Solute Accumulation as a Cause for Quality Losses in Sugar Beet Submitted to Continuous and Temporary Drought Stress

Adaptation to low water availability in sugar beet includes the accumulation of solutes relevant for the technical quality of the beet. Two sugar beet genotypes were grown in pot experiments under drought stress of different severity to study effects on taproot composition and concentration of solutes relevant for technical quality, reversibility of drought effects after re‐watering and genotypic differences in drought response. Differences in stress sensitivity between the genotypes were not observed as reductions in taproot and leaf dry weight and white sugar yield were the same. Increasing dry matter concentration with decreasing water supply could, in part, be attributed to an increase in the concentration of cell wall components. The major solutes in the taproot were sucrose, potassium, amino N (the sum of amino acids) and betaine. Sucrose concentration decreased considerably under drought, indicating limited availability of assimilates. In contrast, all further solutes increased in concentration with increasing severity of stress. However, the response of individual solutes varied largely. Changes in amino N and nitrate were most pronounced and probably reflect accumulation of non‐utilized metabolites under limited growth. The drought‐induced accumulation of taproot solutes implicates a considerable decrease in the technical quality of the beet. It was only in part reversible by re‐watering. Genotypic variability for solute accumulation under water deficiency was observed but was not linked to drought tolerance.     

Impact of different environments in Europe on yield and quality of sugar beet genotypes

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality are determined by genotype and environment. This study aimed at analysing the relative importance of the environment for yield and quality of sugar beet genotypes and at assessing parameters which could give essential improvement for beet quality if included as additional selection criteria. For that purpose, root yield and quality (sugar, K, Na, amino N, total soluble N, betaine, glutamine, invert sugar, raffinose) of 9 sugar beet genotypes were investigated in 52 environments (25 sites in 2003 and 27 sites in 2004) in randomised field trials across Europe.The environment accounted for about 80% of the total variance for all parameters. Effects of the tested genotypes were larger for the content of betaine (8.5%) and sugar (7.6%) than for other parameters (1–5%). With the exception of invert sugar and amino N, the genotype by environment interaction was about 3% and thereby lower than the main effect of genotypes. Interactions resulted in an increase of the differences between genotypes which can be used to select genotypes in the most discriminating environments. The response of genotypes in sugar content was contrasting to other parameters and points to a physiological limit for sugar storage at about 20%. As no crossover interaction occurred for root yield or any quality parameter, there seemed to be no specific suitability of the tested genotypes to certain environmental stress conditions. This is probably due to the fact that the harvested beetroot is a vegetative storage organ and has no growth stages susceptible to unfavourable environmental conditions such as flowering and grain filling which are important for final yield in cereals. Invert sugar showed the largest relative differences between genotypes which were strongly enhanced in southern and some south-eastern European environments. Because of its importance during processing, considering invert sugar in breeding could improve technical quality for processing considerably for those extreme environments.     

不同品种（系）甜菜氨基酸主成分分析与营养综合评价

为了比较不同品种（系）甜菜的氨基酸组分及含量,探讨其营养价值,本研究以14 个品种（系）甜菜块根为研究对象,采用主成分分析法对其氨基酸组分进行分析综合评价。结果表明,甜菜块根中均含有18 种常见氨基酸,其中人体必需的7 种氨基酸,接近WHO/FAO推荐必需氨基酸组成比例,达到理想的蛋白质标准,并且其含量高于常见的果蔬,具有较高的氨基酸营养价值。通过主成分分析法,从检出的18 种氨基酸中提取了3 个主成分,建立了综合评价模型,综合评价氨基酸含量结果表明‘红霞’、‘BETA807’、‘红饲料’营养品质较好。主成分分析法可以作为评价不同品种（系）甜菜氨基酸营养的一种可行方法。     

Assessment of breeding progress in sugar beet by testing old and new varieties under greenhouse and field conditions

Breeding has led to a continuous increase of the performance of sugar beet varieties and thereby contributes to meet the global needs for food and biomass. This study aimed to analyze the extent of the breeding progress in sugar beet and to determine which parameters and traits were modified by breeding. In 2007 and 2008 sugar beet varieties registered between 1964 and 2003 were cultivated in field trials and in greenhouse experiments to exclude effects from changes in agronomic operations and climatic conditions. Differences in white sugar yield related to the reference variety registered in 1964 were regarded as breeding progress. The results showed an increase in the white sugar yield of 0.6–0.9% a⁻¹ from 1964 to 2003 due to breeding. This was achieved by an improved biomass partitioning (higher root to leaf ratio and higher sugar to marc ratio), better technical quality (decreased concentration of K, Na, and amino N combined as standard molasses loss) and enhanced assimilation (higher chlorophyll content, higher assimilation rates). No changes were observed in leaf development and cambium ring formation. A principle component analysis pointed out that breeding targets have shifted with time from “yield” to “biomass quality”. To continue the breeding progress in future it is essential to integrate multiple resistances and tolerances against biotic and abiotic stress.     

