黄曲霉毒素B1免疫检测方法的新进展

黄曲霉毒素是迄今发现毒性最强的一类生物毒素，包括AFB1、AFB2、AFB2a、AFG1、AFG2、AFM1、AFM2、AFQ1、AFQ2a等10余种毒素。作者介绍了黄曲霉毒素B1和M1抗体制备和检测方法的研究进展，通过对各种检测方法优缺点的比较分析，得出结论：寻求安全、快速、准确和经济的检测方法已成为黄曲霉毒素研究中亟待解决的任务之一。     

良好的检测可以预防霉菌毒素超标

<正>在欧盟已有对呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮,赭曲霉毒素A,伏马菌素,T-2和HT-2毒素的建议。黄曲霉毒素及其代谢产物欧盟已经设定了最大允许浓度。根据饲喂对象及年龄的敏感性,在配合饲料中允许浓度将在5~20μg/kg。在美国和加拿大的允许的最大浓度为20μg/kg,在南非则不被允许。黄曲霉毒素的代谢产物黄曲霉毒素家族包括AFB1,AFB2,AFG1,AFG2及其代谢产物AFM1。AFB1和代谢产物AFM1的危害性最大。如果饲料中含有AFB1或AFM1,可以通过肝脏代谢并分泌     

全自动免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定饼粕类饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素

研究旨在建立全自动免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)同时测定饼粕类饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2)含量的分析方法。通过比较不同提取条件和净化方式对黄曲霉毒素(AFs)检测结果的影响，确定较佳前处理方法。样品经40%乙腈提取、磷酸盐缓冲液稀释，采用自动免疫亲和柱净化，得到的样品溶液使用LC-MS/MS进行定量分析。基于上述方法对花生粕、豆粕、棉籽粕等饲料原料样品进行分析测定，结果表明：AFs在0.02～10.00 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(R²≥0.995 0)，方法定量限为0.1μg/kg，平均回收率为82.2%～109.8%,RSD≤8.9%。该方法可批量自动化处理样品，提高工作效率，避免因人员操作导致的结果偏差，适合于饲料原料中多种AFs的精准测定。     

奶牛饲料黄曲霉毒素B_1污染及控制技术研究进展

黄曲霉毒素(AFs)具有极强毒性,在奶牛业中危害最大的是AFB1和AFM1。论文从饲料种类、季节及地域不同分析饲料黄曲霉毒素B1污染现状,并综述了物理、化学及生物等脱毒解毒技术研究进展。     

饲喂黄曲霉毒素B_1对奶山羊乳中黄曲霉毒素M_1分泌规律与转化率的影响

为研究饲粮中添加单一剂量黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)后奶山羊乳中黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1)的分泌规律及AFB1转化为AFM1的转化率,选择3只健康、体重接近的泌乳中期关中奶山羊,每只羊饲喂1 mg AFB1。饲喂后0、4、8、24、32、48、56、72、80、96、104及120 h采集羊乳,测定AFM1含量。结果表明:1)饲喂AFB1前(0 h),羊乳中未检出AFM1,但是饲喂AFB1后4 h,在收集的羊乳中均检出了AFM1;2)3只试验在羊乳中AFM1含量存在差异,但是其分泌规律非常相似,均呈先升高后急剧下降再缓慢下降的趋势;3)羊乳中AFM1的峰值出现在饲喂AFB1后4~8 h;4)羊乳中AFM1平均含量在56 h时为0.39μg/kg,低于我国限量值(0.5μg/kg),到120 h平均含量为0.02μg/kg,低于欧盟限量值(0.05μg/kg);5)各时间点AFB1转化为AFM1的最大平均转化率为0.19%,出现在4 h;6)饲喂AFB1后24 h内的AFM1平均转化率之和占AFM1总转化率的81%。结果提示,AFM1在奶山羊乳中的排出时间主要集中在采食AFB1后的24 h内。     

黄曲霉毒素的生物毒性及其在奶畜体内转移规律北大核心CSCD

黄曲霉毒素(AF)是一种真菌毒素,广泛存在于各种饲料原料中。黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)是毒性最强的一种AF,常污染奶畜饲料。在动物体内,AFB1氧化代谢成黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1),AFM1可分泌到奶畜乳中。本文综述了AF的理化性质、有害生物学效应与机制、生物转化及其向奶畜乳、尿液、粪便和组织转移的规律。     

