红壤坡地茶园蒸腾速率及其环境影响因子的研究

试验研究红壤坡地茶园植株蒸腾作用结果表明 ,茶园植株蒸腾速率呈明显早、晚低 ,中午高的日变化趋势 ,且蒸腾速率日际变化有一定差异。气温与净辐射为影响茶园植株蒸腾作用的主要气象因子。蒸腾速率与叶片气孔导度关系密切 ,且随气孔导度的增加而增大。并探讨了植物蒸腾驱动力及其抑制的可能性 ,气孔行为的调节与水分利用效率。     

不同施肥处理对香梨膨果期光合特性的影响

在田间条件下,利用CIRAS-2型光合仪对不同施肥处理的库尔勒香梨膨果期光合特性日变化进行了测定.结果表明:香梨叶片净光合速率日变化表现为双峰曲线,峰型较弱或不明显,具有光合“午休”现象.气孔导度和气孔限制值的日变化与净光合速率日变化基本保持一致,呈双峰型,气孔导度峰型明显而气孔限制值峰型较弱.胞间CO2浓度日变化与净光合速率相反,呈双谷型.蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,水分利用效率日变化则呈单谷型.施肥对香梨叶片的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和光合特性都有显著影响.不同施肥处理下,香梨叶片的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数施肥效应均表现为:N＞P＞K.光合特性施肥效应各不相同,净光合速率与水分利用效率表现为:K＞P＞N,蒸腾速率表现为:P＞N＞K,气孔导度表现为:K＞N＞P.     

不同水分条件下核桃蒸腾速率与光合速率的研究

在黄土高原半干旱区,采用LI-1600稳态气孔仪和LI-6200便携式光合测定仪对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽核桃的生理指标进行了观测,研究土壤含水量对核桃蒸腾速率与光合速率的影响.结果表明,不同土壤含水量条件下核桃蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化具有显著的差异.当土壤体积含水量在5%以下时,核桃气孔导度很低,蒸腾速率日变化也不明显;当体积含水量为10%和15%时,蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率随着土壤水分的增加而升高,而且具有明显的日变化.土壤含水量越低,核桃叶片气孔导度与蒸腾速率和光合速率的相关性越差.通过对比得出,核桃光合作用适宜土壤体积含水量为10%～15%;土壤体积含水量控制在15%时核桃的水分利用效率达到较好状态.     

土壤水分及环境因子对刺楸叶片气体交换的影响

通过测定不同土壤水分条件下,3a生盆栽刺楸苗木的气体交换参数及其周围环境因子,探讨土壤水分及微气候因子对光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等气体交换参数的影响规律。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,刺楸叶片蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度总体上表现出减小的趋势,且随着胁迫的加剧,下降的幅度越大,蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度在重度、中度、轻度胁迫下日均值分别比对照下降6 6 % ,2 5 %和16 % ,81% ,30 %及5 1% ,70 % ,17%和14 %。随着土壤水分的减少,净光合速率下降逐渐由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制,水分利用效率并未完全表现出下降的趋势,日平均值表现为对照>中度>轻度>重度。逐步回归分析表明,刺楸苗木叶片水气交换参数,不仅受土壤水分的影响,同时也受外界环境因子的综合影响,且影响程度差异较大,回归方程相关系数较好     

晋西黄土区人工刺槐林生理生态特点分析与研究

采用Li-cor 6400便携式光合仪,对山西省吉县蔡家川流域试验区内刺槐的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其环境因子进行了观测,并辅以不同水分梯度下的林木生理指标观测与比较,研究了生理指标与环境因子之间的相互关系.结果表明:刺槐在生长过程中没有充足水分供应时,光合速率会出现负值;蒸腾日变化曲线单峰或双峰取决于土壤水分条件;各环境因子之间呈显著相关关系,综合作用于蒸腾速率,其中光合有效辐射是蒸腾速率的主要影响因子;气孔导度与相对湿度的变化一致,它们之间显著相关,呈二次项曲线关系.     

