逆境胁迫下ABA与钙信号转导途径之间的相互调控机制

Ca^2＋信号是植物应答各种逆境胁迫响应的一个重要组分,它在植物抗病、抗虫及适应非生物胁迫反应中起着重要的作用。Ca^2＋信号作为第二信使在激素信号转导尤其是ABA信号转导过程中发挥着重要作用。研究表明,当植物受到如干旱、低温、盐害等环境胁迫时,细胞迅速积累ABA,胞内钙离子浓度瞬间升高,然后钙离子浓度呈现忽高忽低的震荡现象。在植物细胞中发现Ca^2＋／CDPK、Ca^2＋／CaM和Ca^2＋／CBL三类钙信号系统,它们与逆境胁迫信号转导密切相关。本文通过综述植物在逆境条件下,ABA与钙信号的产生、转导及产生适应性和抗性等方面,介绍了ABA与钙信号之间的相互调节机制。     

巴哈雀稗PnDREB2基因克隆及时序表达图谱构建

脱水反应元件结合蛋白(DREBs)在植物非生物逆境胁迫中可调节下游一系列抗逆基因的表达。为探究巴哈雀稗DREB2基因在逆境胁迫下的功能,本研究采用RNA-Seq结合RT-PCR技术从巴哈雀稗中获得一个DREB2基因CDS区全序列,命名为PnDREB2(GenBank登录号:MH150946)。核苷酸序列分析表明,该基因开放阅读框全长774 bp,编码257个氨基酸,相对分子质量为28.09 kD,理论等电点为5.25;该植物蛋白中具有DREB类基因家族典型的保守域AP2结构域,属于DREB2类转录因子A类中A2亚类的亚型1。进化和聚类分析结果表明,巴哈雀稗PnDREB2基因与高粱、割手密、玉米、谷子及牛鞭草亲缘关系较近,氨基酸序列同源性分别为91.10%、89.50%、88.20%、87.60%和87.60%。RT-qPCR和生物信息学分析表明,PnDREB2基因在茎中表达量最高,幼穗次之,叶最低;表达产物定位于细胞质中,具有26个磷酸化位点,并具有结构和功能的特异性。PnDREB2表达量受干旱(PEG-6000,20%)和高温(40℃)的强烈诱导,同时也受到高盐(NaCl,300 mmol·L^-1)、低温(4℃)、脱落酸(ABA,100 μmol·L^-1)和赤霉素(GA,100 μmol·L^-1)等非生物胁迫和激素的不同程度诱导,随着处理时间的延长,整体上均呈先增加后降低的趋势。本试验为巴哈雀稗抗逆分子机理研究与抗性增强的转基因材料培育奠定了理论基础。     

外源ABA缓解黄瓜幼苗中低温诱导的氧化损伤

摘要：脱落酸作为胁迫激素可提高植物对胁迫的抵抗能力,但亚适温下合理应用脱落酸提高植物抗性的研究较少。该文研究了脱落酸(ABA)预处理对亚低温环境下津研4号（低温敏感型品种）和中农27号（耐低温品种）的影响。于黄瓜三叶期分别喷施200 μmol/L ABA或清水,预处理12 h后分为2组,放入温度分别为25/18℃（昼/夜）和10/10℃（昼/夜）2个人工气候室培养7 d。测定电导率、组织含水量、叶绿素含量,抗氧化酶活性以及相关酶的基因表达变化。结果表明,低温处理后,2黄瓜品种幼苗的电导率增加,组织含水量和叶绿素含量下降,过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性增加,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性降低。与清水对照相比,ABA预处理有效的缓解了上述生理指标在低温下的变化。此外,低温处理后CAT基因表达量下调,SOD基因的表达量上调,而喷施ABA同样缓解了低温下CAT的下调表达和SOD的上调表达。说明ABA通过平衡活性氧的产生和清除来减轻低温对黄瓜幼苗的伤害,为外源ABA应用于植物抗低温生产提供理论依据。     

茶树CsDREB-A2转录因子基因的克隆与非生物胁迫响应分析

干旱应答元件结合蛋白(DREB)类转录因子在植物逆境信号转导途径中具有重要的调控作用。为了解AP2/ERF转录因子在茶树逆境胁迫的分子调控机理,本研究从茶树龙井43叶片的cDNA中克隆得到一个编码CsDREB-A2转录因子的基因;对CsDREB-A2基因及其编码蛋白序列特征进行分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR法检测该基因在茶树不同非生物胁迫处理下的表达水平。结果表明,CsDREB-A2基因开放阅读框为1 056 bp,编码351个氨基酸,其编码氨基酸序列具有AP2保守结构域,包含典型的YRG元件和WLG基序。AP2结构域第14、第19位氨基酸分别为缬氨酸和谷氨酸。拟南芥AP2/ERF家族转录因子的进化分析表明,该转录因子属于DREB亚族的A2组。CsDREB-A2相对分子质量为39 080 Da,理论等电点为5.32,属于亲水性蛋白,主要由α-螺旋和随机卷曲组成,无序化特征明显且存在一个LM无序区域;可能定位于细胞核,不存在信号肽和跨膜结构,属于非分泌蛋白。CsDREB-A2基因在高温(38℃)和干旱(200 g·L^-1 PEG)胁迫下均能快速诱导表达,并显著高于对照,分别在处理4、2 h达到最大值,为对照的20.70和42.90倍,植物在渗透胁迫下,可能通过ABA信号途径调节该基因对干旱的耐受性。高盐(200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)胁迫下CsDREB-A2基因的表达受抑制,推测其可能存在负调控结构域降低该基因在盐胁迫下的表达量。本试验结果为研究DREB类转录因子在茶树抗逆胁迫的分子调控机制提供了一定的理论参考。     

