污泥低温干燥动力学特性及干燥参数优化

为了研究污泥的低温干燥动力学特性,以薄层污泥为研究对象进行了低温干燥试验,探讨了温度、薄层厚度以及风速对污泥水分比和干燥速率的影响,并对低温干燥参数进行了优化.结果表明:污泥低温干燥过程主要由升速和降速段组成,其中降速阶段存在第一、第二降速阶段;不同低温干燥条件下的第二临界含水率变化不大,大致在0.5g/g(干基)附近.使用决定系数R2、卡方χ2及均方根误差RMSE对6种常用干燥模型进行评价,结果表明Midilli模型的平均R2最大、平均χ2及RMSE最小,分别为0.9998、2.46×10-5、0.0042,是描述污泥低温热风干燥的最优模型.根据Fick第二定律和Arrhenius方程,得到5、10和15mm厚度污泥在50~90℃热风干燥的水分有效扩散系数和活化能.正交试验得到相对单位能耗最优干燥工艺为:温度90℃、风速0.8m/s、厚度10mm,平均干燥强度最优工艺为干燥温度90℃、风速0.8m/s、厚度5mm.试验结果可为后续研究污泥热泵干燥及太阳能-热泵联合干燥提供参考.     

奶牛粪固形物热风干燥特性及工艺参数优化

为了研究奶牛粪固形物在不同干燥条件下的热风干燥特性,该研究选取干燥温度、粪层厚度和搅拌频率作为研究因素,研究了牛粪干基含水率和干燥速率随时间变化的规律,利用6种经典的薄层干燥模型对牛粪的水分比MR与时间t曲线进行拟合获取了最优干燥模型,计算得出有效扩散系数和干燥活化能,并通过正交试验获取了干燥效率最高的快速干燥工艺参数。结果表明：干燥温度越高,粪层厚度越小,搅拌频率间隔时间越短,干基含水率下降越快;干燥过程由加速干燥阶段、近似恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段组成,加速干燥阶段时间较短,符合高湿多孔类型物料的干燥特性;模型Wang and Singh能够较好地反映牛粪干燥过程水分变化规律,且有效扩散系数最小为7.31×10-5 m2/h,最小活化能为14.596 kJ/mol;通过正交试验得出干燥温度为105 ℃、粪层厚度为6 cm、搅拌频率间隔为4 min时,干燥效率最高,为0.017 h/g。该研究结果可为后续牛粪快速干燥工艺优化及干燥设备设计提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

污泥干燥模型选择及Weibull分布模型求解与分析

为了研究污泥薄层干燥的动力学模型、明确薄层干燥模型选取原则、分析模型参数影响因素及在干燥中应用,该研究搭建了污泥干燥试验台,对不同干燥温度(50、75、100、125℃)、不同风速(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 m/s)与不同污泥厚度(5、10、15、20mm)的污泥进行干燥试验,利用Weibull分布模型对其干燥动力学曲线进行模拟并分析,建立了风温、风速和污泥厚度与模型参数的定量关系。从原模型与改进模型、因变量与自变量转换、多参数模型及初始条件等4个角度分析,选择Lewis、Page、Two-term exponential和Weibull分布模型进行拟合分析,发现污泥的热风干燥过程服从Weibull分布模型(R²=0.994～0.997),是典型的降速干燥过程,降速阶段存在第一、第二降速段,模型的尺度参数(α)和形状参数(β)均与热风温度、风速和污泥厚度有关;第二降速段扩散系数大于第一降速段扩散系数,第一降速段活化能变化范围为12.91～17.12 kJ/mol,第二降速段活化能变化范围9.56～15.05kJ/mol。研究结果可为污泥干燥工艺参数优化及干燥...     

气体射流冲击干燥无核紫葡萄及品质分析

采用气体射流冲击干燥技术设计的葡萄干燥试验装置,可实现温度自动控制,风速、热介质湿度的控制和数据采集与存储。利用该装置对无核紫葡萄干燥工艺和干燥品质进行研究,试验发现,气体射流冲击干燥无核紫葡萄存在预热阶段、恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段,随着风温和风速的提高,恒速段干燥速率明显增加,干燥时间缩短,而降速段干燥速率提高不明显。试验风温和风速范围内所得葡萄干理化成分差异不显著;试验还针对Vc降解进行了动力学分析。在试验装置的基础上,开发设计了中试设备并投产运行,其最佳工艺参数为风温65℃,风速20 m/s,耗时为29 h。制得葡萄干含水率（干基）17.1%,可溶性固形物77.8%,可滴定酸2.3%,Vc 6.74×10^-2 mg/g。     

辣椒热风干燥特性的研究(简报)

为了为辣椒热风干燥及设备参数的调整提供理论依据,该文对辣椒进行热风干燥试验,研究其在不同热风温度、风速和装载厚度条件下的热风干燥特性.分析试验得出的不同条件下的干燥特性曲线,然后运用Marlab软件对散点图进行有效拟合,并将其转化成干燥速率曲线.结果表明:温度对辣椒干燥的影响最大,其次为风速和装载厚度;辣椒的干燥过程在初期的大多数时间内处于恒速干燥阶段,然后则处于缓慢降速干燥阶段.     

