杨凌地区黄精氮磷钾优化施肥模式研究

采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次D-饱和最优设计,通过田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾的施肥量与黄精一年生根茎产量、多糖含量的效应函数。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对黄精产量的增产作用大小依次为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥,对多糖含量的作用大小依次为钾肥>氮肥>磷肥,其中磷肥为负效应,氮、钾肥为正效应。寻优结果表明,当目标产量为3 500~4 500 kg/hm2时,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为N 89.74~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~157.16kg/hm2,K2O 61.06~92.63 kg/hm2。在多糖含量8%~9.5%之间,在95%的置信区间,优化施肥量为:N 103.91~153.65 kg/hm2,P2O569.5~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~95.36 kg/hm2。黄精高产优质高效栽培的优化施肥量为:N103.91~136.18 kg/hm2,P2O5121.39~124.27 kg/hm2,K2O 68.16~92.63 kg/hm2,N、P2O5、K2O的最佳比例为:1∶0.89~0.91∶0.5~0.68。     

黄土高原地区南瓜优质施肥模式研究

安塞试验站2005~2006连续两年采用N、P、K三因素最优设计,田试不同施肥量对南瓜Vc和干物质两项营养品质的影响,探讨南瓜优质的N、P、K肥效反应模式。结果表明,N肥对南瓜Vc含量的影响最大,K肥对干物质含量的影响最大,N与P交互作用和N与K交互作用对南瓜Vc、干物质含量影响显著。筛选出南瓜优质的较佳施肥量为:施氮90~95 kg/hm2,施磷75~80 kg/hm2,施钾25~30 kg/hm2。N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.00∶0.83∶0.28     

宁南山区旱地平衡施肥专题试验初报

2001～2003年连续3a在西吉县吉强镇酸刺村科技扶贫示范区旱地上,采用三因素四水平14处理最优回归设计,对西吉县4种主栽农作物小麦、豌豆、地膜玉米、马铃薯进行了平衡施肥专题试验研究。结果表明在降雨量350～400mm的半干旱地区,上述4种农作物的最优施肥组合分别为施纯N120kg/hm2、P2O590kg/hm2、K2O30kg/hm2;N45kg/hm2、P2O5180kg/hm2、K2O40kg/hm2;N270kg/hm2、P2O5120kg/hm2、K2O60kg/hm2;N225kg/hm2、P2O572kg/hm2、K2O80kg/hm2。     

黄土高原日光温室黄瓜合理施肥用量及优化施肥模式研究

采用氮(N)、磷(P)和有机肥三因素五水平最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥用量及其肥效反应模式田间试验,求得日光温室黄瓜N、P和有机肥的肥效反应模式,并分析了N、P和有机肥对日光温室黄瓜产量的影响。研究表明:施用有机肥对日光温室黄瓜产量影响最大,N肥和P肥的影响相当;随着有机肥施肥量增加,黄瓜产量还在不断增加,N、P化肥在一定用量范围内有增产效果,用量继续增大时导致黄瓜产量降低。根据黄瓜N、P和有机肥的肥效反应模式,提出在黄瓜目标产量83000～88000kg/hm2之间的N、P和有机肥优化施肥方案:N肥用量809.2～1313.1kg/hm2,P肥用量(P2O5)583.1～978.6kg/hm2,有机肥用量64.0～151.3t/hm2;N∶P2O5为1∶0.72。     

旱农区地膜蚕豆高产栽培综合配套技术研究

在旱农区农田生态条件下，采用常规与二次回归结合的设计方法，多点同步研究影响地膜蚕豆高产与品种、密度及氮磷钾施用量配比间的关系和相关效应，并在试验基础上同时进行生产示范验证。根据试验示范结果，选用相应分析程序进行计算机模拟寻优，得到地膜蚕豆每公顷产量高于4500kg，纯收益大于1500元的技术方案23套。该方案95%置信域；选择良种加拿大321，每公顷保苗21万株，施优质农肥6万kg，化肥纯N 49.3kg～70.7kg,P2O5155.7kg～200.7kg,K2O 65.7kg～86.8kg；优化施肥的中心组合是：每公顷施优质农肥60000kg，化肥纯N 60kg,P2O5 178.2kg，K2O 76.3kg；N，P2O5，K2O的比约为1:2.97:1.27。     

甜玉米新品种庆甜1号栽培模式研究

对"庆甜1号"进行了肥效、密度及分期栽培试验,结果表明,正常条件下地膜覆盖种植"庆甜1号"经济合理的氮、磷施用量为N 105 kg/hm2、P2O5 75 kg/hm2;45 000 kg/hm2农家肥和磷肥一次性基施,氮肥的2/3作种肥,1/3作追肥施用方武较为经济合理;最佳种植密度为67 500株/hm2;早春小拱棚育苗移栽和油菜茬复种两种种植模式宜在当地大面积推广,麦茬复种适宜在当地南部川逆地区推广.     

