乳期仔猪的生长速度等因素有关。因此，提高仔猪断奶窝重，必须做到以下几点。     

仔猪初生重对断奶窝重的影响

提高猪的增重速度首先要从仔猪初生重、断奶重抓起 ,要取得仔猪窝重高的结果 ,除了抓好泌乳母猪的饲养管理、发挥母猪良好的泌乳性能外 ,做好仔猪补料、抓旺食、过好断奶关及疾病的预防工作是关键。1　试验材料与方法1 .1　试验猪随机选用 1 8窝“杜长上”初生仔猪 ,饲养 3 5日龄断奶。泌乳母猪、仔猪分别用申兰集团饲料厂生产的泌乳母猪料和乳猪料。母猪产前一周进产房待产 ,母猪采用高床单体限位栏 ,两侧为仔猪活动空间并配有保暖小间。1 .2　试验猪的饲养管理1 .2 .1　对临产前母猪后躯、乳房部位及分娩床面用0 .1 %高锰酸钾溶液擦拭消毒…     

不同杂交组合母猪的繁殖性能比较及经济效益分析

观察分析了长白×撒坝、长白×大约克、长白×汉普夏、皮特兰×杜洛克4个二元杂交287头经产母猪共604胎的窝均产仔数、窝均产活仔数、初生窝重、初生头重、断奶窝重、断奶头重及断奶时仔猪成活率等繁殖性能指标。结果表明,长撒杂交组合较长大、长汉、皮杜杂交组合在窝均产仔数、窝均产活仔数、抗病性能上有较大的优势,仔猪成活率差异不明显,而洋洋组合较洋本组合有较大的初生窝重及断奶窝重经济效益则以长撒杂交组合最好     

仔猪初生重对生长速度和哺育率的影响

仔猪初生重对生长速度和哺育率的影响王丕胜仉连平（甘肃省平凉地区良种猪场）（甘肃省畜牧兽医研究所）仔猪初生重是猪的一个重要种质性状和经济性状，不同品种初生重不同。初生重还受母猪年龄、胎次、妊娠期营养状况、产仔数等因素的影响。初生重与２０日龄窝重、断奶窝...     

影响仔猪初生重和均匀度的因素及调控机理研究进展

在养猪生产中,随着窝产仔数提高,仔猪初生重和均匀度降低,从而影响仔猪后期的生长发育.目前对仔猪初生重和均匀度调控的主要方式是营养调控,本文综述了仔猪初生重和均匀度的影响因素及调控机理,特别关注了氨基酸、蛋白质和能量等在调控仔猪初生重和均匀度的作用效果及其相关机理,以期为提高猪生产效率提供依据.     

提高仔猪断奶窝重的措施

仔猪阶段是猪生长发育最快、饲料利用率最高的阶段,同时也是死亡率最高的时期,要想提高仔猪的断奶窝重,需要采取以下措施。 1提高初生重,增强抵抗力仔猪的初生重与成活率密切相关,在正常护理的情况下,初生重小于1.0kg的仔猪在哺乳期的死亡率可达到40%,体重在1.3~1.5kg死亡率仅为5%~8%左右。因此加强母猪的饲养管理,使母猪产出健康的仔猪,是提高仔猪断奶窝重的重要环节。     

减少仔猪断奶前死亡的新方法

母猪饲养者的主要问题是如何在断奶时获得更多健康而生长迅速的仔猪。近年来，母猪的产仔率有很大的改善，仔猪数时常超过母猪的哺育能力。窝产仔数的增加使平均初生重降低。仔猪初生重的降低意味着增加断奶前仔猪较高死亡率的风险。     

母猪哺乳期：初乳与常乳质量

猪场的收益主要由母猪和仔猪生产成绩决定。母猪的生产成绩通过窝产仔数、初生窝重、断奶仔数、断奶窝重和每年分娩窝数来体现。一方面,仔猪断奶成绩受母猪泌乳量的影响,乳汁的质量决定了断奶重、断奶存活率;另一方面,仔猪断奶后生长速度决定了上市时间或配种体重。母猪泌乳期间,20%~30%的仔猪死亡与营养缺乏有关,在死亡仔猪中20%~50%是由母猪压死引起（Fahmy和Benard,1971）,而压死的部分仔猪也是由营养不良引起活力低下所致。     

