施氮水平对芥菜生长及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究不同氮用量水平(0、112.5、225、337.5kg/hm2)对芥菜生长、养分吸收利用、品质以及土壤硝态氮残留、累积的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加芥菜产量、促进芥菜植株对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,且随氮用量增加,芥菜产量和养分吸收量呈增加趋势。芥菜植株氮肥利用率随氮用量增加而降低。施氮明显提高芥菜地上部可溶性糖、维生素C含量及硝酸盐含量,但随氮肥用量的增加,芥菜可溶性糖含量显著降低,硝酸盐含量有增加趋势,维生素C含量没有显著变化。不同处理土壤硝态氮主要分布于0～40cm土层,随土层深度增加,硝态氮含量总体呈现下降趋势。施氮显著增加菜地土壤0～100cm土层硝态氮残留累积量,且硝态氮累积量随氮用量增加显著提高。从兼顾芥菜产量、氮肥有效利用及减轻氮对环境污染等角度考虑,芥菜以225kg/hm2的施氮量较为适宜。     

利用SRAP标记绘制中国芥菜基因源分子指纹图谱

以中国9个省份和地区的86份芥菜种质资源为供试材料,利用SRAP分子标记和DNA指纹图谱分析软件,绘制芥菜遗传资源基因组DNA指纹图谱。从270对SRAP引物中筛选出40对多态性明显、条带清晰的引物组合,对86份供试材料基因组DNA分子进行扩增,共扩增出632条谱带,其中多态性条带427条,多态性比率为67.56%,表明芥菜种质资源遗传多样性较丰富。以供试的86份芥菜种质资源的SRAP扩增条带为基础,建立供试材料扩增条带指纹数据库的Excel文件,然后利用自主开发的DNA指纹图谱软件,构建86份芥菜种质资源的DNA指纹图谱,获得了所有芥菜种质资源的分子"身份证"。结果表明,SRAP分子标记非常适合芥菜DNA指纹图谱的构建。     

南方常见几种叶菜对镉的耐性及累积效应

设置0，5，15，30mg／L 4个Cd浓度的水培试验，研究Cd对几种叶菜的耐性和累积效应。结果表明，Cd毒害引起菠菜、茼蒿、竹芥菜新叶枯焦、严重黄化，生长缓慢，产量显著减少，其影响大小顺序为竹芥菜〉苘蒿、结球白菜〉菠菜、生菜、油菜〉小白菜。Cd在不同蔬菜类型的累积浓度大小顺序为茎叶：茼蒿〉油菜、小白菜〉结球白菜〉竹芥菜〉生菜〉菠菜；根：茼蒿〉结球白菜、油菜、小白菜〉竹芥菜〉生菜〉菠菜。蔬菜茎叶对Cd的累积总量大小顺序为：油菜、结球白菜〉茼蒿〉小白菜、竹芥菜〉菠菜、生菜。     

苏棉10号花铃肥施用技术研究初报

苏棉１０号花铃肥施用技术研究初报＠刘水东＠徐纪嘉＠何林池＠严春阳￥江苏沿江地区农科所苏棉１０号花铃肥施用技术研究初报刘水东徐纪嘉何林池严春阳江苏沿江地区农科所２２６５４１苏棉１０号（原名：南通６５８８）系江苏沿江地区农科所从杂交组合盐棉４８×２０—９中选...     

芥菜施用腐殖酸有机无机复混肥肥效试验

选用阳光集团生产的腐殖酸有机无机复混肥施用于芥菜，探讨其对芥菜产量和土壤的影响。结果表明：芥菜施用腐殖酸有机无机复混肥，对芥菜的生长、产量、经济效益及土壤影响明显。施用该肥的产量比不施肥（CK）极显著增产，比等养分的单质肥处理显著增产，同常规施肥相当；同时该肥能缓冲土壤的酸碱变化，利于土壤有机质的累积，提高速效养分含量，增强土壤供肥保肥性能。     

“迦姆丰收”牌植物增产调节剂在芥菜上的应用效果

在芥菜上喷施“迦姆丰收”、惠满丰和金田宝3种植物生长调节剂,比较3种植物生长调节剂在叶菜类(芥菜)上的应用效果。结果表明,喷施“迦姆丰收”牌植物增产调节剂的芥菜植株比常规施肥(CK)的高0.2 cm,叶长及叶宽也分别比CK增长4 cm和2.7 cm,喷施“迦姆丰收”牌植物生长调节剂的芥菜增产效果最为显著,增产幅度达12 %～18 。     