内蒙古地区甜菜临界氮浓度稀释模型的构建及应用

甜菜是我国两大主要糖料作物之一,然而氮素过量或者不足不仅会影响甜菜产量和含糖量,而且过量的氮素还会造成一定的环境风险,如何判别甜菜的氮素营养在一个合理的范围对于保障甜菜产量、品质和减少环境风险具有重要意义。临界氮浓度稀释曲线是作物氮素营养诊断的基础,本研究的主要目的是构建我国甜菜临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并利用相应的氮素营养指数进行甜菜氮素营养诊断。研究于2017—2018年在内蒙古呼和浩特市和赤峰市进行了2个甜菜品种、不同施氮量的田间试验。在甜菜的苗期、叶丛生长期、块根膨大期、糖分积累期和收获期5个关键时期进行地上部叶片和地下部块根取样测定生物量和氮浓度,并计算出甜菜全株生物量和全株氮浓度。根据全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释模型和相应的氮素营养指数。结果表明,甜菜地上部生物量和地上部氮浓度以及全株生物量和全株氮浓度都是随着生育时期的推进呈现出负幂函数关系,基于地上部生物量和地上部氮浓度建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线决定系数平均在0.45,而以全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释曲线决定系数平均在0.94,较前者有显著提高。以全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释模型更为合理,...     

Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination and its Relation with Qualitative Root Traits and Harvest Index in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Twenty commercial sugar beet varieties were grown at two sites in central Greece during the 2001 growing season (March to October), in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in sugar beet leaves was found to be affected by site and marginally by variety. No relation was found between fresh root yield and Δ, but significant correlations were found between Δ and sucrose content (positive) and between Δ and root α‐amino‐N (negative). Also, the harvest index, determined at one site, was negatively correlated with Δ.     

氮肥基追比对不同穗型优质小麦产量及品质的影响

研究了总施氮量240kg/hm^2的条件下，氮肥基追比对不同穗型小麦品种产量与品质的影响。结果表明，增加追氮比例产量增加，品质改善，但不同穗型品种之间存在差异。就多穗型品种而言，少施底氮，重施追氮，产量增加较多，形成时间、评价值及曲线面积等品质指标明显改善；大穗型品种随追氮比例增大品质有所改善，但幅度较小，重施底氮，少量追氮，产量较高。试验结果显示，多穗型品种以氮肥基追比5：5或3：7为宜；大穗型品种以7：3为宜。     

Seasonal Development of Genotypic Differences in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Their Interaction with Water Supply

Depending on genotype, sugar beet can differ considerably in yield and quality characteristics. These are additionally modified by environmental conditions with drought stress recently gaining in importance, restricting growth and altering the chemical composition of the beet. The occurrence and development of these genotypic differences during the vegetation period and their possible interaction with environmental conditions were investigated. In 2002 and 2003, four sugar beet genotypes differing in yield and quality and putative different with regard to drought tolerance were tested in field trials, partly under irrigated conditions, in a total of 10 environments with consecutive harvests starting in early summer. In 2 years of stress and non-stress conditions they exhibited significant differences for taproot and leaf dry matter and the concentration of sucrose, K, Na and α-amino nitrogen in the taproot. These differences existed already in mid-June and virtually did not change any more from this time on. Accordingly, interactions between genotype and harvest date did not occur. For sugar beet, genotype by environment interactions generally do not exist. Water supply, as an important single determinant of the effect of the environment, was studied separately analysing data from selected locations. Under drought conditions, withholding irrigation reduced leaf and taproot growth and root-to-leaf ratio, decreased the percentage of sucrose in dry matter and resulted in an accumulation of α-amino N. Interactions between genotype and water supply did not occur for any of the parameters under study. A genotype-specific high α-amino N content, which might be of advantage for osmoregulation, did not improve the adaptation to drought. Differences in leaf maintenance or taproot-to-leaf ratio during drought also did not affect yield response. Due to the lack of interaction between genotype and harvest date as well as between genotype and irrigation it is concluded that harvest date or climatic factors of the growing region do not have to be taken into consideration when choosing a variety.     

