Thrombocytopenia in Newcastle disease: haematological evaluation and histological study of bone marrow

A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated in Mexico and called Chimalhuacan strain was characterised by gene F restriction enzyme analysis and found to be a genotype II velogenic virus. Haematological evaluations and histological studies of bone marrow were conducted on chickens experimentally infected with the Chimalhuacan virus and on control chickens. Within 72 hours post infection (hpi), a 50% decrease in thrombocyte and monocyte counts and a complete cellular depletion in bone marrow islands were evident in the infected group. These findings suggest that the Chimalhuacan strain of NDV causes an early and severe damage of the haematopoietic cells including thrombocyte precursors, which might explain the marked thrombocytopenia detected in early stages of this disease.     

Biological and phylogenetic characterization of virulent Newcastle disease virus circulating in Mexico

In 2002-2003, velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus outbreaks, closely related to the Mexican isolates, were confirmed in the United States (U.S.) in southern California, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. In this report, virulent NDVs isolated in Mexico between 1998 and 2006 were subjected to biologic characterization, using standard pathogenicity tests, and to phylogenetic analysis. Chicken embryo mean death time (MDT) test results ranged from 39.7 to 61.5 hours, and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values were between 1.59 and 1.94, compared to a possible maximum value of 2.0. These isolates showed a dibasic amino acid motif at the fusion protein cleavage site sequence required for host systemic replication. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Mexican virulent NDVs belong to the class II, genotype V viruses and can be clearly divided in two groups as follows: isolates from 1998 to 2001 with close epidemiologic relationship with the latest U.S. NDV outbreaks, and phylogenetically distinct viruses, isolated from 2004 to 2006, which showed higher virulence. The assessment of the evolution of viruses from Mexico and other neighboring countries will aid in the U.S surveillance efforts for early detection of highly virulent NDV.     

2005-2006年流行的致病性鹅新城疫病毒的分子流行病学特征

为了对能导致鹅临诊疾病的新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)进行监测,2005-2006年从江苏、安徽2省不同地区的发病鹅群分离、鉴定了10株NDV,并对其中8株病毒的部分生物学特性及分子生物学特征进行了研究.鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)测定结果表明8株病毒皆为NDV强毒株.对融合蛋白(F)和血凝素-神经氨酸酶(HN)基因序列的分析发现,8株病毒中有7株病毒在基因型分类上属于基因Ⅶd亚型,并与1997-2001年间流行的对鹅具有高度致病性的NDV高度同源(95.5%～99.8%),而且这7株病毒的F、HN蛋白具有出现于2001年以前流行的致病性鹅NDV的绝大部分特征性氨基酸,进一步说明这些特征性氨基酸非常保守,可以作为对鹅具有高度致病性的NDV的分子标志.     

徐州地区9株新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

为了解徐州地区鸡新城疫流行现状及防治效果，采集该地区鸡新城疫疑似病料，通过血凝试验和血凝抑制试验，对病料进行病毒分离与鉴定，为鸡新城疫病防治提供参考。结果表明，疑似病料经分离培养、血凝试验和血凝抑制试验，获9株鸡新城疫病毒；1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数表明．其中6株病毒为强毒株（SN03—2012、SN12—2012、SN05—2012、SN012012、LB05—2012、SN04—2010）。     

LaSota vaccination may not protect against the lesions of velogenic newcastle disease in chickens

