活性小麦面筋对燕麦全粉面条品质的影响

本文研究了活性小麦面筋对燕麦全粉与小麦粉混合面粉胶的浆液性质和质构特性的影响,以及对面条烹煮性质和质构的影响。结果表明,添加活性小麦面筋使得混合面粉的热粘度和凝胶强度降低,热糊液趋于稳定,混合面粉胶的质构更为松散,硬度、紧实度和弹性有不同程度的降低;可以降低燕麦面条的烹煮产率、烹煮损失和断条率,增加面条的拉伸强度、硬度和紧实度,降低粘附性和表面脆性,烹煮后面条表面形成糊化层且存在束状结构,显著改善面条的感官品质。     

麸皮面粉面团的粉质和拉伸特性

为了探讨麸皮对小麦面粉品质的影响,将微粉碎后的燕麦麸细粉、小麦麸细粉与小麦粉按混料配方均匀设计制备麸皮面粉,用粉质仪和拉伸仪测定了麸皮面粉的面团流变学特性,并对麸皮面粉各组分含量与流变学参数间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,随着麸皮含量的增加,麸皮面粉面团的吸水率增大,形成时间变化不大,稳定时间不断减少;弱化度和粉质指数在不同样品变化较大,以样品3粉质特性(即小麦粉88.5%,燕麦麸细粉10.20%,小麦麸1.39%)最优;相同醒发时间下,随着麸皮总含量的增加,面团的拉伸曲线面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力及最大拉伸阻力均呈下降趋势;拉伸参数均随醒发时间而呈上升趋势。与面团粉质特性相关性最显著的是小麦粉含量,其次是小麦麸和燕麦麸细粉含量;小麦粉含量与拉伸特性呈显著正相关,与燕麦麸含量呈显著负相关,与小麦麸含量的相关性不显著。这些研究表明麸皮添加比例能够显著影响面团的流变学特性。     

γ射线辐照处理对小麦粉部分品质指标的影响

为探究γ射线辐照处理对小麦粉部分品质指标的影响,采用不同剂量的60Co-γ射线辐照处理后测定了小麦籽粒粗蛋白含量、含水量、小麦粉沉淀数值、降落数值、面筋指标、粉质特性、面团拉伸参数等品质指标的变化情况。结果表明:不同剂量的60Co-γ射线辐照处理,对小麦籽粒粗蛋白、水分含量和小麦粉面筋指标的影响不明显(P0.05);小麦粉的沉淀数值、降落数值随着辐照剂量的升高,呈下降趋势,小麦粉的吸水率、弱化度、粉质指数等粉质参数,受辐照处理影响明显,且具有显著的剂量效应;与对照样品相比,辐照处理对小麦粉面团的拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、延伸度等参数没有影响。该研究结果为推动谷物辐照贮藏技术的商业化应用,提供了必要的技术依据。     

小麦蛋白淀粉品质指标与面包品质关系的研究

选用近年来黄淮麦区大面积推广种植的小麦品种和新育成高代品系为材料,采用近红外(NIR)、面筋仪、粉质仪、快速粘度分析仪(RVA)和凝胶色谱(SE-HPLC)方法等对蛋白品质指标及淀粉糊化参数进行分析,分析各品质参数间的关系及其与面包烘焙品质的关系。结果表明,谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)-沉降值、湿面筋指数、弱化度与多数蛋白品质指标间存在正向0.01或0.05水平相关,GMP、SDS-沉降值、湿面筋指数、干面筋含量、面粉蛋白含量、麦谷蛋白含量、形成时间、稳定时间均与面包烘焙品质间达0.01水平正相关,湿面筋含量与面包体积和评分间分别达0.01和0.05水平正相关;醇溶蛋白含量及弱化度与面包体积和评分间分别达0.05和0.01水平负相关。吸水率与糊化温度、最终粘度、回生值间达0.01水平负相关,形成时间与峰值粘度和稀澥值间达0.05水平正相关,GMP与糊化温度间达0.05水平负相关。各品质参数对面包体积的作用大小依次为湿面筋指数>弱化度>形成时间>湿面筋含量>糊化温度等,对面包评分的作用大小依次为麦谷蛋白>稳定时间>醇溶蛋白>面粉蛋白含量>吸水率等。小麦品质测试指标间有着广泛的相关性,湿面筋指数、弱化度和麦谷蛋白、稳定时间是反映面包烘焙品质的重要指标;早代可进行GMP或SDS-沉降值测定,中高代可进行面筋仪、粉质仪测定;在品质测试过程中应重视湿面筋指数、弱化度的重要性,小麦粉淀粉品质对面包品质的影响也应引起关注。     

