保护性耕作对风沙区农田土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响

在科尔沁沙地东南部风沙区采用完全随机区组试验设计,在2013—2014年比较研究了4种保护性耕作措施(深松、留茬、免耕、秸秆覆盖)和传统翻耕(CK)平作种植玉米的土壤物理性状及产量。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,连续2 a保护性耕作以深松、留茬处理显著降低0~40 cm土层土壤容重(P0.05),降幅0.72%~7.12%。0~40 cm土层0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量各土层均以深松处理含量最高,2014年土壤团聚体含量较2013年增加4.11%,其中秸秆覆盖对0~10 cm团聚体含量影响较大,2014年较2013年提高5.54%。4种保护性耕作措施均提高了收获后0~100 cm土壤贮水量,表现为留茬秸秆覆盖深松免耕,较传统耕作提高12.22%~26.91%。进行保护性耕作的处理玉米子粒产量和水分利用率均比传统耕作高,其中以深松处理增产幅度最大,子粒产量平均较传统耕作提高14.57%,水分利用效率提高25.81%。由2 a数据显示,深松、留茬和秸秆覆盖等保护性耕作措施改善了风沙土耕层土壤结构,具有较好的保水性和增产效果。     

渭北旱塬不同耕作措施对土壤养分分布及作物产量的影响

基于8年(2007—2015)定位试验,在小麦-玉米轮作下研究了免耕-深松(NS)、深松-翻耕(SC)、翻耕-免耕(CN)和连年免耕(NN)、深松(SS)、翻耕(CC)等轮耕措施对土壤养分分布及作物产量的影响。结果表明:深松处理(连年深松、免耕-深松)使表层(0~10 cm)土壤与底层(10~20、20~35、35~50 cm)土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾等养分含量差异更大,翻耕或免耕的相对差异较小;在0~50 cm的土层中,硝态氮含量在20~35 cm土层相对较高,且以翻耕(CC)处理的含量最高;铵态氮含量在10~20 cm土层相对较高,以免耕-深松(NS)处理的含量最高;连年深松(SS)处理使土壤全钾表层含量较高。免耕-深松(NS)措施在6种耕作措施中小麦和玉米产量均为最高,显著高于翻耕(CC)、免耕(NN)措施。     

不同保护性耕作对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田肥力和产量的影响

2007～2010年在渭北旱塬实施了冬小麦-春玉米轮作模式连续保护性耕作定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖免耕、秸秆覆盖深松和秸秆还田翻耕等不同保护性耕作方式和平衡施肥、无肥(或低肥)和常规施肥处理组合对土壤养分、WUE和作物产量的影响.结果表明:随着保护性耕作年限延长,0～40 cm土层土壤养分含量显著增加;有机质含量由研究初...     

不同耕作措施对(土娄)土土壤有机碳形态及活性的影响

为了探明不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳形态和活性的影响,以关中地区小麦、玉米轮作条件下,历时7 a不同耕作方式(深松、旋耕、免耕、传统耕作)的定位试验为研究对象,测定了不同土层土壤的总有机碳,高、中活性有机碳含量以及松结态、稳结态、紧接态有机碳含量,并计算了松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值(松/紧)。结果表明,与传统耕作比较,在小麦秸秆高留茬情况下,无论玉米秸秆是否还田,旋耕、深松和免耕处理均既能提高土壤有机碳含量,又能提高土壤的活性有机碳和松结态有机碳含量,并提高松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值,而深松和旋耕的效果比免耕明显,是关中地区比较理想的耕作模式。     

不同耕作措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响

通过在山西寿阳地区设置的田间试验,分析比较秸秆还田、免耕覆盖、浅旋耕和常规耕作等4种耕作措施不同时期土壤紧实度、容重、入渗速率、土壤含水量以及土壤温度的变化情况,以了解各耕作措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响程度。结果表明,秸秆还田措施除引起旱地农田土壤入渗速率显著降低外,其他物理特性与常规耕作基本一致;免耕覆盖措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响最大,可导致0~10 cm表层土壤紧实度和容重显著增加,土壤入渗速率在播前显著降低,但随着生育期推进与其他处理间差异逐渐减小,蓄水保墒效果显著,同时会引起土壤温度显著降低,播前较常规耕作平均降低2.0℃;浅旋耕措施则在改善表层土壤紧实度,增加土壤入渗速率方面较秸秆还田和免耕覆盖措施要好,土壤含水量显著高于其他处理,较常规耕作措施平均能提高10%,但同时会引起40~60 cm土层土壤容重增加。     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

