山羊流产病料中衣原体的分离和鉴定

1972年我们最初研究山羊流产病因时,用山羊流产的病料作成乳剂注射鸡胚卵黄囊而致死的鸡胚卵黄囊涂片,姬姆萨染色镜检中观察到紫红色大小一致的球形颗粒状物质,请有关学者协助观察,共同鉴定为疑似衣原体的原生小体。这些材料接种怀孕豚鼠能使50%的孕豚鼠引起流产,接种孕山羊能使少数孕山羊发生流产,接种鸡胚4—9天     

胚蛋注射谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡早期免疫器官的影响

选用已孵化18 d的肉仔鸡活胚蛋240枚,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10枚蛋.处理组Ⅰ注射1 mL 7.5 g/L生理盐水作为对照,处理组Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分别向鸡胚羊膜腔内注射质量浓度为5、10 mL/L和15 mL/L的谷氨酰胺营养液1 mL.结果表明,胚蛋注射谷氨酰胺对3日龄肉仔鸡的胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊...     

胚蛋给养蛋氨酸和二糖对鹅胸肌发育的影响

试验研究胚蛋给养蛋氨酸和二糖对鹅胸肌发育的影响.选择发育良好的吉林白鹅胚蛋600枚,分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复50枚种蛋.孵化第24 d进行胚蛋给养,每枚胚蛋注射1.5 mL给养液.对照组不进行给养,DS组营养液为25 g/L麦芽糖、25 g/L蔗糖、7.5 g/L NaCl,Met组营养液为Met 5 g/L、...     

不同胚龄皮质酮处理对鸡胚胎生长发育的影响

本试验通过不同胚龄鸡胚外源皮质酮处理,研究外源皮质酮对鸡胚生长发育及出雏效果的影响,初步探索肉鸡代谢程序化效应。700枚质量相近的AA肉鸡种蛋,分3个不同时间进行卵黄囊重复注射：孵化前注射（E0）;7胚龄注射（E7）;14胚龄注射（E14）;每一时间点分200 ng皮质酮处理组和玉米油正对照组,并设定负对照组1个。21胚龄记录出雏时间、出雏率、出雏重、屠宰器官质量,并测定雏鸡血浆中血糖、尿酸和甘油三酯含量。结果表明：0胚龄皮质酮处理显著降低了孵化率（P〈0.05）,增加了胚胎的死亡率;7胚龄200 ng皮质酮处理组缩短了孵化时间（P〈0.05）,并有降低孵化率的趋势,鸡胚胎的心脏、肝脏的发育受到了抑制（P〈0.05）。研究表明皮质酮的处理效应与注射胚龄有关,此外注射本身也会对胚胎的发育和物质代谢造成一定的影响。     

鸡胚胎发育的研究

随着现代化养鸡的蓬勃发展,对于鸡胚发育特点、改进孵化技术的研究已成为大批量孵化生产中急待解决的重要任务。我们从1977年开始,进行鸡胚胎发育的观察研究。几年来,经过认真观察,反复实践,弄清和发现了一些问题,现报告于下。一、鸡胚胎发育过程中几种胎膜和泄殖腔结构 1.卵黄囊卵黄囊即包围卵黄的囊腔,     

鸡输卵管囊肿病病原的分离与鉴定

用病鸡的输卵管囊肿液中脱落的上皮细胞感染SPF鸡胚及BHK21、Vero、L929细胞,观察3～10 d鸡胚死亡情况及细胞生长情况,并进行病原分离、鉴定、检测等.结果为SPF鸡胚感染后盲传15代,1～11代基本无鸡胚死亡,12～15代鸡胚有死亡.细胞感染后第1代可见到CPE,敏感性L929>Vero>BHK21细胞,被感染的细胞及卵黄膜(第4代起)CF呈阳性;电镜观察到胞浆中有衣原体;Giemsa染色光镜下可见包涵体颗粒;碘染色及磺胺嘧啶敏感试验均呈阴性;病毒学及细菌学检测阴性;雏鸡感染试验阳性;病鸡肝、脾、输卵管等组织病理变化明显.     

鸡输卵管囊肿病病原的分离与鉴定

用病鸡的输卵管囊肿液中脱落的上皮细胞感染SPF鸡胚及BHK21、Vero、L929细胞,观察3～10d鸡胚死亡情况及细胞生长情况,并进行病原分离、鉴定、检测等.结果为SPF鸡胚感染后盲传15代,1～11代基本无鸡胚死亡,12～15代鸡胚有死亡.细胞感染后第1代可见到CPE,敏感性L929＞Vero＞BHK21细胞,被感染的细胞及卵黄膜(第4代起)CF呈阳性;电镜观察到胞浆中有衣原体;Giemsa染色光镜下可见包涵体颗粒;碘染色及磺胺嘧啶敏感试验均呈阴性;病毒学及细菌学检测阴性;雏鸡感染试验阳性;病鸡肝、脾、输卵管等组织病理变化明显.     

羊流产衣原体矿物油佐剂灭活苗研究报告

材料与方法一、羊衣原体矿物油佐剂灭活苗的配制1.制苗用衣原体的繁殖培养:根据需要量孵育鸡胚,培养7—8日龄之后,卵黄囊接种B株衣原体,72小时之后死亡鸡胚解剖取卵黄囊和胚体(去头),涂片染色经显微镜检查衣原体颗粒呈现稠密时,保存于低温冰箱备用。     

胚蛋给养二糖对朗德鹅生长及能量贮存状态的影响

采用胚蛋注射技术研究胚胎后期补充外源性营养物质二糖对朗德鹅生长和能量贮存状态的影响。选取发育良好的朗德鹅种蛋300枚随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复50枚种蛋。在孵化第24天进行二糖注射,对照组不做任何处理,处理组注射含蔗糖25g/L、麦芽糖25g/L和NaCl 7.5g/L的二糖混合营养液1.5mL。孵化至出雏后,每个重复选取体质量均匀、健康的雏鹅20只进行饲养试验,饲养期28d。结果显示,处理组对朗德鹅孵化率和初生体质量无显著性影响(P>0.10),处理组显著提高了绝对体质量及其指数(P<0.05)并降低了卵黄囊指数(P<0.05),但对体质量无显著性影响(P>0.10)。处理组显著提高了0日龄(d)的胸肌质量和胸肌指数(P<0.05)。处理组雏鹅0d的肝糖原含量、糖原指数及血糖浓度均显著提高(P<0.05),但肝脏中葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶的活性显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,通过胚蛋给养二糖,增加了雏鹅肝糖原和肌糖原的贮备进而缓解了出壳前后能量紧缺的状态,促进了机体的生长发育。     

鸡毒支原体人工感染SPF鸡胚研究

试验使用低剂量的鸡毒支原体(MG)培养液(液稀释至10~4CCU/mL)经卵黄囊接种5~7日胚龄SPF鸡胚,结果:鸡胚死亡高峰时间发生在孵化后期(17d以后),疫苗6/85株导致SPF鸡胚死亡情况及死亡鸡胚病理变化与MG强毒S6株和临床分离株无明显差异。从孵化后期死胚中采集不同样品进行MG分离鉴定,最终确定死胚最佳分离部位为卵黄囊膜。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.