花生新品种铁引花1号丰产性试验研究

铁引花1号是铁岭市农业科学院从山东省潍坊市农业科学院引进的普通型中熟大粒花生，该品种整体表现较为突出。该品种产量高、丰产性好、稳产性好、抗青枯、抗各种斑病等特点明显。其产量在5个实验地点都表现出较为理想的产量，平均产量4 494 kg/hm^2，比对照增产39.0%。     

杂交稻新组合T优5570的特征特性及配套栽培技术

T优 5 5 70是福建农林大学作物科学学院和福建省种子总站用T5 5A与明恢 70联合配组而成的籼型杂交稻新组合。 2 0 0 3年通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定。该组合分蘖力中等 ,株叶形态好 ,穗大粒多 ,茎秆粗壮 ,耐肥抗倒 ,熟期转色好 ,增产潜力大 ,是有望取代特优组合的新品种。1　产量表现该组合 1 999年参加省晚籼中熟A组试验 ,666 7m2 平均产量 40 9 42kg ,比对照汕优 63增产5 40 % ,达极显著水平 ;2 0 0 0年续试 ,666 7m2平均产量 447 0 8kg ,比对照汕优 63增产 6 2 1 % ,达极显著水平。闽侯县自 2 0 0 0年开始引进试验示范 ,均表…     

咖啡种间嫁接对产量和品质的影响初探

以大粒种1号和中粒种27号咖啡为试验材料,研究咖啡种间嫁接在产量和品质方面的表现.结果表明:(1)嫁接组合、对照中粒种27号和大粒种1号单株鲜果产量、单株干豆产量、单株种仁产量均差异显著.其中,嫁接组合较对照分别提高32.20%,31.25%,38.46%,表现出单株产量优势.(2)嫁接组合、对照中粒种27号和大粒种1号豆粒间化学成分含量差异显著.其中,嫁接组合较对照咖啡因含量下降1.27%,绿原酸含量提高40.30%,表现出品质优势.因此,在实际生产中咖啡种间嫁接具有一定可行性.     

毛豆新品种早选3号及无公害栽培技术

早选3号是江苏省农科院蔬菜所最新选育出的毛豆新品种,2002年通过江苏省审定.该品种区试平均鲜荚产量9 780kg/hm2,居参试品种首位,较对照1合丰35和对照2台湾292分别增产32.98%和25.35%,达极显著水平.该品种播种至采收85d,为中熟品种;百粒鲜重70.7g,属大粒品种,适于外贸出口.利用日光温室提早或延迟播种,可获得较好效益.对该品种无公害栽培技术亦做了初步研究.     

早熟高产大麦新品种94dm3选育及栽培要点

94dm3系大理州农科所 1994年采用系选育种方法选育的六棱大麦新品种。 1998年参加品种比较试验 ,平均产量 6 85 5 0kg/hm2 ,较对照品种品八增产 34 7% ;1999～ 2 0 0 1年参加大理州大麦品种区域试验 ,平均产量 70 2 6 0kg/hm2 ,较对照高产六棱大麦良种V4 3减 11 3% ,全生育期较对照早熟达 9d。该品种生育期 15 1d ,株高 85cm左右 ,穗长 3 7cm ,穗粒数 4 5～ 5 0粒 ,千粒重 4 0 g左右。试验示范表现早熟 ,高产稳产 ,增产潜力大 ,抗倒伏 ,粒多 ,高抗条锈病和白粉病 ,适应性强 ,抗旱耐寒性较好 ,生长稳健 ,成熟落黄好 ,易脱粒 ,1999～ 2 0 0 1年生产示范 190 5hm2 ,一般产量6 0 0 0kg/hm2 ,最高产量达 975 0kg/hm2 。     

山东玉米机械粒收技术现状与问题

2014～2017年在山东省聊城等地开展机械粒收玉米品种鉴选与机械粒收质量评价。结果表明,机械粒收子粒破碎率在3.2%～30.5%,未达国标≤5%要求的样本占比为95.1%;杂质率分布于0.6%～12.3%,未达国标≤3%要求的样本占比为60.5%。收获时子粒含水率符合正态分布,样本含水率范围在26.6%～40.6%。含水率与破碎率、杂质率均呈极显著的指数增长模型,含水率高是导致收获质量差的重要原因。山东玉米品种收获时往往刚达到生理成熟,半数品种收获时子粒含水率分布于31.0%～35.0%。推广应用机械粒收技术,需要更新熟期适宜、脱水迅速的粒收品种。     