冷凉区黑土有机质和玉米产量双提升技术探索及经济效益分析

为明确有机肥还田+保护性耕作措施下黑龙江省西部土壤有机质和作物产量的双提升技术效果,2021年10月,在黑龙江省西部齐齐哈尔市梅里斯区开展试验,以玉米为供试作物,设置5个处理：有机肥+深松40 cm（YS40）、秸秆留茬+深松40 cm（WS40）、有机肥+旋耕20 cm（YS20）、秸秆留茬+旋耕20 cm（WS20）、有机肥表施+免耕（YB）;一个对照：秸秆留茬+免耕（CK）。结果表明：施入有机肥的处理能够提升深土层土壤肥力,在20～40 cm土层中YS20处理与CK处理相比有机质和全氮依次提升11.56 g·kg^-1和0.57 g·kg^-1;40～60 cm土层中YS40处理与CK处理相比有机质和全氮依次提升2.83 g·kg^-1和0.28 g·kg^-1。土壤结构方面,在0～20 cm土层中YB处理的容重较CK降低17.5%、含水量提升35.5%,40～60 cm土层中YS40处理的容重较CK处理降低5.3%、含水量提升38.4%。有机肥与保护性耕作处理提高了玉米不同生育时期叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和干物质积累量,进而提高了玉米产量,第二年的YS40、YS20、YB处理较CK处理分别增产14.5%、18.5%、11.4%。收益分析表明,与CK处理相比,2021年YB处理和2022年YS20处理收益增加最多,分别增加5 770元·hm^-2和5 223元·hm^-2。综上所述,黑龙江省西部薄层黑土实施有机肥还田+保护性耕作是提升土壤有机质、有机碳储量、全氮、全氮储量、玉米产量和经济效益的有效措施。     

轮耕条件下土壤改良及春玉米增产增收效果研究

针对旱作区长期采用单一的土壤耕作方式造成的土壤结构变差及作物生长发育受限等问题,研究由免耕、深松及翻耕组成的不同轮作模式对干旱区春玉米土壤肥力及产量的影响具有重要生产意义。于2014—2016年在兰州市榆中县清水驿乡孟家山村玉米田开展连续免耕(NT)、连续深松(ST)、连续翻耕(PT)、深松、免耕及深松轮耕(ST/NT/ST)、免耕、免耕和深松轮耕(NT/NT/ST)、翻耕、免耕及翻耕轮耕(PT/NT/PT)、翻耕、免耕及深松轮耕(PT/NT/ST)和深松、翻耕及深松轮耕(ST/PT/ST) 8种耕作模式试验,测定8种耕作模式下的土壤孔隙度、土壤养分、干物质和玉米产量,并分析其经济效益。结果表明:在0～60 cm土层,随着土层的增加土壤孔隙度表现为先降后增,以20～40 cm土层的土壤孔隙度最低。5种轮耕措施较耕作前均能增加土壤孔隙度,以ST/PT/ST轮耕模式最优,其次为ST/NT/ST,较PT提高了1.24%、0.25%;土壤养分含量在0～20 cm土层均高于20～40 cm土层,其中,0～20 cm土层免耕与深松进行轮耕下土壤全氮、全磷含量较高,以ST/NT/ST全氮、磷含量最高,20～40 cm土层,对土壤全氮、全磷含量无显著影响,翻耕与深松轮作促进了速效氮、磷、钾的提高,以ST/PT/ST速效氮、磷、钾含量高,免耕土壤有机质含量较其它耕作方式低,其余土壤养分指标为表层富集,下层匮乏;轮耕模式较单一的耕作方式更能促进玉米干物质的累积,其中以ST/NT/ST与PT/NT/PT耕作下玉米干物质高,频繁的翻耕(PT)不利于玉米的生长; 3年产量相比,8种耕作模式中,ST/NT/ST处理下玉米产量显著高于其它处理(ST/NT/STNT/NT/STST/PT/STSTNTPT/NT/ST PT/NT/PT PT)。较单一耕作(NT、ST、PT),ST/NT/ST处理下玉米产量提高了5. 97%、3. 56%、15.75%;且以ST/NT/ST经济效益最高。结论:深松、免耕及深松轮耕有利于改善耕层结构和提高土壤养分,增产增效显著,为旱作区春玉米农田适宜的轮耕模式。     