施氮对甜菜不同发育阶段根际氨基酸含量的影响

根际土壤中氨基酸的含量在施氮条件下会发生改变,本研究对施氮后甜菜不同发育阶段根际土壤中氨基酸含量的变化进行测定及分析,选取有机氮吸收效率高与低的甜菜品种各1个,设置施氮(N：150 mg/kg)、不施氮肥(N：0 mg/kg)区。分别在甜菜苗期、叶丛快速生长期、块根糖分积累期、收获期收集根际和非根际土壤,利用高效液相色谱法测定氨基酸的含量。结果表明：甜菜4个时期中总氨基酸含量随甜菜生长呈上升趋势,变化范围为1194.9~1375.63 mg/kg,但在各种氨基酸的变化上又存在着差异。4个时期中施肥处理的土壤与未施肥土壤相比,施肥处理的土壤中氨基酸氮总量高于未施肥处理,高出117.35 mg/kg。其中增幅最大的是中性氨基酸,施肥平均增加91.56 mg/kg。氮高效品种‘KWS8138’对氨基酸的矿化量高于氮低效品种‘Beta176’,高出63.76 mg/kg,根际土壤氨基酸占比受到甜菜生长的显著影响,根际外土壤氨基酸变化并不显著。根际土壤氨基酸含量变化大于根际外土壤。施氮肥增加了土壤氨基酸氮的含量,从而提高了土壤持续供氮能力。     

不同氮素水平下生菜累积硝酸盐能力的品种差异分析

利用盆栽试验研究了生菜3个不同品种（苦苣、大速生、油麦）在不同氮素供应水平（0、0.2、0.4、0.6gN/kg土）下硝酸盐累积能力的差异。研究结果表明：同一氮肥水平下不同品种生菜硝酸盐含量和硝酸还原酶活性均存在显著性差异;在不同氮肥水平下,生菜各个品种硝酸盐含量具有显著差异性,且随氮肥水平的升高,其硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性呈递增趋势。因此,实际生产中选择降低硝酸盐措施时应将降低氮肥施用量及筛选低硝酸盐含量品种同时加以考虑。     

Effect of N Fertilization Rate on Sugar Yield and Non-Sugar Impurities of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) Grown Under Mediterranean Conditions

For three successive growing seasons (1999–2001), a completely randomized block design experiment was established at the surrounding area of each of four sugar beet processing plants of Hellenic Sugar Industry SA, Greece (a total of 12 experiments). Nitrogen was applied at five rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha⁻¹) and six replications per rate. Nitrogen fertilization had site-specific effects on quantitative (fresh root and sugar yields) and qualitative (sucrose content, K, Na, α-amino N) traits. When data were combined over years and sites, fresh root and sugar yields were maximized at high N rates (330.75 and 295 kg N ha⁻¹ respectively), as derived from quadratic functions fitted to data. In three trials, increased N rates had negative effects on root and sugar yield. These sites were characterized by high yield in control plots, light soil texture (sand > 50 %) and low CEC values. When data were converted into relative values (the ratio of the trait values to the control mean of each experiment), root and sugar yield was found to be maximized at higher N rates (350 and 316 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively). Sucrose content was strongly and linearly reduced by the increased N rates when data were combined but a significant reduction with increasing N rates was found in only two sites. Non-sugar impurities (K, Na, α-amino N) were positively related to the increased N rates when data were combined. Sodium and α-amino N showed to be most affected by N fertilization as positive relationships were found in six and eight of 12 locations, respectively. Increased N supply resulted in higher soil NO₃-N concentrations (0–90 cm depth) at harvest which were related with amino N contents in sugar beet roots (in 1999 and 2001).     

不同氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦籽粒产量品质和氮肥利用率的影响

在高肥力条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦籽粒产量、品质、氮肥利用率和土壤中硝态氮累积量的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,施用氮肥对籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量无显著影响,而作为籽粒蛋白质质量指标的沉淀值、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间均明显改善。与分次施用（50%作底肥,50%作追肥）比较,拔节     

中国甜菜产质量主要养分限制因子研究

中国甜菜种植主要分布在东北、西北、华北3个生态区,为探明当前甜菜生产上块根产量和含糖量的主要养分限制因子,分别在3个甜菜产区,通过设置缺素处理,进行了2年23个点的田间小区试验。结果表明：在东北区氮磷对产量限制显著(P＜0.05),硼对产量和钾对含糖的限制作用在所有试验区域均有不同程度表现,甜菜产质量主要限制因子的顺序依次为N＞P＞K＞B＞Zn。在西北区氮和硼是产量的最主要限制因子,缺乏后减产效果均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),各元素对产质量的限制依次为N＞B＞P＞K＞Zn。华北区5种元素对甜菜产量的限制作用均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),其中氮的作用最大,其他4种元素的作用接近,锌对含糖的限制作用达到显著水平(P＜0.05),各因子对甜菜产质量的限制依次为N＞Zn＞B＞P＞K。     