黄曲霉毒素的生物毒性及其在奶畜体内转移规律

黄曲霉毒素(AF)是一种真菌毒素,广泛存在于各种饲料原料中。黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)是毒性最强的一种AF,常污染奶畜饲料。在动物体内,AFB1氧化代谢成黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1),AFM1可分泌到奶畜乳中。本文综述了AF的理化性质、有害生物学效应与机制、生物转化及其向奶畜乳、尿液、粪便和组织转移的规律。     

黄曲霉毒素检测方法研究概况

黄曲霉毒素是一类真菌毒素,主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生。污染饲料的主要是AFBl、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2,其中AFBl的毒性最强。人们已经建立了多种检测黄曲霉毒素的方法,其中部分方法已经发展成熟,应用于生产实践。     

中西医诊治犬黄曲霉毒素中毒病

黄曲霉素是由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉和软毛青霉等产生的代谢产物.在自然条件下产生主要有AFB1、AEB2、AFG1、AFG2四种,其中AFB1含量最高,毒性最大,其毒素对肝脏、造血、机体血液循环,消化等产生显著损害,并可诱发癌变.笔者曾收治95只犬因黄曲霉素中毒病例,采用中西结合治疗,取得理想疗效.     

黄曲霉毒素生物合成及代谢转换的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AFs)是真菌产生的有机代谢产物,具有强烈的生物毒性,广泛存在于饲料原料和各类饲料之中。本文综述了AFs的产生条件、合成途径以及AFB1在动物体内的代谢转化,旨为黄曲霉毒素的防控和动物健康养殖提供参考。     

The significance of mycotoxin assimilation for the contamination of milk and milk products

The two possible pathways contaminating milk and milk products with mycotoxins are either the secretory or post-secretory route. The latter is of only little importance due to cooling conditions in production and storage. A secretory contamination can only occur with such mycotoxins, which undergo no complete degradation through their passage into the milk. From the mycotoxins, present in cow's feed; virtually only aflatoxin B1 yields a milkborne metabolite, the aflatoxin M1. The carry over rate is low (2 +/- 1%), but can be enhanced by polyhalogenated biphenyls, also present in the forage. Under normal conditions, however, this enhancement will not be measurable due to low equimolar concentrations of both reactants. The aflatoxin M1 content in herd's bulk milk depends exclusively on the content of the precursor aflatoxin B1 in the ration of the cow and is with less than 10 ng/kg fairly low at present in the Federal Republic of Germany. A careful supervision of the imported feed ingredients for mixed feed, however, will ensure to keep those batches out of dairy cow feeding which exceed a certain level of aflatoxin. The legal threshold is 10 micrograms/kg, being even too high to ensure a milk containing less than 10 ng/kg under high energy feeding conditions. The discussed thresholds for aflatoxin M1 in milk are 50 and 10 ng/kg resp., the latter value is scheduled for milk used in infant nutrition. To keep this low concentration the intake of aflatoxin B1 must be less than 2 micrograms/kg of the daily ration.     

奶牛养殖业中黄曲霉素污染和预防控制

奶牛摄入含有较高黄曲霉菌及毒素的饲料,奶牛代谢功能受到损害,抑制免疫机能,使得乳房炎增加,产奶量下降及奶牛体质下降。黄曲霉毒素B1在奶牛体内转换为黄曲霉毒素M1,并分布在牛奶中,人食用含有超标黄曲霉毒素Ml的牛奶后,能使人发生肝炎、肝癌[1]。作者从事奶牛科学养殖技术服务工作,为了预防和控制奶牛场黄曲霉毒素的危害,提供有关黄曲霉素危害、预防控制措施,有一定的利用性。     

原料黄曲霉对牛奶品质的影响

黄曲霉毒素是一类主要由黄曲霉菌和寄生曲霉菌产生的代谢产物,其中以黄曲霉毒素 B1最为多见,危害性也最强,而牛奶检测超标的黄曲霉毒素 M1则是黄曲霉毒素 B1的代谢产物。目前各个国家对各种食品中的黄曲霉毒素 B1以及黄曲霉毒素 M1的含量都有严格限制。本文就黄曲霉毒素的产生、危害、检测、饲料黄曲霉毒素的控制措施等方面进行了简述,以期对奶牛生产有指导意义。     