亚麻籽胶对面团流变性质的影响及其在面条加工中的应用

该文重点研究了添加亚麻籽胶对面粉的粉质特性、面团的流变性质以及面条品质的影响。粉质特性的结果表明，添加亚麻籽胶使面团的吸水率增加，面团的形成时间和稳定时间延长，弱化度降低，使面团的稳定性更好。动态流变性质和超微结构的显微观察表明，添加亚麻籽胶后，亚麻籽胶的网络结构加固了面筋蛋白的网络结构，因而面团的稳定时间和粘弹性均能提高。质构分析的结果表明，添加亚麻籽胶使面条烹煮后的硬度和咀嚼度提高，并具有较好的弹性和拉伸性能，面条的烹煮损失和面汤浊度降低，因而亚麻籽胶可用于面制品中以改善其食用品质。     

转谷氨酰胺酶对小麦面粉加工品质的影响研究

为了改善小麦面粉的加工品质通过面筋蛋白乳酸溶液透光率和膨胀高度的测定探讨小麦面粉中转谷氨酰胺酶最适添加量,研究了转谷氨酰胺酶对面粉中游离巯基含量、面粉持水性、面粉粉质特性和加工品质的影响.结果表明,转谷氨酰胺酶的最适添加量为1.0‰;在其最适添加量下,面粉中游离巯基含量下降,持水性增加,粉质特性以及成品面条、速冻饺子的品质均得到改善.     

南方馒头专用小麦粉原料选择研究

为生产高品质南方馒头,确定优质南方馒头专用小麦粉原料特性的取值范围,本研究以20种小麦粉为原料制备南方馒头,探究小麦粉的理化特性、糊化特性、拉伸特性、粉质特性对南方馒头品质的影响,通过逐步回归分析法筛选出影响南方馒头综合品质的小麦粉关联性指标,结合聚类分析得到适宜加工南方馒头的小麦粉原料关联性指标范围。结果表明,小麦粉原料的灰分、降落数值、峰值黏度、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化值、延伸度、拉伸面积、拉伸比、最大拉伸比与南方馒头品质综合得分存在显著(P < 0.05)相关性。影响南方馒头综合品质的关键指标为延伸度、形成时间和峰值黏度,适宜加工南方馒头的小麦粉参考关键指标范围为:延伸度126.00~158.00 mm、形成时间1.70~5.00 min、峰值黏度 1 027.00~1 326.00 Pa·s。小麦粉原料选择模型的建立和关键性指标范围的确定可预测南方馒头品质。本研究为南方馒头原料选择提供了依据,并可用于进一步改善南方馒头的综合品质。     

冷冻贮藏环境对速冻水饺皮品质特性的影响

为了保证速冻水饺的冻藏品质,掌握冻藏环境对品质影响的规律,该试验以速冻水饺皮为目标,排除饺馅的干扰,重点研究了冻藏期间温度的波动,时间的推移以及包装方式等对其理化特性、质构特性、感官特性以及微观结构等的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,速冻水饺皮糊化度降低,水分、直链淀粉、醇溶蛋白以及麦谷蛋白含量均呈现下降趋势,面筋蛋白显微网络结构弱化,但质构、感官特性变化不显著。采用透气性、阻湿性较好的PE塑料薄膜包装可以较好的保持速冻水饺皮的品质。冻藏期间的温度波动显著降低速冻水饺皮的外观品质和食用品质。该研究为改善速冻食品的贮藏环境提供了理论依据。     

适量燕麦β-葡聚糖改善面团流变学特性

为探讨燕麦β-葡聚糖在强化面粉中应用的可行性,该文利用粉质仪、拉伸仪和糊化仪分析质量分数为0.5%~5.0%燕麦β-葡聚糖的添加对低筋面粉、中筋面粉、高筋面粉及馒头专用粉的流变学特性的影响。结果表明,随着β-葡聚糖添加量的增加,4种面粉面团的的吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间均增大;0.5%~2.0%添加量增强了4种面粉面团的最大拉伸阻力,0.5%~1.0%添加量能够使低筋面粉的拉伸特性接近馒头专用面粉的拉伸特性;燕麦β-葡聚糖能够使中筋面粉的糊化温度稍有升高,但亦能降低馒头专用粉的糊化温度及4种面粉(2.0%~4.0%添加量的低筋面粉及4.0%添加量的高筋面粉除外)的最高黏度、保持黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值。研究表明适量的燕麦β-葡聚糖能够改善面团的流变学特性,研究结果为燕麦β-葡聚糖在强化面粉中的应用提供参考。     