小型梅山猪近年繁殖性状观察

对江苏农林职业技术学院小型梅山猪育种中心2007－2012年间繁育记录进行研究,结果可知：（1）母猪初情日龄平均为73．4±7．5d,初配为6月龄;公猪第一次射精日龄为78．6±4．2d,初配为8月龄。（2）初产母猪总产仔数为10．31±1．44头,产活仔数为9．85±0．2I头;经产母猪的总产仔数为15．3±1．82头,产活仔数为i4．87±0．60头,育成13．38±0．48头,经产母猪产仔数、初生重、20日龄窝重及45日龄窝重较初产母猪均显著提高（P〈0．05）。（3）以经产梅山猪作为母本与大约克和长白杂交,平均产活仔数12头以上,仔猪平均育成数达ll头以上,45日龄窝重达1i6．71±6．97kg和100．77±5．86kg。     

母猪窝产活仔数与初生仔猪整齐度的相关性研究

本研究统计分析了苏钟猪纯系及其杂交系母猪窝产活仔数与初生仔猪整齐度间的相关性,结果表明,随着母猪窝产活仔数的增加,仔猪初生重的平均数逐渐降低,标准差逐渐升高,整齐度不断降低。纯系苏钟猪窝产活仔数与标准差存在正相关,差异达到显著水平 (P<0.05);与平均数存在负相关,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);杂交系苏钟猪窝产活仔数与标准差存在正相关,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);与平均数存在负相关,差异也达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。同时,不同产仔区间母猪窝产活仔数对仔猪初生重的标准差和平均数也存在较显著的影响,母猪窝产活仔数与初生仔猪的整齐度间存在一个较优的经济区间。     

Variability of piglet birth weights: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of litter size and supplementation of functional amino acids on the piglet birth weight variability through of a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus and SciELO are the main used databases and were searched in January 2019 by using the following keywords and their combinations: within-litter birth, weight variability, piglets, litter size, sow, amino acids, gestation, uniformity, CV and/or SD. Of the 64 pre-selected articles, only articles presenting the coefficients of variation and/or standard deviations according to the litter size and different levels of amino acid supplementation in the sow diets during gestation were selected. The average birth weights of total and live piglets were 43% lower in litters from sows with high prolificacy than those from sows with low prolificacy. The weight variability was affected by high prolificacy sows, with increases of 4.04% and 4.54% in the coefficients of variation of total and born alive piglets respectively (p = .074; p = .009). The standard deviation increased by 180 g in born alive piglets to high prolificacy sows. The coefficients of variation of total and live piglets born from high prolificacy sows showed an increase of 4.04% and 4.54% respectively (p = .07; p < .05). There was a tendency for reduced weight variability with amino acids supplementation when considering the standard deviation of total born (p = .072). However, reproductive performance was not significantly influenced (p > .05). In conclusion, the average litter weight and the number of piglets born influence weight variability. Amino acids supplementation may reduce the birth weight variability between piglets. However, this effect depends on the amino acid used, the levels of supplementation and on other factors not completely addressed in this study. Thus, more research is necessary to fully elucidate this topic.     

窝产活仔数和初生重与仔猪早期断奶重及成活率的相关性研究

为研究猪窝产活仔数与初生仔猪个体重对21日龄早期断奶仔猪个体重及成活率的相关性,特选择一大型规模猪场2～6胎母猪在1个月内所产的118窝计1350头仔猪作为试验对象,要求所有初生仔猪均由亲本母猪带仔哺乳,且按窝产活仔数不同（6～17头）分组测定仔猪初生个体重和21日龄早期断奶仔猪窝个体均重,并观察断奶成活率,同时对其相关性状作方差及回归分析。结果表明,不同组间初生仔猪窝个体均重和21日龄早期断奶仔猪窝个体均重及断奶成活率差异显著（P〈0．05）;窝产活仔数对初生仔猪窝个体均重和21日龄早期断奶仔猪窝个体均重及断奶成活率呈极显著的负相关（R=-0．802、-0．851、-0．698,P〈0．01）;初生仔猪窝个体均重对21日龄早期断奶仔猪窝个体均重及断奶成活率呈极显著的正相关（R=0．837、0．741,P〈0．01）。试验结果表明,窝产活仔数越多,初生仔猪个体就越小,早期断奶也越轻,成活率也低;初生仔猪个体越大,早期断奶就越重,成活率也越高。只要通过科学合理的方法,适当控制猪窝产活仔数并提高初生仔猪个体重,能有效提高早期断奶仔猪的生长速度,并可获得更好的经济效益。     

Within-litter variation of birth weight in hyperprolific Czech Large White sows and its relation to litter size traits, stillborn piglets and losses until weaning