6-苄基腺嘌呤对香云幼苗淹水胁迫下内源激素平衡的影响

为探究6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)对香云幼苗淹水胁迫下激素平衡的影响,以泥土麸糠混合基质栽培的香云幼苗为材料,研究喷施外源6-BA(1.5 mg·L~(-1))对淹水胁迫下香云幼苗叶片中内源激素含量的影响。结果表明,淹水胁迫极显著提高了香云幼苗的脱落酸(ABA)含量,降低了其玉米素(ZT)含量;外源6-BA处理显著提高了淹水胁迫时香云幼苗的吲哚乙酸(IAA)和ZT含量,减缓了ABA的剧增。说明6-BA通过提高淹水胁迫时香云幼苗ZT和IAA含量,以缓解ABA剧增对其生长的抑制,从而提高香云幼苗对淹水胁迫的抗性。     

黄瓜全基因组SnRK2基因的鉴定和序列特征分析

植物SnRK2基因在逆境应答和ABA信号转导及生长发育过程中具有重要功能。但是有关黄瓜(cucumis satovus L.)SnRK2全基因组水平的研究鲜见报道。本文利用生物信息学的方法从黄瓜基因组中鉴定出9个SnRK2基因,并对这些基因的染色体分布、内含子-外显子结构、系统进化、顺式调控元件等进行了系统分析。结果显示,黄瓜的SnRK2基因不均匀地的分布在基因组中,它们的外显子多数为9,编码区序列长度在909-1140bp之间。它们在遗传上分为3个不同的类群,预测编码的蛋白都具有激酶的典型结构。而且,在SnRK2基因上游调控序列中都含有多个不同激素和逆境应答顺式元件,预示它们在逆境应答和激素信号转导过程中具有一定功能。本文为进一步研究黄瓜SnRK2基因在逆境和激素应答中的功能奠定了基础。     

ABA在生物胁迫应答中的调控作用

植物激素ABA不仅调控非生物胁迫应答,而且在应对各种生物胁迫中发挥重要的调控作用。ABA负调控植物对生物胁迫的抗性主要是通过与水杨酸、茉莉素和乙烯信号传导途径的互作以及影响这些信号途径中的信号组分来实现的。文章综述了ABA信号转导途径及其在生物胁迫应答过程中的调控作用。     

植物抗逆反应中的转录因子网络研究进展

植物生长发育过程中会经历各种生物及非生物胁迫,转录因子所介导的基因表达调控网络在植物抵御各种胁迫反应中起着重要的作用.目前已鉴定的与植物抗胁迫有关的转录因子及家族主要有碱性域亮氨酸拉链(basic-domain leucine-zipper,bZIP)、禽成髓细胞瘤病毒致癌基因同源物类(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog,MYB)、乙烯应答元件组合蛋白/因子(APELATA2/ethylene-responsive element binding proteins/factors,AP2/EREBP)、WRKY和NAC等.这些转录因子与特定的顺式作用元件结合组成调控网络,特异地调控植物胁迫反应中各种相关抗性功能基因的表达,提高植物对环境胁迫的适应能力.     

DELLA蛋白在植物中的研究进展

DELLA蛋白是GRAS蛋白家族中的一个亚家族,在赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)信号转导通路中起负调控作用.DELLA不仅参与了GA信号转导,也参与其他激素如生长素、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、乙烯、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)等信号转导和生物合成,在植物生长发育过程中扮演了重要角色.本文综述了DELLA蛋白编码基因的克隆、表达情况,并阐述了DELLA蛋白参与的激素信号转导和与其他因子的互作,以便更好地揭示DELLA信号网络系统及其作用机制.     

转录组分析揭示了棉花根系盐胁迫调控的生物进程和主要代谢途径

高盐是限制棉花生长和生产力的主要因子。研究报道,植物响应高盐主要是由参与离子和渗透压平衡信号、解毒和生长调节等途径来控制的,同时植物对渗透胁迫的应答还影响脱落酸(ABA)的代谢和信号传导途径、盐胁迫和干旱胁迫是紧密相关的。植物遭遇盐胁迫的时候,根部是最敏感的,在受到盐胁迫的棉花幼苗中,根的长度和鲜重减少的程度远远大于子叶下胚轴。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.