荞麦粉—小麦粉混粉流变学特性研究

以小麦粉为对照，对荞麦全粉、荞麦心粉、荞麦麸粉的理化特性进行了分析，参照国际标准分析方法，系统分析了荞麦粉-小麦粉混粉的粉质特性、拉伸特性以及糊化粘度特性等流变学特性。试验结果表明，与小麦粉相比，荞麦粉的粘度很高，β-淀粉酶活性很低，降落值大于1000 s。荞麦籽粒中各营养成分分布不平衡，荞麦麸粉的营养价值高。小麦粉中加入荞麦粉，当荞麦粉比例不超过30%时，混粉尚有较好的加工特性。与荞麦全粉相比，荞麦心粉具有较好的加工性能。     

Impact of Characteristics of Different Wheat Flours on the Quality of Frozen Cooked Noodles

In this study, the impact of characteristics (physicochemical, rheological, and pasting properties) of different wheat flours on the quality of frozen cooked noodles was investigated. In this sample set, results showed the cooking loss of noodles related negatively to flour swelling power. The water absorption of noodles related negatively to the dough stability time, the area, and the resistance to extension. The wheat flour with higher dough development time resulted in frozen cooked noodles with higher hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness. Springiness of noodles correlated negatively to degree of softening. The tensile properties of frozen cooked noodles were influenced by rheological and pasting properties of wheat flours. The present study indicated high quality of frozen cooked noodles demanded wheat flours with high dough gluten strength, peak viscosity, and final viscosity and with low pasting temperature.     

Suitability of Ontario‐Grown Hard and Soft Wheat Flour Blends for Noodle Making

This study evaluated the blending of flours made from an Ontario hard red winter wheat (HWF) and an Ontario soft red winter wheat (SWF) and compared it with a commercial standard noodle flour (control) made from Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat to assess the impact on white salted noodle‐making performance and texture of cooked noodles. Flour characteristics, gluten aggregation, and starch pasting properties were assessed with a farinograph, GlutoPeak tester, and Rapid Visco Analyzer, respectively. The machinability of dough was evaluated with an SMS/Kieffer rig attached to a TA.XT Plus texture analyzer. Tensile and bite tests of cooked noodles were also conducted. Blending HWF with standard noodle flour decreased gluten strength and dough extensibility linearly proportional to the blend ratio, whereas a curvilinear response from blending SWF with standard noodle flour was observed. HWF demonstrated more favorable pasting properties except for lower peak viscosity for noodle making than standard noodle flour. Below a 20% blend ratio with HWF, no significant changes were seen on dough extensibility, cooking loss, tensile properties, and bite testing parameters of cooked noodles. It can be concluded that blending HWF up to a 20% level caused no significant change in the processing properties of dough and cooked noodle quality. The results also showed that the GlutoPeak tester is a sensitive tool for evaluating gluten strength in wheat flour.     

Relationship Between Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Flour,Wheat Protein Composition,and Textural Properties of Cooked Chinese White Salted Noodles