Data from about 2900 litters (approximately 40,000 piglets) originating from 1063 Czech Large White hyperprolific sows were analyzed. The phenotypic and genetic relations between litter size traits, piglet mortality during farrowing and from birth to weaning and several statistics referring to the distribution of the birth weight within litter were analyzed. All genetic parameters were estimated from multi-trait animal models including the following factors: mating type (natural service or insemination), parity, linear and quadratic regression on age at first farrowing (1st litter) or farrowing interval (2nd and subsequent litters), herd-year-season effect and additive-genetic effect of the sow. The phenotypic correlations of the mean birth weight with the total number of piglets born and piglets born alive were − 0.30. Traits describing the variability of the birth weight within litter (range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) were mostly positively correlated with litter size. A statistically significant phenotypic correlation (− 0.09 to − 0.15) between mean birth weight and losses at birth and from birth to weaning was found. The heritability for the number of piglets born, piglets born alive and piglets weaned was around 0.15. The number of stillborn piglets had only a very low heritability less than 0.05, whereas the heritability for losses from birth to weaning was 0.13. The heritabilities of the mean, minimal and maximal birth weight were 0.16, 0.10 and 0.10, respectively. The heritability for all statistics and measures referring to the variability of the birth weight within litter was very low and did never exceed the value of 0.05. An increase in litter size was shown to be genetically connected with a decrease in the mean piglet birth weight and an increase in the within-litter variability of birth weight. Selection on litter size should be accompanied by selection on mortality traits and/or birth-weight traits. Losses from birth to weaning and the minimal birth weight in the litter were proposed as potential traits for a selection against piglet mortality.     

氨基葡萄糖调控仔猪初生重和均匀度的应用及机理

养猪生产中产（活）仔数和胎儿初生重是影响母猪繁殖生产效率的主要因素,但产仔数和初生重呈负相关关系,近年来母猪繁殖生产的研究重点之一便是如何提高仔猪初生重并降低初生重变异。氨基葡萄糖是一种饲料原料,其制作原料广泛存在于自然界中,近期研究发现氨基葡萄糖应用于母猪妊娠后期可调控仔猪的胎盘发育和初生重。文章介绍了近年来有关氨基酸和蛋白质、能量、功能性添加剂在调控仔猪初生重和均匀度中的应用及其效果,简述了氨基葡萄糖的性质、来源及合成方法,重点阐述了母猪妊娠后期使用氨基葡萄糖在维持胎儿果糖浓度稳定、促进母猪胎盘发育和改善胎盘功能等方面的效果,分析了氨基葡萄糖通过促进胎盘基质和胎褶双分子层发育、刺激胎盘滋养层细胞增殖、增强胎盘功能等途径调控胎盘发育、仔猪初生重和均匀度可能的机理;提出了氨基葡萄糖在调控仔猪初生重和均匀度方面未来的研究方向,以期为在生产实践中调控仔猪初生重和均匀度提供理论参考和实践依据。     

Effects of Dextrose Plus Lactose in the Sows Diet on Subsequent Reproductive Performance and within Litter Birth Weight Variation

Effects of dextrose plus lactose in sow’s feed were tested on subsequent reproductive performance and within litter birth weight variation. During the last week of gestation and lactation, sows were either fed a commercial lactation diet (Control: C), or an isocaloric diet containing 25 g/kg dextrose plus 25 g/kg lactose (Treatment: T). In the subsequent weaning‐to‐oestrus interval (WEI), all sows received the same amount of a commercial feed, but T sows were supplemented with 150 g dextrose plus 150 g lactose per day. Weight and backfat changes were recorded as well as litter characteristics during the treatment period and the subsequent parity. No significant effect of treatment was found on the subsequent reproductive performance, including the number of piglets born, although the number of live born piglets was 0.51 larger (p = 0.31) and weight of the live born piglets was 84 g higher in the T sows (p = 0.07) than in the C sows. When sows were categorized in sows with 12 or less and more than 12 total born piglets in the previous litter, treatment of sows with dextrose plus lactose resulted for the group with 12 or less piglets in a strong increase in subsequent total born piglets (13.97), whereas in the untreated sows the subsequent litter size was 11.89. In the group with more than 12 total born piglets, no effect of treatment was found (interaction between previous litter size and treatment p = 0.03). The within litter variation in birth weight in the subsequent litter was numerically lower in the T sows. We concluded that the use of dextrose and lactose during lactation and WEI seems to enhance litter size in sows with low previous litter size and seems to have the potential to reduce the within litter variation in birth weight.     

