水产养殖专业《水环境化学》实践教学改革初探

《水环境化学》是研究各类天然水体化学组成、分析方法以及水体中各种物质来源、存在形式、迁移转化过程和分布变化规律的一门学科。它是水产养殖专业的一门重要骨干专业基础课程。"养鱼先养水","养水先养底质"。可以说,水产养殖专业的学生只有学好《水环境化学》特别是《水环境化学》的实验实训等实践环节,才能在将来的生产实践当中应用自如,减少一些因水质败坏造成的不必要的损失。然而,随着水产行业的迅猛发展,《水环境化学》的前沿性和实用性日益突出,使得传统的实验教学内容不合理、实验教学方法落后。表现在教学内容单     

氨氮对水产动物的毒性效应研究进展

氨氮是水产养殖过程中一项非常常见的水质指标,同时也是制约水产动物健康生长的重要环境因子。综述了氨氮的急性毒性、亚急性毒性、氨氮对水产动物的生理生化指标的影响、不同水环境条件下氨氮毒性以及氨氮毒性的机理等内容,为水产动物健康养殖提供理论基础。     

养殖早期应用“益利多”调控养殖水环境

在水产养殖过程中,水质管理状况在很大程度上决定着养殖的成败。养殖早期培养优良的浮游单细胞藻类、营造适宜、稳定的水色和透明度,培养有益微生物优势菌群,是养殖池塘早期管理的关键措施,也是随后养殖过程中管理的基础。因此,早期养殖水环境的控制就显得更为重要。这需要了解     

养殖水环境微生物修复技术应用研究进展

水产养殖中水环境的污染是一个制约水产养殖业健康稳定发展的突出问题。微生物修复技术低碳环保,不但能有效消除污染物、净化水质,而且能够抑制水中有害微生物的繁殖,改善养殖生态环境。文章分析了目前养殖水环境存在的污染问题,概述了微生物修复技术的原理、分类及其在养殖水环境修复中的应用。     

水产养殖中的无公害水质调节剂

近年来，随着养殖密度的不断加大，造成疾病的并发、混合感染，加大了用于疾病防治的药物投入，使管理成本上升，形成恶性循环。另外，大量药物的使用，往往没有考虑生态环境的影响，破坏水环境的自然平衡，使养殖水环境持续恶化。这种管理和生产模式与现代生态渔业和无公害水产生产严重违背。如何在水产养殖水质管理中避免或少用对环境有危害的药物，是水产界应该加强研究和推广的重要课题。     

精养池塘水质调控关键技术

随着水产品市场准入制度的实施,生产无公害水产品是水产养殖的必然选择,农业部在全国组织实施"水产健康养殖推进行动",以确保水产品从源头生产的安全。水产品健康养殖,不仅要求水质清新,水环境的好坏直接关系到水产品的健康程度和安全性。因此,在水产健康养殖过程中,掌握水质调     

3种常见水产养殖尾水处理技术的研究进展

随着我国水产养殖业的迅速发展,养殖尾水排放问题日益凸显。大量的养殖尾水若未能得到科学处理,会严重污染周围水环境,造成生态环境恶化,最终也会影响水产养殖业的健康发展。文章介绍了物理、化学和生物处理等3种常见水产养殖尾水处理技术,并分类叙述了水产养殖尾水处理技术的进展情况,可为水产养殖尾水处理提供参考。     

水产养殖水体污染的生物修复技术

正水体是鱼虾蟹贝等水产动物生存生长所必须依赖的环境,水质好坏是水产养殖成败的关键因素。长期以来,我国水产养殖的面积和产量都位居世界第一。然而随着水产养殖业的迅速发展,养殖水环境的水质污染也越来越严重。有效地修复受污染的养殖水环境,是水产养殖业可持续发展和水产品质量安全的关键保障。一、生物修复技术的由来与概念环境修复技术有物理修复、化学修复及生物修复。物理修复主要是通过清淤、沉淀、过滤等物理过程去除污染物。化学修复主要是施用化学试剂(如强氧化剂)使污染物质发生一定的化学变化转化为无害物质。物理修复、化学修复速度快但费用较高,且二次污染的     

渔业水质分析和监测在水产养殖中的作用

通过对渔业水质的pH值、DO、NH3、NO2^-、H2S五项监测指标的分析方法以及与养殖生产的关系的论述，得出渔业水质分析和监测是水产科学养殖、养殖水环境监控的必备手段，是制定科学调节水质的重要依据，是支撑水质调节剂产业发展的主要技术平台，更是保障水产品质量安全的技术手段之一。     

光合细菌对水产养殖水质和菌藻生物的影响

通过实验,分析光合细菌对水产养殖水质和菌藻生物的影响,为水产养殖户优化水产养殖环境提供帮助。     

Importance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gammarus</Emphasis> in aquaculture