基于灰色关联度分析和主成分分析法评估糖用甜菜品种的适应性

为了筛选出最适宜黑龙江哈尔滨地区种植的产质量高并抗根腐病的糖用甜菜品种。2020年在黑龙江省哈尔滨市黑龙江大学呼兰校区试验基地,以21个引种的KWS系列及1个BTS2730糖用甜菜品种（KWS1197为对照）为试材,采用主成分分析和灰色关联度分析法对根产量、含糖率、产糖量和根腐病4个指标进行综合评价。两种方法得出的甜菜品种的排序大致一致;第一主成分根产量的贡献率为69.704%,第二主成分含糖率的贡献率为26.283%,累计贡献率为95.987%,因此能够全面地反映甜菜的产质量性状;最适合本地种植的综合评价值高于对照的6个品种为：KWS0023(0.8231)>KWS0015(0.7685)> KWS6661(0.7511) >KWS9921(0.7103)>KWS0860(0.7097)>BTS2730(0.7065)>CK(0.6823);其他品种的综合评价值低于对照。主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析能够较为全面得分析甜菜品种,得出的结果具有可靠性。     

基于糖用甜菜品质和产量指数的氮磷钾施肥模型

为了探索适宜糖用甜菜高产优质种植的氮磷钾最佳施肥效应模型,本文以糖用甜菜为研究对象,采用大田回归组合试验,对糖用甜菜栽培中的氮、磷、钾肥因子与糖用甜菜的产量和品质的关系进行研究,采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP)确定了各品质指标(糖度、钾、钠、a-氮)和产量为指标的权重,通过隶属函数对各种施肥处理糖用甜菜的产量和品质进行模糊综合评价,根据评价得分为品质指数初步建立并优化了氮、磷、钾肥因子与糖用甜菜综合品质指数的回归方程。结果表明：大田试验适宜的氮肥施用量为68.89～88.61 kg.ha-1,施磷量为47.94～92.06 kg.ha-1,施钾量为54.34 ～100.66kg.ha-1。     

宿生陆地棉叶片和茎枝NPK及可溶性糖含量分析

摘要：【目的】棉花宿生栽培对于雄性不育系的多年生保持和杂交制种,固定杂种优势、加速杂种优势利用和保存种质资源具有重要意义;探讨一年生陆地棉宿生栽培叶片和茎枝N/P/K、可溶性糖含量,为制订栽培措施提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计,以4个陆地棉品种为供试材料,以一年生为对照,对三年生、二年生宿生陆地棉叶片和茎枝N/P/K、可溶性糖含量进行测定分析。【结果】各处理叶片N/P/K、可溶性糖平均含量分别为3.13%～3.50%、0.49%～0.67%、1.47%～1.78%、4.23%～5.48%,茎枝分别为0.56%～0.82%、0.21%～0.28%、1.14%～1.42%、0.95%～2.15%;不同宿生年限的植株叶片N/P/K含量无显著差异,多数品种一年生植株叶片可溶性糖含量显著高于宿生棉的;高产品种N/P/K含量适中,可溶性糖含量稍低,而低产品种N含量低,P/K、可溶性糖含量较高;随生育进程,叶片全N含量出现由高到低、可溶性糖含量出现由低到高的动态变化趋势,而叶片P/K含量的变化趋势较平稳。【结论】宿生陆地棉与其一年生棉比较,植株叶片N/P/K含量无明显变化,但宿生栽培的中后期应增施N肥,促进营养生长,延缓衰老。     

甜菜不同基因型品种光合特性比较

发展甜菜生产进一步提高其产量和含糖率,对发展工农业生产、增加农民收益有重要的意义。以丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种为材料,研究比较不同基因型品种光合特性及其与产质量形成的关系。结果表明：不同基因型甜菜在各生育期叶片SPAD值、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率的动态变化趋势不同,且存在显著差异。苗期丰产品种的胞间CO₂浓度低于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期丰产品种气孔导度低于高糖品种。块根及糖分增长期丰产品种光合速率高于高糖品种。糖分积累期丰产品种叶片SPAD值低于高糖品种,胞间CO₂浓度高于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期、糖分积累期丰产品种蒸腾速率低于高糖品种。     