Two groups of six weeks old cockerels comprising 40 immunized and 40 non-immunized birds were inoculated intramuscularly with VGF-1, which is a local Nigerian strain of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VNDV). Immunized birds did not show any clinical signs except significant loss (p < 0.05) in body weight on days 5 and 20 post inoculation (PI). But the non-immunized birds showed clinical signs of disease characterized by anorexia and drowsiness from day 2 PI. These were followed on day 3 PI by depression, diarrhoea, opisthotonus, weight loss (p < 0.05) and high mortalities (96.9%). Both the immunized and non-immunized groups showed severe atrophy of the bursa, spleen and thymus. Histopathological section of these lymphoid organs showed necrosis and depletion of lymphocytes. Both the gross and microscopic lesions were more severe in the non-immunized birds. Marked ballooning degeneration was observed in the bursal follicles of the non-immunized birds. This lesion has not been described earlier for any other disease and could be diagnostic for VND. Our results also showed that VND can cause marked atrophy of the lymphoid organs, which may lead to immunosupression without the characteristic signs of Newcastle disease (ND) in vaccinated chickens. This no doubt emphasizes the limitation of vaccination as a biosecurity measure in poultry industry. Ezema, W.S., J.O.A. Okoye and Nwanta, J.A., 2008. LaSota vaccination may not protect against the lesions of velogenic Newcastle disease in chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production     

鸭源新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

从病死肉鸭肝脏中分离到2株病毒(ZH1、ZH2),均能够凝集鸡、肉鸭、绵羊、山羊、猪、人、兔、牛等的红细胞,且这种血凝性可被NDV标准阳性血清所抑制.参照NDV毒力判定标准及其方法对分离毒株ZH1、ZH2进行了鸡胚最小致死量平均死亡时间(MDT)、鸡胚半数感染量(EID50)以及1日龄鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)测定,结果ZH1、ZH2株的MDT为52 h和44 h,EID50为106.4/0.1mL和108.64/0.1mL,ICPI为1.93和1.975.表明这2株分离病毒均为NDV强毒株.     

几株鸡新城疫病毒的分离鉴定及其基因型分析

从几个发生禽病的地区分离到6株病毒,经过血凝试验、血凝抑制试验、中和试验、分子生物学试验等确定为鸡新城疫病毒;根据GenBank公布的新城疫F基因强弱毒株相关基因序列设计合成1对特异性引物,扩增出的F基因片段长度约为610 bp,测序后进行序列比对,并分析其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列,结果显示,有3株具有新城疫强毒株特性,同时还具备新城疫Ⅶ基因型特征,另外根据平均死亡时间(MDT)、脑内致病指数(ICPI)和静脉致病指数(IVPI)指标测定结果,最终判定这3株是新城疫强毒株且属于基因Ⅶ型,其余3株病毒分离株与La Sota的核酸序列同源性与氨基酸序列同源性均为99%。     

一株基因Ⅸ型鸭源新城疫病毒F基因的克隆及序列分析

从广东地区疑似患有新城疫的病死雏番鸭群中分离到1株新城疫病毒,命名为GD1002株。毒力测定结果表明,致死鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)、6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)分别为56.0 h、1.64、2.29,符合强毒株的毒力判断标准。利用RT-PCR扩增了该分离株F基因的主要功能区片段,并进行了克隆与序列分析。该分离株F蛋白裂解位点的组成为¹¹²R-R-Q-R-R-F¹¹⁷,具有典型新城疫强毒株的分子特征。F基因第47-420 nt片段基因分型分析表明,该流行株属于基因Ⅸ型。相似性及遗传进化分析结果表明,该分离株与基因Ⅸ型毒株F₄₈E₉、JS/1/97/Ch和FJ/1/85/Ch株有较高同源性和较近的亲缘关系。     

Characterisation of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from NDV vaccinated chickens,and the efficacy of LaSota and recombinant genotype VII vaccines against challenge with velogenic NDV

A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate designated IBS002 was isolated from a commercial broiler farm in Malaysia. The virus was characterised as a virulent strain based on the multiple basic amino acid motif of the fusion (F) cleavage site ¹¹²RRRKGF¹¹⁷ and length of the C-terminus extension of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. Furthermore, IBS002 was classified as a velogenic NDV with mean death time (MDT) of 51.2 h and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) of 1.76. A genetic distance analysis based on the full-length F and HN genes showed that both velogenic viruses used in this study, genotype VII NDV isolate IBS002 and genotype VIII NDV isolate AF2240-I, had high genetic variations with genotype II LaSota vaccine. In this study, the protection efficacy of the recombinant genotype VII NDV inactivated vaccine was also evaluated when added to an existing commercial vaccination program against challenge with velogenic NDV IBS002 and NDV AF2240-I in commercial broilers. The results indicated that both LaSota and recombinant genotype VII vaccines offered full protection against challenge with AF2240-I. However, the LaSota vaccine only conferred partial protection against IBS002. In addition, significantly reduced viral shedding was observed in the recombinant genotype VII-vaccinated chickens compared to LaSota-vaccinated chickens.     