In recent years, there have been significant increases in the production and breeding of aquaculture species; for example, the gilt-head (sea) bream and seabass in salt water and trout, carp, and tilapia in fresh water., Amphipods in the genus Gammarus are used as a rich source of protein to feed various pet animals such as aquarium fish, lizards, and turtles, as well as in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. Gammarus meal is used as a partial replacement (10–20%) of fish meal. However, the reproduction and rearing of Gammarus in intensive or semi-intensive conditions has not yet been carried out. Gammarus products (live, dried flakes, or powdered) transported to the markets are constituted from wild caught Gammarus. Due to the high price of these products, Gammarus aquaculture potentially has great economic benefits. Therefore, there is a need to focus on the importance of Gammarus in aquaculture. In the present review, the ecology and distribution of Gammarus, its importance in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment, the chemical analysis of Gammarus and factors affecting chemical composition of it, and the importance of Gammarus in fish nutrition are discussed. In addition, the economic importance and culture methods of Gammarus are also reviewed. This review will be beneficial for scientific investigators and fish-crustacean farmers.     

水产养殖容量研究进展及应用

近30年来,全球水产养殖产量以接近9%的年增长率持续增长。快速发展的水产养殖业在保障世界粮食供应的同时,也带来环境污染和生物多样性下降等一系列生态环境问题,引起国际社会的广泛关注。水产养殖的资源和环境承载力,即养殖容量与生态容量问题,已成为水产养殖业可持续发展中迫切需要解决的问题。本文概述了水产养殖容量和环境容量概念的起源及其发展,例举了养殖容量研究的代表性成果,分析了养殖容量的估算方法及养殖容量模型的发展历程,并探讨了其存在问题以及在水产养殖管理中的应用前景,以期推动以养殖容量评估为基础的水产养殖区规划。水产养殖容量的科学评估与综合应用,可在一定程度上解决制约水产养殖业可持续发展的生态环境问题,并为建立基于生态系统的水产养殖管理与空间规划提供科学依据。     

养殖水质在线监控的系统集成技术

应用多参数水质传感器、PAC场控制器、IEEE802．15．4无线传感器网络、CAN现场通信网络等技术进行系统设计，创建低成本、高效率、性能匀称、可扩充系统的水产养殖水质测试和水质调控的集成系统。认为推广普及规范化的水质监控手段，对促进水产养殖的科技进步和产业升级，实现水产养殖业增长方式转变有积极的意义。指出在现阶段发展我国的“数字化”养殖水质监控系统时，要注意现场设备的数字化、智能化、多功能化、网络化，开发低价位性能可靠的数字化水质传感器，提高信息的共享性和发挥养殖水质数据的应用价值。     

池塘养殖水体光谱观测系统的设计与实现

水产养殖水质状况复杂,容易突发水质变化,水体光谱数据可直接反映这些变化。设计了一套养殖水体光谱观测系统,为开展养殖水体光谱分析并评估水质状况提供数据基础和科学依据。基于高精度光学传感器、Flash存储技术、GPRS及RS485无线数据传输技术构建一套实时、自动化的光谱观测系统,用以观测养殖池塘水体特定波段光谱数据。通过对5个池塘水体样本进行连续观测,以美国ASD公司的地物光谱仪在680 nm、700 nm和769 nm三个波段位置的同步观测数据为标准值进行回归分析,并对系统性能指标进行量化分析,得到观测数据准确度达98%以上,且系统性能达标。结果表明:在针对养殖水体特定波段光谱观测方面,该系统可以代替人工光谱仪观测工作,实现远程、实时数据观测,减少繁琐的观测程序,节省人力物力,同时能够避免人工观测造成的误差。     

Nitrogen removal characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas stutzeri</Emphasis> F11 and its application in grass carp culture

This study was designed to investigate the denitrification characteristics of Pseudomonas stutzeri F11 under different environmental conditions and to evaluate the effect of these characteristics on nitrogen removal and the water microbiome in an experimental grass carp aquaculture system. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions of strain F11 were (1) ammonia-nitrogen (N), nitrite-N, or nitrate-N as sole N source; (2) initial ammonia-N concentration of 10–30 mg N/l; (3), initial nitrite-N concentration of 200 mg N/l; (4) sodium citrate as carbon source; (5) rotation (r) speed of 200 r/min; a C:N ratio of between 2 and 10; (6) culture at 32–37 °C. The addition of P. stutzeri F11 to the experimental grass carp aquaculture system reduced the levels of ammonia-N, nitrite-N, and total N in the water over an extended range, but had no effect on nitrate-N level. Results of the 454 pyrosequencing analysis indicated that the structure of the microbial community in the aquaculture water changed significantly after the addition of P. stutzeri F11 preparations. The addition of P. stutzeri F11 to the aquaculture system also altered the microbiome metabolism in the water, especially the bacteria involved in nitrogen metabolism. These results suggest that the addition of P. stutzeri F11 to an experimental grass carp aquaculture system decrease nitrogen levels and alter the microbial community structure of the water; as such, this bacterial strain could be a potential candidate for the regulation of water quality in aquaculture systems.     