豇豆隧道式热风干燥特性和模型

为了研究豇豆干燥特性以缩短干燥时间,该文利用隧道式热风干燥技术探讨了不同干燥风温（60、70和80℃）、风速（0.3、0.4和0.5 m/s）和料层厚度（6、18和30 mm）对豇豆干燥特性的影响。结果表明：豇豆的隧道式热风干燥前期主要是增速干燥阶段,后期主要是降速干燥阶段。提高干燥风温和风速,较少料层厚度均可缩短干燥时间。豇豆的水分有效扩散系数随着干燥风温和风速的升高而增大,随着料层厚度的增加而降低。通过阿伦尼乌斯公式计算出豇豆的干燥活化能为33.9 kJ/mol。使用决定系数R2、均方根误差RMSE和误差平方和SSE对7种常用干燥模型进行评价,结果表明：Page 模型的平均R2值最大、平均RMSE值和SSE值最小,分别为0.9988、0.01105和0.00286,是描述豇豆隧道式热风干燥的最优模型。研究结果可以为工程实践中预测豇豆隧道式干燥过程的水分变化提供参考。     

玫瑰花瓣红外喷动床干燥模型及品质变化

为提高玫瑰花瓣的干燥速率和品质,利用新型红外喷动床干燥设备,研究不同出风温度和风速下玫瑰花瓣的干燥特性并建立干燥动力学模型;对比不同干燥条件下玫瑰花瓣的品质变化。结果表明:提高出风温度和风速能够显著提高干燥速率和缩短干燥时间;玫瑰花瓣红外喷动床干燥过程主要为升速干燥和降速干燥,无明显恒速阶段;玫瑰花瓣红外喷动床干燥过程的有效水分扩散系数在6.703 85×10^-10~1.382 35×10^-9 m^2/s之间,随着出风温度和风速的增大而增大;通过模型拟合发现,Midilli模型能更好地反映玫瑰花瓣的红外喷动床干燥规律;温度和风速对复水比、总黄酮含量和总酚含量均有显著影响;风速对色泽和微观结构有显著影响。研究结果可为红外喷动床干燥的研究与应用提供参考。     

蒸汽漂烫菊花的薄层干燥特性和质量评价（英）

该文旨在研究蒸汽漂烫菊花的干燥特性和质量评价。在60, 80, 100和120℃ 4个温度,0.5 m/s风速条件下,对蒸汽漂烫菊花的薄层干燥特性进行研究,结果表明其干燥属于典型的降速干燥过程,干燥速度随热风温度的升高而迅速加快。通过含水率的对数与干燥时间作图,发现其干燥过程分为3个阶段（第一、第二和第三降速阶段）,第一阶段能去除大约84%的水分。根据第一阶段数据,在60～120℃干燥时其有效扩散系数为1.10 to 6.44×10-9 m2/s,活化能为1829.5 kJ/kg,Midilli模型能较好地拟合其主要的干燥过程。质量评价结果表明,蒸汽漂烫2 min,100或120℃干燥菊花中,咖啡酰奎宁酸类化合物含量和抗氧化活性较高,该研究可为菊花干燥工艺提供参考。     

中短波红外联合气体射流干燥提高茯苓品质

为探索茯苓的干燥特性,改善茯苓干燥品质,该文将中短波红外联合气体射流干燥技术应用于茯苓块的干燥。利用Dincer模型拟合茯苓块干燥曲线,结合滞后因子、干燥系数分析干燥过程,并估算其水分有效扩散系数。给出Dincer模型的具体应用方法,求出并分析不同干燥条件下的毕渥数、水分有效扩散系数、传质系数。测定干燥后茯苓块的破碎率,及茯苓块浸出物的质量分数。对比分析Fick第二定律、Weibull函数、Dincer模型的优缺点。结果表明:1)与气体射流干燥相比,中短波红外联合气体射流干燥可缩短干燥时间,降低破碎率约18%,提高浸出物质量分数约1%;联合干燥过程亦为降速干燥;试验参数范围内,提高温度、风速均可提高干燥速率;2)滞后因子范围为1.0136~1.0202,且温度、风速越高,干燥速度越快,干燥系数越大;3)联合干燥技术的的毕渥数为0.0826~0.0982,小于0.1,表明干燥过程与边界的对流换热热阻有关。传质系数的范围为1.0319×10-6~1.8003×10-6 m/s。4)基于Fick第二定律、Weibull分布函数、Dincer模型计算的水分有效扩散系数变化趋势一致,均随温度、风速的升高而增加。Fick第二定律不要求干燥曲线呈"指数"形式,但仅适用于降速干燥。Weibull分布函数不考虑边界的对流换热热阻。Weibull分布函数、Dincer模型均可应用于非降速干燥,但二者的缺陷是干燥曲线需呈"指数式"拟合。综上所述,中短波红外联合气体射流干燥技术可提高茯苓品质,借助于Weibull函数、Dincer模型可从不同角度更全面地解读干燥过程。研究结果可为Dincer模型在茯苓生产加工过程中联合干燥技术的应用提供参考。     

杏子的气体射流冲击干燥特性

为了提高杏子干制的品质、缩短干制时间,该文将气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于杏子干燥,研究了杏子在不同干燥温度（50、55、60和65℃）和风速（3、6、9和12 m/s）下的干燥曲线、水分有效扩散系数以及干燥活化能。试验结果表明：干燥温度和风速对杏子的干燥速率均有显著影响,但干燥温度对其的影响比风速更为突出;杏子的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,通过费克第二定律求出了干燥过程中杏子的有效水分扩散系数,其值在8.346～13.846×10-10 m2/s的范围内随着干燥温度和风速的升高而增大;通过阿伦尼乌斯公式计算出了杏子干燥活化能为30.62 kJ/mol,表明利用气体射流冲击干燥技术从杏子中除去1 kg水需要消耗大约1 701 kJ的能量。该研究为气体射流冲击干燥技术应用于杏子的干燥提供了技术依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.