芥菜型油菜A09染色体BAC重叠群的构建及分析

利用定位在芥菜型油菜A09染色体上的分子标记对芥菜型油菜（Brassica juncea）ZBjuH BAC文库进行PCR步移筛选。共筛选出725个BAC,测定了315个BAC的末端序列,获得564条BAC末端序列,BLAST分析表明这些末端序列对应白菜（Brassica rapa）基因组序列支架45、支架81、支架40,支架134、支架145和支架59的同源区域,构建了芥菜型油菜A09染色体大约6.3 Mb的BAC重叠群,为芥菜型油菜A09染色体物理图谱构建奠定了基础。     

三种蔬菜在2种硒含量土壤中对硒锌铅镉吸收规律的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了叶用芥菜、大蒜和雍菜在富硒和低硒土壤中对硒和重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn)的吸收规律。结果表明:在富硒土壤中,大蒜、芥菜和雍菜各部位硒含量均高于低硒土壤的处理,其中,根部和可食部位分别是低硒土壤的1.6~2.6倍和1.1~4.5倍。3种蔬菜在两种土壤上的可食部位硒含量都表现出大蒜(0.029~0.143 mg/kg)芥菜(0.007~0.016 mg/kg)雍菜(0.002~0.007 mg/kg)的趋势,其中富硒土壤中大蒜和芥菜硒含量达到富硒标准(≥0.01mg/kg)。3种蔬菜的根部或鳞茎部位的硒含量均显著高于各自的茎或叶部位。蔬菜重金属含量与土壤重金属本底值呈正相关。3种蔬菜对Pb、Cd、Zn的吸收能力不同,植株的Pb含量高低顺序为雍菜芥菜大蒜,Cd含量高低顺序为大蒜芥菜雍菜,Zn含量高低顺序为芥菜大蒜雍菜,且在蔬菜不同部位的累积顺序均为根茎、叶。因此,生产安全且富硒蔬菜,需选择硒富集能力强且重金属吸收能力较低的蔬菜种类。本研究的结果表明,供试的3种蔬菜中,大蒜和芥菜具有较高的硒富集能力,可作为富硒蔬菜生产。     

双低芥菜型油菜品种新油9号的选育

80年代末，双低甘蓝型油菜和双低白菜型油菜在国内外相继问世并推广应用。然而，双低芥菜型油菜在国内外尚属空白，至今未见报道。加拿大油菜育种家H·K·Love和G·Rakow等用只含3—丁烯基硫甙的印度芥菜与含低硫甙Branowski基因的白菜型油菜进行种间杂交，并与芥菜型亲本回交，于1988年获得低硫材料。1989年，我们以低芥酸芥菜型油菜新油5号为母本，以加拿大低硫种源Strain1058为父本进行杂交，于1995年选育成功我国第一个双低芥菜型油菜新品种。1选育经过新油9号品种是以低芥酸芥菜型油菜新油5号为母本，以加拿大低硫种源Strain1058为…     

中国栽培油菜的起源和进化

在分析中国栽培油菜主要性状进化趋势的基础上，对中国栽培油菜的分类系统进行了补充完善。并通过油菜野生种分布、特有类型和原始类型分布、外类群分布、古代文化遗址考古及古代文献考证和地质与气候背景资料分析，提出以青藏高原为主体的西部高山、丘陵地区是我国栽培白菜型和芥菜型油菜的起源地，并提出了芥菜型油菜起源与进化的另一条路径，即芥菜型油菜可能是由新疆毛芥染色体加倍演化而来的观点。     

Forecasting of Lipaphis erysimi on oilseed Brassicas in India—a case study

Experiments at Bharatpur, Pantnagar, Berhampur, Mohanpur, New Delhi, S.K. Nagar, Kangra and Sriganganagar, India were sown with oilseed Brassica cultivars Varuna and an important cultivar for the area on 10 dates at weekly intervals. Data of experiments conducted previously at Hisar and Ludhiana as available in reports were also used for the study. Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) appearance on inflorescences of the plants was positively correlated to a maximum temperature between 20–29 °C in the preceding week and also to a morning relative humidity (RH) >92% and daily mean RH of >75%. Long hours of leaf wetness and minimum temperature >5 °C also favoured aphid infestation. Regional and cultivar specific models were developed to predict the crop age at which the mustard aphid first appears on the crop, the peak number of aphids and the crop age at peak number at least 1 week ahead of first appearance of the pest on the crop. These will allow growers to apply insecticides in a more timely and effective manner. Here we report only the models that were found effective based on validation in the 2 years.     