不同土壤水分供应与施锌对玉米水分代谢的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分状况下及施锌对玉米植株水分状况、水分生理特征的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,玉米叶片含水量和水势降低,植株体内自由水分的含量减少,而束缚水含量略有增加,离体叶片失水速率小;叶片气孔阻力增加,导度下降,蒸腾作用和光合速率受到抑制。施锌后玉米叶片的水势和鲜重含水量没有明显变化,但玉米叶片气孔阻力降低,气孔导度增加,叶片蒸腾速率和光合作用速率加大。干旱胁迫下,施锌对玉米植株体内水分生理代谢有一定的调节作用,但是在土壤水分供应充足时,施锌更能增强玉米水分生理代谢,提高水分利用效率。     

杨树无性系蒸腾速率及其影响因子的研究

对山东省高密市栽植的7个杨树无性系的蒸腾速率及其影响因子进行了研究,结果表明:7个杨树无性系的气孔导度与蒸腾速率变化趋势基本一致,白天变化趋势均成单峰型,7个杨树无性系的最大蒸腾速率大小顺序为:I-107>NL95>L35>L323>中林46>中天杨>NL895,白天测定时段的平均蒸腾速率大小顺序为:I-107>L35>NL95>L323>中林46>中天杨>NL895,蒸腾速率与气孔导度的相关性最显著,气孔导度和蒸腾速率与各影响因子呈很好的多元线性函数关系,7个杨树无性系的蒸腾速率与树高、胸径和单株材积呈正相关关系.     

硝普纳对干旱、复水循环状态下不同马铃薯品种光合特性的影响

为明确硝普纳(SN)喷施对不同水分状态下马铃薯品种光合特性的影响,本试验采用0.01mmol·L~(-1)的SN溶液喷施现蕾期的马铃薯品种大西洋和底西瑞植株,然后进行控水、复水循环处理,测定光合指标的变化。结果表明,未喷施SN的大西洋和底西瑞叶片中脱落酸(ABA)含量均表现为干旱升高、复水降低,气孔导度、水分蒸发速率及光合速率则表现为干旱降低、复水升高。喷施SN提高了大西洋植株在整个处理阶段叶片的ABA含量、光合速率及干旱状态下叶片的叶绿素含量(SPAD)值,降低了水分蒸发速率和干旱状态下的气孔导度;SN喷施提高了底西瑞植株在整个处理阶段叶片的SPAD值、光合速率,降低了叶片的气孔导度、水分蒸发速率。喷施SN底西瑞和大西洋单株产量分别提高了24.79%和3.75%。进一步分析表明,底西瑞和大西洋植株的光合速率与水分蒸腾速率均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9273和0.8183。由此可知,喷施SN可促进马铃薯不同水分状态下叶片气孔关闭,降低叶片水分蒸发速率,对光合速率和单株块茎产量有提高作用。本研究为明确SN在马铃薯光合特性上的调控机理提供了理论依据,对马铃薯加工品种的抗旱栽培具有实践指导意义。     

地表覆盖及生理生态因子对苹果树光合特性的影响

以9年生长枝富士苹果树为研究对象,利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统监测不同地表覆盖模式下盛果期苹果树净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化,并对与净光合速率和蒸腾速率相关的环境因子及生理子的相互关系进行分析.结果表明,清耕和生草处理的净光合速率(Pn)日变化为双峰型,地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂石覆盖的净光合速率(Pn)日变化进程为单峰型;蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均为单峰型.净光合速率(Pn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温(Ta)、叶温(Tl)均呈二次曲线关系;与大气相对湿度(RH)、气孔导度(Gs)呈显著正相关;与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关.蒸腾速率(Tr)与光合有效辐射(PAR)为幂指数关系;与大气相对湿度(RH)呈二次曲线关系;与气温(Ta)、叶温(Tl)、气孔导度(Gs)呈显著正相关;与胞间CO2浓度(Gi)显著负相关.砂石覆盖和秸秆覆盖的净光合速率最大,不同覆盖模式下蒸腾速率日均值差异不显著,不同覆盖模式下苹果树的光合特性与各项环境因子和生理因子密切相关.     

