绿变大蒜蓝色素的制备及理化活性(英文)

为了进一步明确大蒜绿变物质的结构及性质,该研究对绿变产物进行分离制备并探索了其相关理化活性。从绿变大蒜中提取出绿变产物,并通过AmberliteCG-50和SephadexLH-20两步纯化制备得到了蓝色素的纯化产品,其色价为76.7。对色素的理化性质进行了研究,结果表明蓝色素在酸性条件pH值7时稳定;对热处理也比较稳定,60℃以下加热处理对色素影响较小;长时间的日光照射会使蓝色素有较大的损失;一些常见的金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+、Al3+、Fe2+的存在对蓝绿色素几乎没有影响,Fe3+的存在会使色素迅速褪色。蓝色素对自由基有清除效果:质量浓度为2 mg/mL的蓝色素提取物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)清除率达到96.4%;在10 mg/mL质量浓度下,蓝色素对超氧和羟基自由基的清除率分别为96.8%和87.6%;色素提取物对自由基的清除效果低于同浓度的抗坏血酸。该研究结果对深入研究绿变色素的性质和结构奠定了初步基础。     

植物乳杆菌P158的生长曲线及其细菌素的特性

对源于醪糟的植物乳杆菌P158生长曲线分析、药敏实验检测及其细菌素特性的初步研究。结果表明：植物乳杆菌P158培养36h时生物量达到最大值,约为1011 cfu/ml,且培养40h的发酵上清液对藤黄微球菌和铜绿假单胞杆菌的抑菌效果最好,细菌素效价约为1145IU/ml,而发酵上清液pH值降至最低（pH3.53）,显示了菌株生长与细菌素的形成密切相关。该菌株对多粘菌素B、多数氨基糖苷类耐药,对青霉素类、四环素类、大环内酯类等药物敏感。细菌素对酸、热稳定,对木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K敏感;对多数的革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌及一些真菌具有较强抑制作用,却对近源乳酸菌几乎无抑制效果。该细菌素可望作为食品生物防腐剂。     

屎肠球菌M-2所产细菌素的分离纯化与特性研究

本文以前期从内蒙古传统干酪中分离到的一株产细菌素的屎肠球菌M-2为试材,对其所产细菌素进行提取纯化和理化特性研究。经80%硫酸铵盐析及SP Sepharose Fast Flow阳离子交换树脂层析得到纯化的细菌素,其比活力可达411.204AU/mg;Tricine SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示其分子量约为3400Da;特性研究发现该细菌素有很好耐热、耐酸碱、抗表面活性剂及蛋白酶敏感特性,且抑菌谱较广,不仅对李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌等革兰氏阳性菌有较强的抑制作用,还对大肠杆菌、假单胞菌等阴性菌表现出抑菌活性,有作为天然食品防腐剂的良好应用前景。     

湘中紫色丘陵区侵蚀性土体养分特征研究

选择湘中具有代表性的紫色丘陵区--衡南县工联村作为研究区,研究不同覆被下和不同侵蚀坡地的紫色剖面分层土壤的有机质和氮、磷、钾等养分状况.结果表明,该区以酸性紫色土和中性紫色土为主;有机质、氮含量低;磷、钾相对要高;侵蚀性土体土壤养分性状与土体所处坡度、坡位、覆盖植被类型有关;坡顶、坡中土壤由于冲刷剥离、搬运扩散作用强烈,理化性质恶化,而坡底掩埋沉积占主导作用,仍保持良好的土壤性质.不同植被类型同一层土壤比较,其养分含量变化总体趋势:灌木>乔木>杂草>旱地.     

绿色木霉菌T-YY黄色素的稳定性研究

为开发一种新型的、功能性天然食品添加剂,该文以绿色木霉菌T-YY发酵液冻干粉(色素粗品)为试验材料,初步研究其紫外-可见光谱性质与稳定性.结果表明,色素粗品中至少含有4种以上不同性质的黄色素,该黄色素易溶于水和醇,色价高,在紫外区及可见光区各有一个吸收峰,最大吸收波长分别为286.5 nm和380 nm;在酸碱环境中色调保持亮黄色,其水溶液在pH＜5.0时出现浑浊,在pH≥5.0时呈亮黄色;pH值3.0～9.0色素溶液在室内自然光(25℃)下放置7 d后色调稳定;热稳定性好,100℃加热30 min色素保留率达到90.2%;抗H2O2、HNO3氧化能力强,但不耐Na2SO3还原作用.Fe3 、Cu2 和Mn2 的对色素具有消褪作用, Fe2 、Mg2 、Zn2 、Ca2 、K 、Na 则对其有不同程度的保护和增色作用.试验表明,绿色木霉T-YY黄色素在稳定性上呈现出一定优势,因此具有较大的开发潜力.     