Physicochemical properties and protein composition of 39 selected wheat flour samples were evaluated and correlated with the textural properties of Chinese hard‐bite white salted noodles. Flour samples were analyzed for their protein and wet gluten contents, sedimentation volume, starch pasting properties, and dough mixing properties by farinograph and extensigraph. Molecular weight distribution of wheat flour proteins was determined with size‐exclusion (SE) HPLC, SDS‐PAGE, and acid‐PAGE. Textural properties of Chinese hard‐bite white salted noodles were determined through texture profile analysis (TPA). Hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of cooked noodles were found to be related to the dough mixing properties. Both protein content and protein composition were found to be related to TPA parameters of noodles. The amount of total flour protein was positively correlated to hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of noodles. The absolute amounts of different peak proteins obtained from SE‐HPLC data showed positive correlations with the hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and springiness of noodles. The proportions of these peak proteins were, however, not significantly related to texture parameters. The proportions of low‐molecular‐weight glutenins/gliadins and albumins/globulins, as observed from SDS‐PAGE, were correlated positively and negatively, respectively, to the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of cooked noodles. Among the alcohol‐soluble proteins (from acid‐PAGE data), β‐gliadins showed strong correlations with the texture properties of cooked noodles. For the selected flour samples, the total protein content of flour had a stronger relationship with the noodle texture properties than did the relative proportion of different protein subgroups. Prediction equations were developed for TPA parameters of cooked noodles with SE‐HPLC and rapid visco analysis data of the 30 flour samples, and it was found that about 75% of the variability in noodle hardness, gumminess, and chewiness values could be explained by protein composition and flour pasting properties combined together. About 50% of the variations in cohesiveness and springiness were accounted for by these prediction equations.     

Effects of Added Minerals on Pasting of Partial Waxy Wheat Flour and Starch and on Noodle Making Properties

Mineral content, as determined and expressed by ash content, serves as an index of wheat flour quality for flour millers and food manufacturers who prefer flour of low mineral content, even though the significance of mineral content on the functional properties of wheat flour is not well understood. We explored whether minerals have any influence on the functional properties of wheat flour and product quality of white salted noodles. Ash, obtained by incinerating wheat bran, was incorporated into two hard white spring wheat flours and their starches to raise the total ash content to 1, 1.5, or 2%. Pasting properties were determined using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA). Addition of ash increased the peak viscosity of the flours in both water and buffer solution but did not affect the peak viscosity of starch. Wheat flours with added ash showed lower pasting temperature by approximately 10°C in buffer solution. Mineral extracts (15.3% ash) isolated from wheat bran, when added to increase the ash content of wheat flour and starch to 2%, increased the peak viscosity and lowered the pasting temperature of flour by 13.2–16.3% but did not affect the pasting properties of the isolated starch. The mineral premix also increased peak viscosity of wheat flour but not in starch. Added ash increased noodle thickness and lowered water retention of cooked noodles while it exhibited no significant effect on cooked noodle texture as determined using a texture analyzer.     

Gluten Enhances Cooking,Textural, and Sensory Properties of Oat Noodles

Whole grain oats are widely regarded as conferring significant health benefits. Composite flour of whole grain oat flour, wheat flour, and tapioca starch in the ratio 1:1:0.16 was formulated to make oat noodles with the addition of gluten at various levels. The influence of gluten on pasting and gelling properties of composite flour, and on cooking, textural, and sensory properties of salted oat noodles was evaluated. Addition of gluten decreased the paste viscosity, reduced hardness and springiness of gel, reduced cooking yield, cooking loss, and broken ratio during cooking, and increased the tensile strength and firmness of cooked noodles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that gluten tightened the network of protein in the noodles by forming oriented fibrils. Addition of gluten had little effect on the color of raw and cooked oat noodles, which were somewhat yellow. Sensory evaluation indicated that addition of gluten could enhance the overall acceptability of cooked oat noodles. This study may stimulate further interest in using functional whole grain cereal ingredients in developing healthy staple foods.     

Quantitative and Qualitative Role of Added Gluten on White Salted Noodles

A commercial gluten and glutens isolated from four soft and four hard wheat flours were incorporated into a hard and a soft white flour by replacement to directly determine the quantitative and qualitative role of gluten proteins in making noodles. Gluten incorporation (6%) decreased water absorption of noodle dough by 3%, shortened the length of the dough sheet by 15 and 18%, and increased the thickness of the dough sheet by 18 and 20% in soft and hard wheat flour, respectively. Noodles imbibed less water and imbibed water more slowly during cooking with gluten incorporation, which resulted in a 3‐min increase in cooking time for both soft and hard wheat noodles. Despite the extended cooking time of 3 min, noodles incorporated with 6% gluten exhibited decreases in cooking loss by 15% in soft wheat. In hard wheat flour, cooking loss of noodles was lowest with 2% incorporation of gluten. Tensile strength of fresh and cooked noodles, as well as hardness of cooked noodles, increased linearly with increase in gluten incorporation, regardless of cooking time and storage time after cooking. While hardness of cooked noodles either increased or showed no changes during storage for 4 hr, tensile strength of noodles decreased. There were large variations in hardness and tensile strength of cooked noodles incorporated with glutens isolated from eight different flours. Noodles incorporated with soft wheat glutens exhibited greater hardness and tensile strength than noodles with hard wheat glutens. Tensile strength of cooked noodles incorporated with eight different glutens negatively correlated with SDS sedimentation volume of wheat flours from which the glutens were isolated.     