中国西藏芥菜型油菜遗传多样性研究

利用8对SRAP (sequence－related amplified polymorphism) 引物,结合20个表型性状对73份中国西藏及35份包含中国西南地区、西北地区和印度的芥菜型油菜进行了遗传多样性分析。8对SRAP引物共扩增出139个带谱,34个多态性条带,多态性带的比例为24.5%;SRAP分子标记结果的聚类分析将材料分为4个大类,材料按地区聚集现象明显;中国西藏地区材料的遗传多样性指数最高。对西藏材料的8个重要表型性状的变异程度分析显示,变异系数最高的性状为全株角果数,达41.29%。表型性状聚类结果表明除中国西北材料外,其它材料按地区聚集现象明显。综合分子标记和表型性状分析结果表明,中国西藏芥菜型油菜具有丰富的遗传多样性,其程度与地理环境和气候条件有十分重要的关系。不同地区芥菜型油菜遗传多样性程度从大到小依次为：中国西藏、中国西南地区、中国西北地区、印度。       

3种植物精油对采后红毛丹的保鲜作用

以"保研-7号"红毛丹为供试水果,测定3种精油(芥末精油、丁香精油、诺丽精油)处理对其常温保鲜的效果,在筛选适宜浓度基础上,探讨各精油适宜处理水平对红毛丹果实品质的影响。结果表明:基于褐变抑制效果和药害发生,明确芥末精油、丁香精油和诺丽精油对采后红毛丹的适宜处理浓度分别为0.004、0.016、0.008 m L/kg。22℃下持续8 d的贮藏期试验结果表明,贮藏结束时,褐变指数依次为诺尼精油>丁香精油>芥末精油;芥末精油在维持果实L值和硬度、丁香精油在维持果实a值和b值、3种精油在维持可溶性固形物含量及膜完整性(相对电导率表示)方面均呈现出良好效果。基于上述3种植物精油对采后红毛丹的保鲜效果及其本身的天然属性,上述植物精油均呈现出一定的应用前景。     

Growing Brassica juncea as a cover crop, then incorporating its residues provide complementary control of Rhizoctonia root rot of sugar beet

Biofumigation is increasingly viewed as a potentially useful technique for controlling soil-borne crop pathogens, but its efficacy has not systematically been demonstrated at field scale. We investigated the differences in efficacy observed in the field, by analysing the mechanisms by which a Brassica cover crop can act as a biofumigant crop in the prevention of soil-borne disease development. We hypothesised that the biofumigant crop might have a negative effect on soil-borne pathogens whilst growing, and that the pulverisation of this crop and the incorporation of its residues into the soil may enhance this effect. We tested this hypothesis by carrying out three field experiments in 2006, 2007 and 2008 in which Brassica juncea (brown mustard) was managed in different ways within a sugar beet–winter wheat rotation and analysing effects on sugar beet root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Three treatments were studied: mustard pulled out at flowering (MP), mustard crushed at flowering and incorporated into the soil (MC) and bare soil (BS) as a control. We assessed the effect of each treatment on root rot incidence and severity at harvest. Over the 3 years of the experiment, disease incidence was significantly higher on BS plots than on the other plots and was significantly higher on MP plots than on MC plots. MC treatment gave a significantly lower mean conditional severity (severity calculated for diseased beets only) than the BS and MP treatments. Mustard residue incorporation was consistently effective at decreasing disease incidence from year to year (43, 44 and 47% efficacy, as determined by comparison with the disease incidence on BS plots, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively), but the efficacy of growing mustard was variable (36, 16 and 39% efficacy in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively). These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which biofumigant crops may affect soil-borne diseases. These findings have implications for the possible use of biofumigant crops as a biological method for controlling soil-borne diseases at the field scale.     

Management Effects of Disease-Suppressive Rotation Crops on Potato Yield and Soilborne Disease and Their Economic Implications in Potato Production

Soilborne potato diseases are persistent problems in potato production. Use of disease-suppressive rotation crops, such as Brassica spp. (mustards, rapeseed) and sudangrass, has shown potential for management of soilborne diseases and enhanced yield in various crop production systems. However, how to best implement these crops into productive potato cropping systems has not yet been determined. In this research, potential disease-suppressive crops were evaluated under four different types of production management (as a cover crop, green manure, harvested crop-residue incorporated, and harvested crop-residue not incorporated) in potato rotation field trials, and their effects on disease, yield, and economic viability determined. Mustard blend, sudangrass, and rapeseed rotations reduced the tuber disease black scurf (by 16–27 %) and increased yield (by 6–11 %) relative to a barley rotation control, but only mustard blend consistently reduced common scab (by 11 %). All rotation crops managed as green manures produced lower disease (by 15–26 %) and higher yields (by 6–13 %) than other management practices. Overall, the combination of mustard blend managed as a green manure was most effective, reducing scurf by 54 % and increasing yield by 25 % relative to a soybean cover crop. The use of mustard or rapeseed as a harvested crop with incorporation provided the best economic return, increasing net income by more than $860/ha relative to the standard barley rotation, but mustard blend grown as a green manure or non-incorporated harvest crop also substantially increased net income ($600 to $780/ha).     

Evaluation of non-fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide for weed control and crop yield in California strawberries (Fragaria ananassa L.)