UV-B增强下施钾对大麦抽穗期生理特性日变化的影响

通过大田试验,研究在UV-B增强条件下,不同施钾量对大麦抽穗期叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用率等生理指标日变化的影响。UV-B辐射设2水平,即对照(CK,自然光,辐射强度1.5 KJ/(m2·h))和增强120%(1.8 KJ/(m2·h));施钾量设2水平,即低钾(K1,K2O 73 kg/hm2)和高钾(K2,K2O 150 kg/hm2)。结果表明,UV-B增强降低大麦的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率。增施钾肥可提高叶片中叶绿素的含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾效率,但对大麦胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率的影响不明显。增施钾肥可减缓UV-B增强对大麦净光合速率的抑制作用,但不能减缓UV-B增强对大麦气孔导度和蒸腾速率的抑制作用。     

不同土壤水分下侧柏苗木光合特性和水分利用效率的研究

在黄土半干旱区,采用人工控制土壤水分的方法,使用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,对侧柏苗木净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度及其相应的环境因子进行了测定。结果表明:不同土壤水分状况下侧柏苗木光合速率日变化曲线呈“双峰”型,均有不同程度的“午休”现象,且上午的光合速率明显高于下午;气孔导度受水分和光热胁迫的影响,日变化曲线呈凹型;胞间CO2浓度受空气CO2浓度和气孔导度的双重影响,呈现出早晚高,正午低的日变化进程;水分利用效最高值出现在上午较早的时分,且上午的水分利用效率明显高于下午;随着土壤水分的增加,净光合速率和蒸腾速率升高,而水分利用效率降低。根据Farquhar和Sharkey的观点,造成净光合速率下降的原因既有气孔限制又有非气孔限制因素,上午净光合速率下降的主要是由气孔限制因素造成的,午间和下午光合速率的降低则主要归因于叶肉细胞羧化效率的降低。     

控制灌溉水稻气孔导度变化规律试验研究

根据江西示范区的现场试验资料,分析了晚稻叶片气孔导度的日变化以及全生育期内的变化规律,分析了控制灌溉条件下叶片气孔导度与外界影响因子等的相互关系,并对气孔导度进行了模拟。结果表明：气孔导度在不同的土壤水分条件下表现出不同的日变化规律,较低的土壤水分加大了其在中午的下降幅度;全生育期气孔导度先升后降,并随土壤水分降低而降低,灌水后出现反弹;叶气温差是影响气孔导度的关键因素;在一定的空气温度和CO₂浓度范围内,气孔导度随之增加而增加,超出该范围后,则出现下降趋势。引入叶气温差考虑土壤水分与植物水分亏缺的影响,建立了改进的Leuning-Ball模型,模型对大田试验数据的解释能力有所提高。     

GAS EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF TRITICALE SEEDLINGS UNDER DIFFERENT NITROGEN SUPPLY AND WATER STRESS

The effect of nitrogen (30 and 120 mg N per cuvette) on photosynthetic rate of four cultivars of triticale (‘Bolero’, ‘Grado’, ‘Largo’, and ‘Lasko’) grown 14 days in phytotron was strongly modified by water content (75, 45 and 35% of full water capacity). For plants grown under 35% of full water capacity, it was higher when they were grown under 30 than under 120 mg N/cuvette (9.88 and 8.76 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1, respectively) but for plants grown under 45 and 75% of full water capacity there were not significant differences. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency, and internal water use efficiency were not influenced by nitrogen doses independently of water content. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency, and dry matter of studied cultivars of triticale grown under 45 and 35% of full water capacity and both nitrogen doses were lower than for plants grown under 75% of full water capacity. With lowering of water content stomatal conductance was decreasing similarly as photosynthetic rate e.g. for plants grown under 35% of full water capacity as compared with those grown under 75% of full water capacity average stomatal conductance decreased from 0.209 to 0.138 mol H₂O m^?2 s^?1 and photosynthetic rate from 13.69 to 9.32 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 and as a result there were not significant differences in internal water use efficiency for all studied combinations (67.09 μmol CO₂ mol^?1 H₂O) which shows that stomatal factors were mainly responsible for changes of photosynthetic rate. With lowering of water content from 75 to 35% of full water capacity the decrease of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance was much higher than the decreases of transpiration (from 3.57 to 3.02 mmol H₂O m^?2 s^?1) what shows not direct dependence of transpiration on stomatal conductance (water use efficiency decreased from 3.87 to 3.10 μmol CO₂ mmol^?1 H₂O). The effect of nitrogen on dry matter production was strongly modified by water availability e.g. for plants grown under 35% of full water capacity, dry matter was similarly independent of nitrogen dose but for plants grown under 45 and 75% of full water capacity dry matter was significantly higher than when they were grown under 120 (79.05 and 86.75 mg, respectively) or with 30 mg N/cuvette (74.03 and 80.30 mg, respectively).     