不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱作农田土壤物理结构的影响

选取黄土高原半干旱区连续4年进行保护性耕作的玉米样地,定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著降低0~5 cm表层土壤容重,传统耕作秸秆粉粹还田(TS)和NTS处理可显著降低5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的土壤容重;NTS处理可显著增大0~5 cm表层土壤孔隙度,TS和NTS处理可显著提高5~10 cm1、0~30 cm土层的土壤孔隙度;NTS处理可显著降低各层土壤的坚实度,其它处理对表层0~5 cm无显著影响,免耕无秸秆覆盖(NT)处理显著增加了5 cm以下的土壤坚实度;NTS处理0~5 cm表层土壤水分入渗率显著加强,而NT处理则显著减弱;土壤水稳性大团聚体含量均为:NTSNTTS传统耕作(T)。本试验中NT处理对土壤结构的改良效应不明显,NTS处理对于黄土高原土壤结构改良效果最佳。     

辽西干旱半干旱区免耕行间深松培土对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响

为了探究免耕行间深松培土(集成模式)对辽西干旱半干旱区土壤水分、水分利用效率及玉米产量的影响,依托辽宁省北票市蒙古营乡沈阳农业大学定点试验田,通过监测土壤水分和玉米产量,探讨不同耕作方式(旋耕CK、深松、翻耕、免耕秸秆覆盖、集成模式)对干旱半干旱区春玉米地土壤水分、产量、水分利用效率以及经济效益的影响。结果表明:(1)免耕秸秆覆盖能显著提高0～60 cm土层土壤含水量,相比于旋耕(CK),生育期内各层次的土壤含水量平均值增幅为19.49%～29.21%;(2)中耕深松培土后至成熟期的0～60 cm各层次的土壤含水量平均值集成模式(14.51%～17.07%)显著高于免耕秸秆覆盖(13.78%～15.32%),增幅为5.30%～17.07%,尤其10～40 cm土层增幅为12.11%～17.07%;(3)2019年播种前未降雨时,相比于旋耕(CK),免耕秸秆覆盖和集成模式大幅提高了0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层的土壤含水量,其中0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层土壤含水量为集成模式13.15%和14.12%、免耕秸秆覆盖11.30%和13.04%,在无降雨条件下,集成模式的土壤墒情优于免耕秸秆覆盖,能满足玉米出苗;(4)水分利用效率(kg·hm~2·mm~(-1)):2018年集成模式(33.27)深松(31.74)免耕(28.65)旋耕(28.60)翻耕(27.85),2019年集成模式(30.28)免耕(25.79)深松(25.44)翻耕(25.09)旋耕(23.18);(5)集成模式2018年产量为10 980.28 kg·hm~(-2),2019年产量为15 450.10 kg·hm~(-2),两年均显著高于其他耕作方式,相比旋耕(CK)分别增产18.93%和31.75%;(6)集成模式2018年和2019年的经济效益都是最高水平,相比旋耕(CK),集成模式2018年的利润增加量为3 321.16元·hm~(-2),2019年增加量为7 074.97元·hm~(-2)。通过两年的试验,综合来看集成模式效果最佳。在辽西干旱半干旱区该集成模式部分打破了犁底层,有效吸纳了降水,具有良好的抗旱保墒能力,缓解了该地区的春旱,提高了农田水分利用效率和玉米产量。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.