蚯蚓粪和巨大芽孢杆菌互作对小白菜产量与品质的影响

研究蚯蚓粪和巨大芽孢杆菌对小白菜养分含量、产量、品质及土壤理化性质的影响，以期为提高叶菜品质和科学施肥提供理论依据。以小白菜为研究对象，采用温室大棚田间试验方法，研究蚯蚓粪不同尿素替代量(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)和巨大芽孢杆菌(0、6 kg/hm²)对小白菜养分含量、产量、品质(维生素C、游离氨基酸、硝酸盐)和土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明，与完全施用化肥相比，蚯蚓粪或蚯蚓粪 +巨大芽孢杆菌处理均能显著提高小白菜产量和改善品质，且蚯蚓粪替代 40%尿素时的产量、游离氨基酸、维生素 C含量最高，硝酸盐含量最低，且在此基础上添加巨大芽孢杆菌能够进一步提高产量、改善品质。蚯蚓粪或蚯蚓粪 +巨大芽孢杆菌处理均能显著提高土壤 pH值、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量，且蚯蚓粪替代 40%尿素 +6 kg/hm²巨大芽孢杆菌时提高作用更为突出。     

生物炭对土壤不同形态钾素含量的影响及机制初探

为了探讨生物炭对土壤不同形态钾素含量的影响及其机理,通过土壤培养试验,设置空白对照(CK)、1%含量生物炭(B1)、2%含量生物炭(B2)、3%含量生物炭(B3)四个生物炭水平。研究了施用生物炭对于我国南方两种不同土壤(黄棕壤和灰潮土)不同形态钾素含量变化差异及理化性质差异的影响。结果表明:按土壤质量施加1%、2%和3%的生物炭均能提高两种土壤各有效态钾含量水平,并且在此范围内有效态钾含量有随生物炭用量的增加而增加的趋势。但是不同土壤有效态钾增加量有所不同,黄棕壤有效态钾增加量要高于灰潮土。分析认为供试土壤有效钾含量增加的主要原因是生物炭中所含有的钾素直接带入以及生物炭施入后引起土壤理化性质、解钾菌数量等的变化,间接提高了一部分土壤吸附固定态钾的有效性。     

四川盆地沙溪庙组地层(J2s)岩石发育土壤的系统分类研究

地理发生分类的紫色土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属一直受到高度关注,以四川盆地分布最为广泛的侏罗系沙溪庙组地层岩石发育的土壤为研究对象,在对19个典型剖面的成土条件、剖面形态特征和土壤理化性质分析的基础上,根据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》,确定了供试土壤的诊断层和诊断特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的高级类别。结果表明,供试土壤归属于3个土纲、3个亚纲、7个土类和12个亚类;色卡确定的颜色上满足“紫色砂、页岩岩性特征”的剖面仅7个;但若在原颜色定义上增加“或色调为2.5YR~5YR,干态明度为4~6,干态彩度为3~4”条件,则有11个剖面的色卡定色符合“紫色砂、页岩岩性特征”,3个剖面的仪器定色符合该特征。     

紫色丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀产沙空间分布的137Cs法初步研究

该文通过紫色丘陵区响水滩小流域不同土地利用类型、不同坡度和坡长、不同地貌部位土壤剖面中137Cs含量的测定与分析,对其侵蚀空间分布进行了估算.研究结果表明:该流域137Cs含量的背景值为1870 Bq/m2;流域内坡耕地、林地的年平均侵蚀强度分别为4468、1759 t/(km2·a);土壤侵蚀量与坡长、坡度均指数相关;丘顶、丘坡和鞍部的年平均侵蚀强度分别为2125、4676、3625 t/(km2·a).结果表明土地利用类型、坡长和坡度、地貌部位对土壤侵蚀量影响很大,坡耕地是该流域泥沙的主要来源.     

三峡库区紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

为探究典型母岩不同发育程度土壤入渗特征,在三峡库区王家桥小流域采用圆盘入渗仪测定新成土（S1）、雏形土（S2）、淋溶土（S3）3种紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗过程,探究入渗过程的影响因素,并用3种常用模型进行入渗过程模拟,分析比较这些模型的适宜性。结果表明：（1）不同发育程度间土壤理化性质差异显著。雏形土和淋溶土土壤容重较新成土分别增加10.71%,19.50%,土壤总孔隙度分别降低8.79%,18.69%,通气孔隙度分别降低67.40%,8.16%,土壤黏粒含量分别增加10.01%,38.36%,砂粒含量分别减小8.09%,48.29%,土壤有机质分别增加2.88%,8.68%。（2）不同发育程度土壤间初始入渗率、平均入渗率、饱和导水率均表现为新成土>雏形土>淋溶土,雏形土、淋溶土平均入渗率及饱和导水率分别是新成土的0.99,0.58和0.89,0.83倍。（3）不同发育程度土壤理化性质差异对土壤入渗具有显著影响,土壤入渗速率与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度、砂粒含量呈正相关关系,与容重、黏粒含量、有机质含量呈负相关关系。（4） Horton模型对紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗过程拟合效果最优（R²=0.942）,Kostiakov模型次之（R²=0.858）,Philip模型拟合效果较差（R²=0.832）。通过观测与模拟不同发育程度土壤入渗过程,研究结果可为流域土壤水分运移规律探究提供有益借鉴。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.