食用菌菌糠加工利用技术研究

2012年全国食用菌菌糠产量1.8×107 t,湖北省菌糠产量超过8×105 t,大部分被露天堆弃,既浪费资源又污染环境。经统计分析,菌糠的养分含量较之初始栽培料高,其中玉米芯为主料栽培的金针菇菌糠中有机质含量最高,达65.23%,木屑为主料栽培的香菇菌糠有机质含量最低,为40.55%。菌糠加工利用价值很高,目前国内及湖北地区菌糠利用途径主要包括加工肥料、饲料、栽培基质、燃料和生物制剂等。利用精深加工技术手段,开发菌糠高科技产品,对发展农业循环经济具有重要意义。     

菌糠的高效利用研究进展

食用菌菌糠中大量的菌糠蛋白、有机质和活性物质等营养成分是菌糠高效再利用的资源。从5个方面介绍了菌糠开发利用的前景,如菌糠可作为动物饲料、农作物肥料、食用菌的二次栽种、燃料和能源的材料以及土壤的改良剂和修复剂。     

平菇菌糠对辣椒过氧化物同功酶及产量的影响

利用过氧化物氧化酶对环境的高度敏感性，探索食用菌菌糠肥料对辣椒过氧化物同工酶及产量的影响。以线辣椒“8819”为试验材料，以菌糠为底肥，采用5个不同梯度菌糠施用量，研究其对辣椒不问生长发育阶段及器官的过氧化物同功酶的影响。结果表明，同一辣椒品种不同器官的酶谱表型有明显差异，不同菌糠施用量对辣椒叶片表达谱带均是4条，辣椒绿果期和红果期的过氧化物同功酶酶带的颜色、大小均无明显差异，均为3条谱带，说明各处理菌糠施用量并没有引起营养胁迫。以辣椒的产量为评价指标，得到辣椒高产菌糠施肥配方，即菌糠施用800kg／667m^3为最佳。     

利用香菇菌糠栽培罗勒初探

以香菇菌糠为试材,采用不同比例的香菇菌糠和花园土、砂土的混合基质种植罗勒,测定其发芽率、形态指标以及生理指标,研究了香菇菌糠对罗勒幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:适宜种植罗勒的菌糠配方为花园土、菌糠、砂子=6∶1∶1;不同比例的菌糠配方对罗勒的发芽率有一定影响,随着菌糠比例的不断增加,罗勒的发芽率也不断提高,发芽时间也随菌糠的增加有一定缩短;该试验为菌糠的循环利用开辟了一条新的途径。     

菌糠渣营养成分和消化率研究

饲料生产上,利用氨化、热处理方法提高牲畜对秸秆的利用,其成本高,污染大.近十几年来食用菌事业发展,在农业生态循环中的作用日益显著.大量富含纤维素、木质素和半纤维素的农副产品经食用菌类微生物的酶解作用,生产出各种美味蕈类,采收后的菌糠,蛋白质含量提高,纤维素、木质素降解,又是一饲料资源.有人用菌糠喂猪、兔、鱼认为适口性好,能代替部分精饲料,但都缺乏系统的研究,更未见用体外消化率指标对菌体酶解秸秆的效果评价的报道.为此,我们选用目前食用菌生产的主要原料棉子壳、棉秆的菌糠作研究材料,以反刍动物牛为饲用对象.通过菌体利用底物前后营养成分变化和测定牛体外消化率,以探讨作为饲料资源开发利用的前景.     

我国食用菌菌糠后处理现状

食用菌菌糠是利用秸秆、木屑等原料进行食用菌的栽培,收菌后的培养基剩余物俗称食用菌菌渣或余料,是食用菌菌丝残体及经食用菌酶解,结构发生质变的粗纤维等成分的复合物。近年来,我国食用菌栽培行业发展的十分迅猛,但我国食用菌菌糠后处理现状并不是很理想,大量的菌糠被随意丢弃,乱堆乱放。     

食用菌菌糠综合再利用研究概述

随着食用菌产业的发展,食用菌栽培后产生了大量的菌糠。食用菌采收后,大部分菌糠得不到及时处理,这不仅给农业生态环境造成污染,而且会给之后的食用菌栽培带来很大隐患。当今世界资源短缺,能源匮乏,因此及时科学地处理食用菌菌糠,实现废物再利用,变废为宝,形成农业经济循环刻不容缓。菌糠已成为数量十分可观的重要资源,具有较高的利用价值。菌糠不但可以再利用栽培食用菌,还能应用于种植业、养殖业等方面。菌糠的转化再利用,解决了环境问题,也产生了较为显著的经济效益。总结了食用菌菌糠在食用菌栽培、食用菌菌种生产、做菌糠饲料、做栽培基质以及土壤改良方面的再利用研究情况,提出了实际应用中需要注意的问题,并对菌糠再利用的前景进行了展望。     

不同腐熟程度香菇菌糠发芽及育苗试验

研究了不同腐熟程度的香菇菌糠对作物发芽和植株生长的影响。发芽试验结果表明,未降解香菇菌糠浸提液对白菜和黄瓜发芽和出苗有明显抑制。育苗试验结果表明,未腐熟菌糠对黄瓜、白菜及小麦的出苗和植株生长有明显抑制,尤以对根系生长的影响较大,而腐熟较好的香菇菌糠对作物的生长无不良影响,其育苗效果优于对照商品育苗基质。     

食用菌菌糠综合利用的研究现状

食用菌菌糠中含有丰富的营养物质,在综述菌糠营养价值的基础上,对其在食用菌栽培、作物栽培和畜禽饲养等方面的应用进行了介绍.提出了应注意的问题,并对菌糠综合利用的前景进行了展望.     

菌糠蛋白饲料开发研究初报

随着食用菌生产的发展,栽培食用菌的原材料残留大批废弃物,其中含有大量的菌丝体,蛋白质含量高达10%以上,被称为“菌糠蛋白”。湖南省每年有2000万公斤菌糠,而且逐年增长,弃之实在可惜。为了充分利用资源,把菌糠蛋白转化为动物蛋白,节约饲料用粮,我们于1983年开始进行菌糠蛋白饲料的研究,并于1987年列入食用菌及其系列产品研究星火计划。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.