不同品种甘薯淀粉组分、物化及粉条品质的比较研究

为探讨不同品种甘薯淀粉特性与其粉条品质的关系,本研究选用济薯25、济薯26以及商薯19共3个品种于丘陵山地进行试验,收获后进行块根干物质含量、产量测定以及淀粉分离,分析淀粉组分、老化和糊化特性,并对粉条品质进行测定.结果表明,济薯25的薯千产量显著高于其他2个品种(P＜0.05),且3个品种的淀粉结晶结构、形态相似.3...     

Contribution of Wheat Flour Fractions to Peak Hot Paste Viscosity

The quality of many baked products, noodles, gravies, and thickeners is related to the pasting properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour, yet different flours vary markedly in their pasting performance. The objective of the present research was to assess the role of the wheat flour fractions, gluten, water solubles, prime and tailing starches, in the contribution to peak hot paste viscosity among three selected wheat cultivars. Straight-grade flours were fractionated and reconstituted. Fractions were examined independently and were deleted in otherwise fully reconstituted flours. Fractions were exchanged between cultivars for reconstituting flours, and fractions were substituted individually into a common starch base. The flours from the cultivars Klasic, McKay, and Madsen differed markedly in their peak hot paste viscosities, and were fractionated and reconstituted with only a small effect on paste viscosity. Results clearly showed that prime starch was the primary determinate of flour paste viscosity, but the other fractions all exerted a significant effect. Tailing starch increased paste viscosity directly due to pasting capacity of starch or indirectly through competition for water. Gluten also increased paste viscosity through competition for water. The water-soluble fraction from different cultivar flours was more variable in effect.     

Effects of Inorganic Phosphates on the Thermodynamic,Pasting, and Asian Noodle‐Making Properties of Whole Wheat Flour

The effects of four inorganic phosphates on the thermodynamic and pasting properties of whole wheat flour as well as color, cooking quality, textural properties, and structural characteristics of whole wheat noodles were studied. The addition of phosphates increased the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of melting of starch in whole wheat flour. Rapid visco analysis showed that all phosphates significantly increased whole wheat flour peak viscosity and final viscosity. Moreover, the whole wheat noodles prepared with disodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) exhibited brighter appearance, and the use of STPP and sodium hexametaphosphate reduced the cooking loss of whole wheat noodles. Texture profile analysis of cooked noodles revealed that the addition of phosphates significantly decreased the hardness and slightly increased the springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience. The microstructure of whole wheat noodles showed a larger degree of connectivity of the protein network and coverage of starch granules in the presence of inorganic phosphates. The results suggested that inorganic phosphates exhibited substantial effects on improving the quality of whole wheat noodles. Of the four phosphates studied, STPP appeared to be the most effective one in improving the overall properties of whole wheat noodles when they were normalized to constant phosphate content.     

不同淀粉糊化及凝胶特性与粉条品质的关系

为了研究粉条加工过程中原料淀粉的糊化及凝胶特性对粉条品质的影响,该文对绿豆、红薯、马铃薯、大米和玉米等5种原料淀粉的糊化凝胶特性及其粉条品质进行了测定,并对淀粉糊化凝胶特性与淀粉粉条品质之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:5种淀粉原料所制的粉条中,绿豆粉条的品质是较好,其次就是马铃薯粉条和红薯粉条,大米粉条和玉米粉条的品质较差;淀粉的糊化特性与粉条品质之间具有显著相关性,按显著程度的大小(P值大小)依次是:峰值黏度谷值黏度衰减值回生值、最终黏度;淀粉凝胶的硬度、弹性、黏性和咀嚼性对粉条品质的影响较大,按显著程度的大小(P值大小)依次是:硬度黏性咀嚼性弹性。在粉条加工原料选择及粉条品质改善中可以考虑用谷值黏度、回生值以及淀粉凝胶特性特征值回复性、咀嚼性和黏性作为考核衡量指标。研究结果为粉条生产中原料选择及品质改善提供参考依据。