适宜密度单粒精播提高花生碳氮代谢酶活性及荚果产量与籽仁品质

在大田条件下,以大粒品种花育22(HY22)和小粒品种花育23(HY23)为材料,研究高、中、低不同密度单粒精播对花生叶片碳氮代谢酶活性及荚果产量与籽仁品质的影响。结果表明:与传统双粒播种相比,中、低密度的单粒精播处理显著提高了花生生育后期叶片的碳氮代谢水平。其中蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性均得到不同程度的提高,而高密度单粒精播处理与对照之间差异不显著。大粒品种HY22和小粒品种HY23,荚果产量均以中密度单粒精播处理(22.5万粒·hm-2和25.5万粒·hm-2)的最高,分别增产8.1%、7.3%。从产量构成因素分析,中密度的单粒精播处理荚果产量的提高主要依赖于单株结果数、荚果饱满率及果重的提高。另外,大粒品种的中、低密度单粒精播处理同时改善了花生籽仁品质,而小粒品种各处理间籽仁品质差异不显著。     

花生条纹病毒种传研究 Ⅱ、种传机制和影响种传因素

3批92粒阳性反应种子检测说明,绝大多数种子子叶和胚带花生条纹病毒(PStV),仅有收获前摘取2粒未成熟种子种皮带毒。PStV种传率与品种、病毒侵染时期密切相关。参试17份花生品种和材料中,种传率最高为20.6％,最低1％。珍珠豆型花生品种种传率明显高于普通型和其他类型花生品种。早期感病花生PStV种传率高,花针期以后感病种传率明显下降。小粒种子PStV种传率高于大粒种子。     

不同粒型花生品种品质形成规律

为明确不同粒型花生品种品质形成规律,在大田试验条件下,以大粒型品种花育22、中粒型品种铁引花2号和小粒型品种农花16为试材,采用完全随机设计,研究了不同粒型花生品种荚果成熟过程中水分含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、可溶性糖含量以及淀粉含量的动态变化规律。试验结果表明：花生荚果成熟过程中含水量逐渐下降,大粒型品种籽仁含水量大于中粒型和小粒型,差异显著（P＜0.05）;籽仁粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量逐渐积累,中粒型品种粗蛋白含量始终高于小粒型品种和大粒型品种,而粗脂肪含量是小粒型品种高于其它两品种,差异均达显著水平（P＜0.05）;结荚期花生荚果可溶性糖含量及淀粉含量均呈下降趋势,小粒型品种淀粉含量高于中粒型和大粒型,差异显著（P＜0.05）。对不同粒型花生品种品质的相关性分析表明,在荚果的发育过程中,籽仁粗脂肪含量与粗蛋白含量之间呈负相关关系,可溶性糖与淀粉含量之间呈显著的正相关,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与可溶性糖和淀粉含量呈极显著的负相关。本研究结果可结果可为选育优质专用花生品种提供理论依据。     

优质稻中香1号栽培技术要点浅析

中香 1号是中国水稻研究所选育的优质籼香型常规水稻新品种 ,米质达部颁一级米标准。 2 0 0 0年在建瓯市小松镇霞抱村连片种植 33 3ｈｍ2 ,并通过市农业局组织的有关专家测产验收 ,平均产量4 86 1ｋｇ/ 667ｍ2 。现将试种结果和栽培技术总结如下 :1　农艺性状好、易于栽培中香 1号品种于 6月 2 0日播种 ,7月 12日插秧 ,10月 2 0日成熟 ,全生育期 12 3ｄ ,属晚稻中熟品种 ,易于晚稻趋利避害 ,安全过关 ,稳中求高的稻作栽培。田间考种 ,株高 10 3ｃｍ ,有效穗 19 6万穗 ,平均穗粒数 12 4 5粒 ,结实率 87% ,千粒重2 5ｇ ,后期着色好。2　抗病…     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.