天水旱作农业区膜侧小麦不同施肥水平增产效应分析

通过不同施肥条件对膜侧小麦水分利用、农艺性状、增产效应、经济效益等方面分析,研究干旱地区膜侧小麦的施肥问题。结果表明:施肥可以提高水分利用率1.1~3.1 kg/(mm.hm2),促进小麦生长发育;不同施肥水平对小麦的增产效应不同:低肥、中肥、高肥3种施肥水平分别比不施肥的对照增产731.5 kg/hm2,1461.0kg/hm2和1 648.5 kg/hm2,增产率分别为25.5%、50.9%和57.4%;经济效益以中肥水平(折合施纯N118.1kg/hm2,P2O594.5 kg/hm2和K2O 60.0 kg/hm2)最高,产值可达2 045.4元/hm2,产投比为2.7∶1。因此,在低、中、高3个施肥水平中,中等施肥最为有效、合理,有利于增产增收。     

不同施肥水平与组合对玉米生产性能的影响研究

应用三因素最优设计构造试验方案,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥不同水平与组合对玉米产量的动态关系。结果表明,磷肥对产量的影响最大,氮肥较小,钾肥居中。氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,其中氮肥、磷肥间的交互作用较大,钾肥与磷肥间的交互作用较小。在试验范围内,就玉米籽粒产量而言,施肥量投入应为N:149.87～207.07kg/hm2,P2O5:38.23～143.52kg/hm2,K2O:24.63～129.91kg/hm2在此施肥范围内,可预报玉米籽粒产量为4707.5～5616.2kg/hm2。     

新疆农田化肥施用现状调查与评价

以新疆2005-2011年测土配方施肥项目为基础,采用农户抽样调查的方法,对测土配方施肥项目87个县（市）的363 645户调查数据进行分析和评价。结果表明：新疆耕地的化肥施用量为377.55 kg•hm-2,N、P2O5、K2O比例为1[JP18]∶[JP]0.62[JP18]∶[JP]0.08。小麦的化肥施用量345.45 kg•hm-2,N、P2O5、K2O化肥施用比例为1[JP18]∶[JP]0.62[JP18]∶[JP]0.05,化肥效率为15.7 kg•kg-1;玉米的化肥施用量372.45 kg•hm-2,N、P2O5、K2O比例为1[JP18]∶[JP]0.62[JP18]∶[JP]0.07,化肥效率为28.18 kg•kg-1;棉花化肥施用量451.50 kg•hm-2,N、P2O5、K2O比例为1[JP18]∶[JP]0.58[JP18]∶[JP]0.07,化肥效率为10.88 kg•kg-1;葡萄化肥施用量659.25 kg•hm-2,N、P2O5、K2O比例为1[JP18]∶[JP]0.89[JP18]∶[JP]0.33,化肥效率为59.62 kg•kg-1。新疆肥料投入区域差异较大,南疆单位面积用肥量明显高于北疆,南疆化肥施用量474.45 kg•hm-2,北疆化肥施用量317.85 kg•hm-2。施肥量还存在经济作物高于普通作物的现象。     

甘肃中部半干旱雨养生态区甜荞麦施肥优化数学模型研究

采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了甜荞麦产量、纯收益与N、P、K施用量之间的关系,建立了以产量和纯收益为目标的函数模型,解析了各因子对产量和纯收益的主效应及互作效应,通过寻优计算,提出产量高于3 000 kg/hm2的优化施肥方案为施氮量152.5~180.8 kg/hm2,施磷量139.1~172.0 kg/hm2,施钾量91.6~133.4kg/hm2;纯收益大于2 250元/hm2的优化施肥方案为施氮量156.5~191.5 kg/hm2,施磷量76.3~148.7 kg/hm2,施钾量2.9~20.2 kg/hm2。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.