日粮纤维的营养学功能及对母猪产仔数的影响

母猪繁殖性状主要包括总产仔数、产活仔数、初生个体均重及初生窝重、泌乳力、断奶仔猪数、断奶个体均重及断奶窝重,其中,产仔数是最重要的繁殖力评定指标。日粮纤维对家畜的营养物质的消化率存在负面影响,但是近半个世纪以来由于日粮纤维独特的性质在母猪的营养研究中备受关注。文中将从日粮纤维的定义及分析方法、理化特性着手,阐述日粮纤维添加到母猪妊娠日粮中对产仔数的影响并分析其可能原因。     

中草药制剂对母猪分娩和哺乳效果的试验研究

为观察复方中草药制剂对母猪分娩和泌乳效果的影响,试验选择妊娠80-90 d的68头妊娠母猪,按配种日龄、胎次、体况、品种随机均分为中草药制剂组和对照组,每组34头,每头母猪为1个重复。两组基础饲粮相同,中草药制剂组在基础饲粮中按每吨300 g添加中草药制剂,试验期为妊娠80 d至断奶。结果表明,与对照组相比,中草药制剂组窝均产活仔数和断奶窝均仔猪数分别提高0.93头（P＜0.05）和1.09头（P＜0.01）;产活仔率和健仔率分别提高5.91和4.52个百分点;仔猪初生个体均重、断奶个体均重、仔猪平均日增重分别提高0.05 kg、0.5 kg、22.6 g,差异均显著（P＜0.05）。中草药制剂可有效提高母猪分娩质量和泌乳水平。     

Investigation on the Production Performance of gE Antibody Positive Sows in Pig Farms Infected with Wild Type Pseudorabies Virus

Pseudorabies (PR) is caused by the Pseudorabies virus (PRV). It is an acute and hot highly contagious disease infecting livestock and a wide range of wild animals. In order to investigate the relationship between latent infection of Pseudorabies virus and sow production performance,this study collected production parameters of first-parity sows with wild virus gE positive and negtive in a Pseudorabies positive stable intensive farm, including total litter size, healthy litter size, weak litter size, stillbirths, mummified fetus, litter weight, number of weaning live, number of weaning qualified and weaning weight. And compared the production performance of PRV gE antibody negative and positive sows in the same intensive pig farm. The study showed that each PRV gE antibody negative sow could produce 11.96 live piglets per parity. Additionally, PRV gE antibody negative sow could provide more alive, weaning and weaning qualified piglets per parity than infection sows, which were 0.63, 0.18 and 0.28, respectively. Although the average birth weight and average weaning weight of piglets produced by PRV gE antibody positive sows were higher than those produced by negative sows, the weaning qualified rate of antibody negative sows was higher than that of antibody positive sows, indicating that the weaning live piglets produced by antibody negative sows had higher uniformity. In summary, the production performance of PRV gE antibody positive sows was lower than that of the negative sows. Eradication of PR can bring higher profit to the pig farm. Pig farm should actively eradicate the PR.     

伪狂犬病病毒野毒感染猪场的gE抗体阳性头胎母猪生产成绩调查

伪狂犬病（Pseudorabies，PR）是由伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus，PRV）感染多种野生动物及家畜引起的急性、热性的高度接触性传染病。为掌握PRV隐性感染对头胎母猪生产成绩的影响，本研究跟踪调查某一PRV野毒阳性稳定万头母猪场中野毒gE抗体阴性和阳性的头胎母猪总产仔数、健仔数、弱仔数、死胎数、木乃伊胎数、仔猪初生窝重以及断奶活仔数、断奶合格仔数、仔猪断奶重等不同生产成绩指标，探索相同饲养条件下伪狂犬病对头胎母猪各生产指标的影响。结果发现，每头PRV野毒gE抗体阴性头胎母猪每窝平均可产11.96头活仔猪，比gE抗体阳性母猪每胎次多产活仔0.63头，以及每胎次可多提供0.18头断奶活仔，每胎次多提供0.28头断奶合格仔。虽然PRV野毒gE抗体阳性母猪所产仔猪初生均重及断奶均重均高于gE抗体阴性母猪所产仔猪，但gE抗体阴性母猪所产仔猪断奶合格率高于gE抗体阳性母猪，表明其断奶活仔整齐度更高。综上，PRV野毒gE抗体阳性的头胎母猪生产成绩低于gE抗体阴性母猪，伪狂犬病的净化可为猪场带来更高的经济效益，表明伪狂犬病的净化至关重要。