优化滴灌制度下不同品种糖用甜菜产质量及光合特性响应研究

为了研究不同灌溉定额下不同品种（标准型、丰产型和高糖型）糖用甜菜的产量、质量和光合特性的响应,在东北地区甜菜4个生长时期进行了7个滴灌处理水平的试验研究,测定不同处理对标准型、丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种的生长情况、光合特征、产量质量及灌溉效率的响应。结果表明,不同灌溉量对不同类型甜菜生长指标、光合参数及产质量影响不同。标准型和高糖型甜菜品种对其生长性状各指标有利的灌溉定额为320~360 m3/ha,3个品种甜菜叶绿素含量对灌溉定额的最佳响应为300~320 m3/ha。标准甜菜品种随着灌溉量的增加并不利于其进行光合作用,而高糖型与丰产型甜菜品种随灌溉量的增加在叶丛快速生长期对叶片蒸腾速率的影响显著,在320 m3/ha灌溉量处理下光合效率较好。随着灌溉量的增加,标准型甜菜品种根产量增加;当灌溉量达320 m3/ha时,丰产型甜菜品种根产量不再升高而保持平稳、高糖型甜菜品种糖度下降。叶片水分利用效率在生育期前期总体上要高于生育后期,增加灌溉量并不能提高不同类型甜菜品种的灌溉水生产效率。在本研究特定区域内优化不同品种甜菜的灌溉制度可改善甜菜生长和产质量,并为建立甜菜灌溉模型提供理论基础。     

Sucrose Accumulation in Sugar Beet Under Drought Stress

Drought stress may affect sucrose accumulation of sugar beet by restricting leaf development and storage root growth. The objective of this study was to identify changes occurring in the storage root of Beta beets in growth characteristics and ions and compatible solutes accumulation under drought with regard to sucrose accumulation. Two pot experiments were conducted: (1) sugar beet well supplied with water (100 % water capacity), under continuous moderate (50 %) and severe drought stress (30 %), (2) sugar beet and fodder beet well supplied with water (100 %) and under continuous severe drought stress (30 %). Under drought stress, the ratio of storage root to leaf dry matter of sugar beet decreased indicating a different partitioning of the assimilates. The sucrose concentration of the storage root was reduced. In the root, the number of cambium rings was only slightly affected, although drought stress was implemented already 6 weeks after sowing. In contrast, the distance between adjacent rings and the cell size was considerably restricted, which points to a reduced expansion of existing sink tissues. The daily rate of sucrose accumulation in the root showed a maximum between 16 and 20 weeks after sowing in well‐watered plants, but it was considerably reduced under drought stress. The concentration of compatible solutes (K, Na, amino acids, glycine betaine, glucose and fructose) decreased during growth, while it was enhanced because of drought. However, when sucrose concentration was added, a constant sum of all examined solutes was found throughout the vegetation period. It was similar in sugar beet and in fodder beet despite different concentrations of single solutes, and the total sum was not affected by water supply. A close negative relationship between the concentration of compatible solutes and sucrose occurred. It is therefore concluded that the accumulation of compatible solutes in the storage root of Beta beets under drought might be a physiological constraint limiting sucrose accumulation.     

施肥对甜菜生长季中黑土氮素时空变异特征效应

为揭示施肥对甜菜生长季节黑土氮形态动态变化规律,采用不同施肥处理研究甜菜生长季（5—9 月）东北黑土0~90 cm无机氮（铵态氮和硝态氮）和有机氮各组分（酸解总氮、氨态氮、氨基糖态氮、氨基酸态氮、酸解未知态氮及非酸解态氮）时空动态变异特征。结果表明,施肥处理在甜菜生育前期（5—7 月）对铵态氮和硝态氮时空变化有显著影响。土壤硝态氮主要分布在0~50 cm 且含量高于铵态氮,相比无肥有作物对照(CK2),施氮肥处理在甜菜幼苗期增加了土壤0~30 cm铵态氮和硝态氮含量,同时增加块根糖分增长期（7 月）土壤0~70 cm硝态氮的消耗。与不施氮相比,施氮肥可以增加0~30 cm土壤酸解总氮、氨态氮和氨基酸态氮的含量。土壤酸解总氮、氨态氮和氨基酸态氮含量在0~90 cm呈明显递减的空间梯度变化,但施氮肥处理可以平衡0~50 cm土壤氨基酸含量;土壤氨态氮随着甜菜生育时期进行呈先增加后下降的变化规律;土壤氨基糖态氮含量时空变化不显著;土壤未知态氮含量随时间变化与氨态氮、氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮含量变化趋势相反;施氮肥处理(N120)和无作物对照(CK1)土壤非酸解态氮在甜菜生长后期（7—9 月）均出现深层残留。有机氮各组分含量（除氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮外）随甜菜生育进程遵循三次曲线方程的分布规律;甜菜生长过程中,土壤酸解有机氮组分中的氨态氮和氨基酸态氮为无机氮主要贡献者。