In California, USA, agricultural fumigant use regulations hinder the complete transition from methyl bromide (MB) to alternative fumigants. Alternative fumigants such as 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (Pic) are being used on approximately half of California conventional strawberry production fields. Geographic use limits and buffer zones set by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation for 1,3-D + Pic restrict a more complete replacement of MB. Due to the regulatory constraints and public resistance to fumigant use, it is necessary to develop fumigant-free strawberry production systems. Trials were conducted during the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 strawberry growing seasons at Salinas and Watsonville, California. Non-fumigant treatments including steam, mustard seed meal (MSM), Muscodor albus, and furfural, fertilizers including Mustard Products & Technologies fertilizer and stabilised urea, and fungicide treatments including AG3(NP), fludioxonil + mefenoxam (mfx), and mfx + thiophanate-methyl were evaluated for weed control and strawberry fruit yield, and compared to MB + Pic (MBPic) standard soil fumigation and an untreated control. Steam treatment applied pre-plant to achieve soil temperature of ≥70 °C for 20 min up to 25 cm soil depth consistently provided weed control similar to the MBPic standard soil fumigation. Use of oxyfluorfen herbicide prior to fungicide applications in 2008/2009 also controlled weeds similar to the MBPic standard soil fumigation. Strawberry yields in steam-treated plots with the exception of steam alone in 2007/2008 at Salinas, were comparable to MBPic. At Watsonville in 2008/2009, treatment effect on strawberry yields was insignificant. Yields in furfural and MSM treatments were comparable to MBPic only in some years or sites. With the exception of steam, none of the treatments can be considered viable replacement to MB.     

甘蔗花芽分化及花序发育过程的石蜡切片显微观察与分析

常规杂交是甘蔗遗传改良的主要手段,开花诱导是亲本杂交的关键。花芽分化和花序发育对甘蔗开花至关重要,但目前笔者们对这一过程还缺少必要的了解。本研究以当前甘蔗主栽品种粤糖93-159为材料,对其茎尖分生区花芽分化及花序发育过程进行石蜡切片显微观察。结果显示,甘蔗开花过程可明显划分为6个阶段:营养生长阶段——甘蔗分生区维持营养生长;花芽分化阶段——生长锥分生区膨大,产生花序分生组织;枝梗分化阶段——分生区周围的褶皱分化产生一次、二次枝梗分生组织;小穗/小花原基分化阶段——沿枝梗产生的小穗分生组织分化出2朵小花分生组织;花器官分化阶段——小花分生组织分化形成典型花器官;成熟阶段——抽穗开花,可以授粉。此结果揭示了甘蔗花发育分化过程中的组织形态变化,可为甘蔗开花机理的深入研究提供参考。      

茶产业安全治理初探:机制与对策——基于群体性企业社会责任视角

对茶产业社会责任缺失的现状、原因、治理机制与对策进行了研究。通过低水平均衡博弈模型的构建,透视了茶产业的责任缺失原因,划分了低水平均衡的三大阶段:形成阶段——量变因素的积累,加剧阶段——客观因素的催化,失衡阶段——质变因素的爆发。群体性的社会责任缺失给茶产业带来极大破坏力,需要积极打破以逐利为主要目的的"低水平均衡状态",通过构建"全主体+全过程+全方位"的茶产业社会责任缺失治理体系,以形成"诚信、透明、公开、公平"的高水平均衡博弈,促进茶产业的健康可持续发展。     

西藏青稞种质资源材料白粉病抗性鉴定

为了筛选西藏青稞抗白粉病资源,选取具有代表性的330份青稞材料在田间进行白粉病感染调查,结合室内盆栽幼苗接种鉴定。330份青稞材料的鉴定结果表明,田间发病大多是中下部叶片感染,发病材料169份,占供试材料的51.21%;室内幼苗接种发现高抗材料7份,占供试材料的2.12%,抗病材料12份,占供试材料的3.64%,感病和高感品种311份,占供试材料的94.24%。     

利用野生大豆染色体片段代换系定位单株粒重QTL

以野生大豆ZYD00006为供体亲本,黑龙江省主栽品种绥农14为轮回亲本,连续多年回交并自交,构建了高世代染色体片段代换系BC3F3代161个株行。该群体经多代回交的遗传背景相对一致,大大提高了QTL定位的准确度。结合单因素方差分析法和独立样本T检验法对群体进行QTL定位,共获得9个单株粒重的QTL,分布于7个连锁群。两种方法中均被检测到的有3个QTL,分别为QSW-J-1、QSW-J-2和QSW-G-1;QSW-G-1和QSW-G-2与已有研究结果相吻合;其余7个QTL为新发现QTL,可能是本材料特有位点;其中QSW-J-1的导入片段长度是7.0 c M,且加性效应值为-2.7 g,可作为继续研究的首选位点。