Absorption and distribution patterns of aflatoxicol and aflatoxins B1 and M1 in blood and milk of cows given aflatoxin B1

Two 600-kg lactating cows were each given a single oral dose (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) of aflatoxin B1 (B1). Samples were obtained at postdosing hours 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 and thereafter every 12 hours for 10 days. Aflatoxicol (Ro), B1, and aflatoxin M1 (M1) were found in the milk, plasma, and RBC of both cows at postdosing hour 1. Maximum concentrations of the toxins were observed at 12 and 60 hours. The ratio of the concentrations for Ro, B1, and M1 was approximately 1:10:100. Both cows had clinical signs of distress at 24 hours; 1 cow died at 60 hours and the other cow recovered within 4 days. In the samples of liver, kidney, urine, bile, and rumen contents of the cow that died, the B1 concentrations were 5.1, 3.3, 4.1, 1.6, and 320 ng/g, respectively, and the M1 concentrations were 4.3, 20, 37, 16, and 8.6 ng/g. The Ro concentrations in the kidney were approximately equal to that of B1; however, liver, urine, bile, and rumen contents concentrations were 0.88, 0.10, 0.36, and 4.9 ng/g, respectively.     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0g、10g、15g、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,实验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间统计差异并不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与添加15g相比并无明显变化。研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂不同量的添加,均可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

Inhibition of aflatoxin M1 production by bovine hepatocytes after intervention with oltipraz

It is well known that cattle ingesting aflatoxin B1 contaminated feed commodities excrete aflatoxin M1 into their milk. As aflatoxin M1 originates from hepatic metabolism, measures to prevent aflatoxin M1 formation need to be directed to either the immobilization of aflatoxin B1 in the gastrointestinal tract or the modification of hepatic metabolism of aflatoxin B1. Here we studied the influence of oltipraz and a second dithiolthione, (1,2) dithiolo (4,3-c)-1,2-dithiole-3,6 dithione (DDD) on bovine hepatic aflatoxin B1 biotransformation. Oltipraz inhibited aflatoxin B1 metabolism as no aflatoxin M1 and no aflatoxin B1-dihydrodiol, the second metabolite found in bovine hepatocytes, was formed. DDD did not significantly inhibit aflatoxin B1 metabolism. It could be demonstrated that the inhibition of aflatoxin B1 metabolism was due to the inhibition of several cytochrome P450 enzyme activities by oltipraz. In contrast, DDD inhibited only ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activity. These findings suggest a high efficacy of oltipraz in inhibiting aflatoxin M1 contamination of milk from dairy cows exposed to aflatoxin B1 contaminated feeds.     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0、10、15、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,试验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间差异不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与15g间无明显变化。因此,本研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂添加量的增加,可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M1检测方法的研究进展

近年来由于国内外乳品安全问题层出不穷,作为乳品中广泛存在的一类剧毒物——黄曲霉毒素越发地引起了人们的关注。黄曲霉毒素具有强烈的致癌性、致畸性及诱变性,已被证实可对人和动物的健康造成极大伤害,牛乳中以其代谢产物黄曲霉毒素M1最为常见。本文阐述了牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M1的来源与危害,并重点介绍了对其检测方法的研究进展。     

生鲜牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M_1快速检测报告

[目的]为快速、准确检测出生鲜牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M1,保证牛奶卫生安全。[方法]采用SNAP黄曲霉毒素M1快速检测试剂盒检测生鲜牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M1。在2012年4月、9月和2013年6月分别对新疆巴州辖区内16个奶站的奶缸、奶牛养殖小区、运输车辆分别抽16份生鲜乳样品检测黄曲霉毒素M1。[结果]16份生鲜乳样品中检测黄曲霉毒素M1,结果全部为阴性。[结论]对巴州辖区内16个奶站的奶缸、奶牛养殖小区、运输车辆进行了生鲜牛乳黄曲霉毒素M1抽样检测项目,16份生鲜牛乳样品结果全部为阴性,未检出黄曲霉毒素M1,合格率为100%。     

Distribution of orally administered aflatoxin B 1 in the tissues and organs of the goat (Capra)]

In the experiment the goat was administered an amount of 450 mg aflatoxin B1. The milk taken during the experiment was lyophilized and aflatoxins B1 and M1 were isolated. After the death of the goat some tissues, blood and bile of the experimental animal were analyzed to find out the aflatoxin content.