新城疫病毒山东强毒株的分离鉴定

从山东流行烈性传染病的鸡群中分离出7株具有血凝活性的病毒，该7株病毒的血凝活性均能被新城疫La Sota株标准阳性血清所抑制，但病毒不能被中和，仍能致死鸡胚。经分离鉴定，分离毒均为新成疫病毒株。通过鸡胚半致死量（ELD50）、最小致死量致鸡胚的平均时间（MDT）、1日龄雏鸡脑内致死指数（ICPI）、6周龄雏鸡静脉致死指数（IVPI）、血凝解脱及血凝素稳定性等试验表明：7株分离病毒均为新城疫病毒强毒性，其毒力与标准强毒株F48E9株相似。     

Characterization of Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated from Chickens and Ducks in Tamilnadu,India

During 1993, outbreaks of Newcastle disease occurred on many farms in Tamilnadu, India. Six Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from the chickens on five different farms and from the birds on one duck farm during outbreaks of the disease. All the isolates were characterized as velogenic, based on the mean death time, intravenous pathogenicity index, intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), stability of haemagglutinin at 56°C, agglutination of equine erythrocytes, haemagglutination elution pattern and adsorption of haemagglutinin by chick brain cells. The isolate obtained from ducks resembled a group D strain, based on its ICPI and its reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The other five NDV isolates obtained from chickens were placed in groups B(1), C1(2) and D(2) on the basis of their binding patterns with the panel of monoclonal antibodies. In challenge experiments, it was found that LaSota vaccine provided 100% protection against each of these field isolates and against a local NDV strain obtained from the Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Tamilnadu, India, while unvaccinated chickens succumbed to challenge. The possible origin of epizootic viruses causing outbreaks in vaccinated flocks is discussed.     

山东省新城疫病毒的分离、鉴定及其毒力测定

在山东多个疑似新城疫的鸡群中,分离到13株具有血凝性的病毒,与多种阳性血清进行血凝抑制交叉试验,确定11株分离株均为新城疫病毒。为评价ND分离株的致病特性,对此11株病毒的毒力进行了测定,具体包括1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)、6周龄雏鸡静脉内接种致病指数(IVPI)和最低致死量致死鸡胚的平均死亡时间(MDT),结果表明:这些分离株均为新城疫强毒株。     

Characterization of pigeon paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease virus) isolated in South Africa from 2001 to 2006

Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), a variant of Newcastle disease virus that primarily affects doves and pigeons has been isolated in South Africa since the mid-1980s. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 viruses were introduced into South Africa on multiple occasions, based on the presence of two separate lineages, 4bi and 4bii, that have been circulating in Europe and the Far East since the early 1990s. During 2006, a PPMV-1 virus was isolated from an African ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) which became acutely infected with PPMV-1 and died, probably after scavenging off infected dove carcasses in the region, since a closely-related PPMV-1 strain was also isolated from doves collected nearby. The hornbill isolate had ICPI and MDT values characteristic of PPMV-1 strains. The threat of PPMV-1 to poultry production and biodiversity in southern Africa highlights the importance of monitoring the spread of this strain.     