Silicon Decreases Transpiration Rate and Conductance from Stomata of Maize Plants

ABSTRACT

To characterize the effect of silicon (Si) on decreasing transpiration rate in maize (Zea mays L.) plants, the transpiration rate and conductance from both leaves and cuticula of maize plants were measured directly. Plants were grown in nutrient solutions with and without Si under both normal water conditions and drought stress [20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration in nutrient solution] treatments. Silicon application of 2 mmol L^?1 significantly decreased transpiration rate and conductance for both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface, but had no effect on transpiration rate and conductance from the cuticle. These results indicate that the role of Si in decreasing transpiration rate must be largely attributed to the reduction in transpiration rate from stomata rather than cuticula. Stomatal structure, element deposition, and stomatal density on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a light microscope. Results showed that changes in neither stomatal morphology nor stomatal density could explain the role of Si in decreasing stomatal transpiration of maize plants. Silicon application with H₄SiO₄ significantly increased Si concentration in shoots and roots of maize plants. Silicon concentration in shoots of maize plants was higher than in roots, whether or not Si was applied. Silicon deposits in cell walls of the leaf epidermis were mostly in the form of polymerized SiO₂.     

遮荫对番茄单叶水分利用效率的影响研究

通过逐个分析3种遮荫水平下各参数变化对番茄单叶水分利用效率(WUE)的影响表明,各环境因子以综合复杂的方式影响水分利用效率,其中气孔阻力和水汽压差随环境因子变化最为重要。夏季晴天午间遮荫处理的气孔阻力和水汽压差明显小于对照,气孔阻力的增加有利于提高单叶水分利用效率,但水汽压差的增大又使单叶水分利用效率降低。由于环境因子日变化的非对称性和2种机制的相互作用,导致3种遮荫水平下单叶水分利用效率的日变化呈浅“L”型,并在12:00～15:00时40％遮荫处理的单叶水分利用效率比对照平均增加22.9％,而75％遮荫处理的单叶水分利用效率平均比对照显著减少28.1％,表明夏季晴天午间充足供水条件下适度遮荫可提高番茄单叶水分利用效率。     

水肥(氮)对小麦生理生态的影响 (Ⅱ )水肥 (氮 )对小麦叶片细胞间隙CO_2 浓度和气孔导度的影响

小麦叶片细胞间隙CO2浓度Cint全天最高值出现在早上,其日变化曲线呈"　　"型。Cint日变化在9:00后,大致呈现随施氮量增加而下降的趋势。在午前,低水处理Cint日变化较高水处理要高,午后则下降到较低的位置。各处理Cint时段变化随施氮量增加而下降,土壤水胁迫处理Cint各时期最低。小麦叶片气孔导度(Gs)在中午达到峰值,其日变化呈现"W"字型。4月20日Gs最高。Gs日变化随施氮量的增加而下降;低水叶片Gs在上午相对较高,下午则相反。Gs时段变化,低氮处理相对较高,高水与胁迫处理Gs较其它处理显著降低。     

小麦叶片CO2/H2O交换参数 对不同供水条件的响应

Daily change of gas exchange parameter of wheat leaves was measured under different water conditions, the result have showed that, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercelluar CO₂ concentration are obvious change in daily. The trend of this change was differ from different water supply and it was influenced by many environment factors, such as soil water status, light, air temperature, and air humidity et al., but mainly determinated by stomatal conductance and photosynthetic characteristic of chloroplast.     

Effect of Shading on Gas Exchange of Cotton Leaves Under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents1

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.