亚硫酸氢盐预处理对玉米秸秆酶水解的影响

研究了亚硫酸氢钠对玉米秸秆进行预处理的条件,主要考察了亚硫酸氢钠用量、预处理温度和pH值对玉米秸秆酶水解效率的影响。结果表明:在温度180℃、保温30min时,随着亚硫酸氢钠用量的增加,木质素和半纤维素的溶出量增大,从而促进玉米秸秆预处理后底物的酶水解,当亚硫酸氢钠用量为7%时,酶水解转化率和葡萄糖得率分别为69.40%和62.44%;预处理温度越高,酶水解效率越高,温度190℃、保温30min时底物酶水解转化率达到了81.04%,葡萄糖得率71.91%;预处理pH值升高,酶水解效率相应增大,pH值在4.2～4.7之间时,酶解效率增加明显。     

大豆秸秆纤维素固态发酵及酶解条件的研究

对经氨预处理的大豆秸秆纤维素固态发酵产酶及酶解产糖工艺过程进行了研究，影响康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)固态发酵的主要因素是温度、pH值、培养基液固质量比及培养时间，影响纤维素酶水解的条件主要是温度、pH值及时间，结果表明：较适宜的产酶条件为温度30℃，pH值5．0，培养基液固质量比2．5：1，时间96h，产纤维素酶活力为798．84FPU／mL，以所产纤维素酶进行酶水解，较适宜条件为温度55℃、pH值5．6、时间36h，酶解率为18．98％。由液相色谱分析可知酶解液的主要成分为葡萄糖、纤维二糖和木糖．为大豆秸秆的进一步综合利用提供了参考数据。     

应用响应面法酶解鲫鱼蛋白的研究

试验主要以水解度为指标,综合考虑加酶量、底物浓度、温度以及pH值对影响因素,通过响应面法筛选碱性蛋白酶水解鲫鱼蛋白最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明加酶量(E/S)为1.5%、底物浓度为1%、温度45℃、pH值为9.5。水解度为12.31%。     

废瓦楞纸纤维素酶解条件及酶解时纤维结构的变化

研究了酶解条件对废瓦楞纸纤维素酶水解产葡萄糖的影响、酶解时的纤维结晶度与微观结构的变化。结果表明,在最优的酶解条件下,即温度50℃、pH值4.8、酶剂量80 FPU/g(以底物计)、底物质量浓度100 g/L,水解36 h后,水解液中葡萄糖质量浓度达53.8 g/L,纤维素水解率76.9%。结晶度分析表明,纤维素酶解分为两个阶段:首先主要水解无定形区,结晶度上升;然后同时水解无定型区和结晶区,结晶度基本维持稳定。扫描电镜观察显示,酶解时纤维出现层层的"剥皮"、断裂并出现中空,结构完全被破坏。     

绿液预处理对麦草化学成分及酶水解糖化的影响

主要探讨在不同温度、用碱量和硫化度条件下绿液预处理对麦草化学成分及酶水解效率的影响。随着预处理用碱量和硫化度的提高木质素的脱除率增加,但同时也加剧了碳水化合物的降解,导致麦草浆得率下降。绿液预处理废液的pH值小于9.5,弱碱介质可以减少碳水化合物的降解,同时避免禾草原料含量较高的硅溶解在黑液中,有利于废液的碱回收利用。预处理后浆料经过由纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶组合而成的混合酶液水解,纤维素酶用量从5 FPU/g增加到10 FPU/g时,总糖得率及转化率显著增加。在酶用量为10 FPU/g条件下经过48 h的酶水解后,温度130℃、用碱量8%、硫化度40%条件下的预处理浆料总糖得率达到最大值43%,总糖转化率为73.1%。     

蒸汽爆破尾叶桉木材的化学组分及纤维素酶水解工艺

采用蒸汽爆破技术处理尾叶桉木材，研究蒸汽爆破对其主化学成分的影响，以及爆破材料用纤维素酶水解的工艺，确定了水解糖化条件：温度50qC，pH值4．8，酶用量25FPIU／g底物，底物浓度2％。结果表明，蒸汽爆破过程溶解出一定量的半纤维素和木质素，而纤维素基本不受损失，有利于提高酶解率；爆破前用硫酸预处理，木质素脱除率和木聚糖分解率在同样的爆破压力下比未用硫酸预处理的高。在最优的水解条件下，硫酸预处理，2．2MPa爆破的尾叶按木材多糖水解率达到82．43％，比未用硫酸预处理的提高36．86％。     

酶法降解黑木耳多糖工艺研究

采用酶法对黑木耳多糖进行降解试验研究。用β-葡萄糖苷酶以温度、pH值、酶用量、反应时间为影响因素,响应面法优化设计,DNS法测定其还原糖释放量。研究结果表明:最佳工艺为当每3mL多糖加入0.02%葡萄糖苷酶0.4mL时多糖浓度为0.3%、温度55℃、pH值5.5、反应时间20min。响应面优化后得出最佳工艺条件为:降解温度55.9℃、pH值5.58、酶用量0.475mL。     

亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆酶解工艺及外源物辅助作用的研究

以亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆为研究对象,研究了底物浓度、外源添加物种类和浓度对纤维素酶解工艺的影响以及PEG6000强化酶解效率的作用机理。研究结果表明,纤维素酶用量15 FPIU/g(以绝干纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量30 CBU/g,纤维素质量浓度80 g/L条件下水解48 h,葡萄糖质量浓度达72.51 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达81.58%、86.79%和84.23%。PEG6000可有效强化酶解,添加量为2 g/L时,水解48 h葡萄糖质量浓度可升至78.54 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达88.36%、95.02%和92.54%。添加2 g/L的PEG6000使纤维素酶Celluclast1.5 L滤纸酶活力提高到原酶活力的117.33%;同时50℃,pH值4.8,保温48 h,残余酶活力同比增加38.99%。     

pH敏感型葡萄糖基水凝胶的制备及溶胀性能测试

以葡萄糖为模板化合物,利用甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醚对其改性后与丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺进行共聚反应,再经冷冻干燥,制备了具有pH值敏感特性的葡聚糖基水凝胶,并表征了其结构,优化了制备条件。结果表明:最佳条件为葡萄糖/丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺质量比为1∶4∶4,交联剂用量0.5%,引发剂用量1%,反应温度为65℃,在此条件下,水凝胶的平衡溶胀度可达90.5 g/g。研究发现该葡聚糖基水凝胶在同一pH值介质中的溶胀度随时间延长而增大,最后趋于平衡;其在无酶人工肠液(p H值7.4)中的溶胀度明显高于无酶人工胃液(pH值1.2),且该凝胶在两种介质中基本无降解。     

The Study about Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bagasse Sulfite Pulp and the Assistant Effect of Additives

以亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆为研究对象,研究了底物浓度、外源添加物种类和浓度对纤维素酶解工艺的影响以及PEG6000强化酶解效率的作用机理.研究结果表明,纤维素酶用量15 FPIU/g(以绝干纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量30 CBU/g,纤维素质量浓度80 g/L条件下水解48 h,葡萄糖质量浓度达72.51 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达81.58％、86.79％和84.23％.PEG6000可有效强化酶解,添加量为2g/L时,水解48 h葡萄糖质量浓度可升至78.54 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达88.36％、95.02％和92.54％.添加2g/L的PEG6000使纤维素酶Celluclast 1.5 L滤纸酶活力提高到原酶活力的117.33％;同时50℃,pH值4.8,保温48 h,残余酶活力同比增加38.99％.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。