基于NB-IoT和无人船巡检的水产养殖场物联网系统研究

针对养殖水质检测与调控的实际需求,提出了一种基于NB-IoT(Narrow Band-Internet of things,窄带物联网)和无人船巡检技术的水质检测与调节物联网系统.通过将无人船作为移动水质感知节点采集养殖水质信息,然后通过NB-IoT无线通信技术将数据上传至OneNET云平台,最终将水质信息可视化呈现在...     

工业化循环水福利养殖关键技术与智能装备的研究

基于水产福利养殖的理念,结合封闭循环水系统养殖环境可控性高的突出特点,倡导构建适合中国国情的工业化循环水福利养殖产业模式,已成为推动我国现代渔业可持续发展的战略需求。为此,本综述从工厂化循环水鱼类养殖福利影响因子分析、集约化养殖鱼类的福利需求、工厂化循环水模式下水产福利养殖的科学评价标准制定等方面入手,开展了封闭循环水系统实施福利养殖的关键技术与智能装备集成的研究,为今后规范我国水产工业化福利养殖的生产过程管控,建立水产福利养殖保障机制,真正提高水产品质量与安全水平提供理论和技术依据。     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用研究

传统的水产养殖模式所带来的环境污染、资源浪费和病害频发等问题已成为制约我国水产养殖业可持续发展的主要因素。生物絮团技术(BFT)具有净化水质、提高饵料利用率及病害防控等优点,被认为是有望解决上述问题的新型健康生态养殖技术,已在国内外得到一定规模的应用,并获得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。本文重点介绍了生物絮团的形成与培养、生物絮团的主要影响因素及其在水产养殖中的应用效果。研究认为,BFT能够改良水质、节约养殖用水、降低饲料成本、提高养殖对象存活率、增加养殖产量和效益;将BFT与生物膜技术相结合,能够更有效地维持养殖水体中适宜的生物絮团含量,避免生物絮团的过量沉积,并能提高水质改良及增产增收的应用效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Fish telemetry in aquaculture: review and perspectives

The assessment of the behaviour or physiology of cultured fish has always been difficult due to the timing of sampling, differences between experimental and aquaculture conditions and to methodological bias arising from repeated fish handling. The development of biotelemetry techniques offers a wide range of possibilities to improve both production and management in aquaculture through monitoring of behaviour or physiology of free-swimming fish inside their culture environment. Thus knowing how key parameters are changing can allow faster adjustment of feeding times to activity rhythms, more objective identification of the preference/tolerance margins towards environmental variables and precise assessment (from the fish's point of view) of the impact of environmental or operational stressors on fish. This paper briefly reviews the techniques that might be applied in aquaculture and focuses on relevant systems and estimators of fish activity: movements, vertical distribution, use of demand-feeders, muscular activity and heart rate. Species or size-related limitations and use of automatic monitoring stations are reviewed and evaluated. Perspectives of integrated biomonitoring in aquaculture are discussed, using telemetered fish as reliable probes in the detection of abnormal situations such as changes of water quality or altered environments.     

Design and operation of a low-cost and compact autonomous buoy system for use in coastal aquaculture and water quality monitoring

The need to ensure future food security and issues of varying estuarine water quality is driving the expansion of aquaculture into near-shore coastal waters. It is prudent to fully evaluate new or proposed aquaculture sites, prior to any substantial financial investment in infrastructure and staffing. Measurements of water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen can be used to gain insight into the physical, chemical and biological water quality conditions within a farm site, towards identifying its suitability for farming, both for the stock species of interest and for assessing the potential risk from harmful or toxic algae. The latter can cause closure of shellfish harvesting. Unfortunately, commercial scientific monitoring systems can be cost prohibitive for small organisations and companies to purchase and operate. Here we describe the design, construction and deployment of a low cost (<£ 5000) monitoring buoy suitable for use within a near-shore aquaculture farm or bathing waters. The mooring includes a suite of sensors designed for supporting and understanding variations in near-shore physical, chemical and biological water quality. The system has been designed so that it can be operated and maintained by non-scientific staff, whilst still providing good quality scientific data. Data collected from two deployments totalling 14 months, one in a coastal bay location, another in an estuary, have illustrated the robust design and provided insight into the suitability of these sites for aquaculture and the potential occurrence of a toxin causing algae (Dinophysis spp.). The instruments maintained good accuracy during the deployments when compared to independent in situ measurements (e.g. RMSE 0.13–0.16 °C, bias 0.03–0.08 °C) enabling stratification and biological features to be identified, along with confirming that the waters were suitable for mussel (Mytilus spp.) and lobster (Homarus gammarus) aquaculture, whilst sites showed conditions agreeable for Dinophysis spp.