新城疫病毒西藏分离株的生物学特性鉴定及遗传进化分析

从西藏病死藏鸡中分离到具有血凝活性的病毒、经血凝抑制试验、电镜观察、PCR扩增和测序鉴定为新城疫病病毒(NDV),通过动物致病性试验证明该病毒对鸡具有致病性;分离毒株毒力测定结果显示,MDT为120h,EID50为10-8.44、IVPI为0.5、ICPI为0.6,均符合NDV弱毒株特征。血凝解脱及血凝素热稳定性试验显示:各分离株的血凝解脱时间短,血凝素热稳定性较差,符合NDV弱毒株的特征。F基因的序列测定遗传进化分析表明,西藏分离毒株之间的核苷酸序列具有99%的同源性,与疫苗株LaSota的同源性为90%;与国内标准强毒株F48E8同源性为81%。推导其氨基酸序列分析表明,各分离株的F蛋白的裂解位点氨基酸112 G-K-Q-G-R-L117,具有NDV弱毒株特征,与毒力测定结果相符。本研究首次报道了NDV西藏分离毒株遗传进化情况和生物学特性情况,为进一步研究高海拔、缺氧环境下NDV生物学特性变化研究奠定了基础。     

鸡胚中新城疫强毒的分离、鉴定与生物学特性研究

将来自有产蛋下降表现的一个肉用型父母代种鸡群的种蛋在实验室内孵化,每日观察鸡胚死亡情况。在孵化的24个鸡胚中有2个在孵化后8~9 d死亡,尿囊液有血凝性。在HI试验中,NDV单因子血清呈现26的HI滴度,对H9和H5亚型AIV单因子血清不呈血凝抑制活性,由此确定为新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV),分别命名为Tengz060104和Tengz060107。对该2个NDV分离株的生物学毒力指标进行测定,Tengz060104株的MDTI、CPI和IVPI分别为56.4 h、1.88和2.67,Tengz060107株的MDTI、CPI和IVPI分别为40.8 h、1.88和2.79。在6周龄SPF鸡攻毒后产生典型的ND症状的病变。表明来自鸡胚的2个分离株属强毒力、速发型NDV毒株。交叉HI中Tengz060104和Tengz060107相互间的同源性为100%,而与经典NDV毒株F48E8的同源性比较分别是66.7%和57.7%。从鸡胚中分离到新城疫强毒株在国内尚未见报道。     

A reservoir of virulent Newcastle disease virus in village chicken flocks

Village chicken flocks in 6 different regions of Morocco were studied for the presence of Newcastle disease. Three of the regions contained industrialised poultry farming and 3 were isolated mountainous regions with no industrialised poultry farming. Serum samples and tracheal swabs were taken from 100 chickens in each region. Antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were found in chickens from every region. Forty-one isolates of NDV were obtained including some from chickens in every region. Two virus isolates from each region characterised and all were found to be velogenic. Thus, village chicken flocks throughout Morocco harbour a reservoir of virulent NDV, independently of industrialised farms.     

肉鸽新城疫强毒的分离与鉴定

从山东地区发病的肉鸽群中分离到一株新城疫病毒,经测定,其鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50)为107.8,10日龄鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)为52.5h,1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)为1.8,6周龄幼鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)为2.2,证明该NDV为强毒.将该病毒回归非免疫肉鸽,能产生典型的新城疫症状与病变.     

The influence of gender and group membership on food safety: the case of meat sellers in Bodija market,Ibadan, Nigeria

Four Newcastle disease virus isolates were recovered from asymptomatic guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) and Muscovy ducks (Cariana moscata). For the purpose of molecular identification and phylogeny, phylogenetic characterization was performed to identify the pathotypes. All four viruses had a cleavage motif ¹¹²RRQKRF¹¹⁷ which is characteristic of virulent strains. The isolates grouped with viruses previously reported as sub-lineage 5g from chickens in Nigeria. This study report for the first time the identification of the virulent sub-lineage 5g Newcastle disease virus from apparently healthy guinea fowl and domestic ducks in Nigeria, and since infections were sub-clinical, it suggest that these species could play a role in the spread and transmission of virulent Newcastle disease virus that can infect other poultry. The isolation and identification of virulent Newcastle disease virus in these unusual hosts and the high sequence similarity (99.3–100 %) between viruses in this study with strains reported for Niger and Cameroun gives insights into the ecology of virulent Newcastle disease viruses and suggests some cross-border movement and trade in live poultry.