青花菜转录因子基因BoiWRKY8及其与抗病性的关系

WRKY转录因子是植物特有的一类调控蛋白,在抵御生物和非生物逆境中起着重要作用。为初步明确该基因在抗病反应中的功能,本研究在分离青花菜BoiWRKY8基因的基础上,利用生物信息学方法进行序列分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)明确其在核盘菌、灰霉菌侵染下的表达模式,并对过量表达植株进行抗病性鉴定。结果表明,BoiWRKY8的基因组全长为3 170 bp,具2个内含子,长度分别为776和1 422 bp。编码区全长为972 bp,编码323个氨基酸,WRKY结构域由60个氨基酸组成,包括一个WRKYGQK序列和一个C₂H₂锌指结构C-X₄-C-X₂₃-H-X₁-H。系统发育分析结果表明,BoiWRKY8与芸薹属植物的同源序列聚为一组,支持率达100%,与野甘蓝的关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示,BoiWRKY8受核盘菌和灰霉菌的诱导,在6和12 h时的表达量最大,为对照的3.18/2.68和3.22/2.90倍;BoiWRKY8过量表达植株对核盘菌、灰霉菌的抗性显著增强...     

青花菜转录因子基因BoNAC1的克隆与表达分析

为明确青花菜NAC转录因子基因的序列特征和表达特点,本研究以青花菜为试验材料,在克隆Bo NAC1转录因子基因的基础上,采用RT-q PCR研究该基因的表达,以明确其在核盘菌和根肿菌侵染下的表达模式。结果表明,Bo NAC1含2个内含子,长度分别为1 832 bp和670 bp,编码区全长为1 035 bp,编码344个氨基酸,含1个NAM结构域;系统发育树分析结果表明,Bo NAC1与来自芸薹属的NAC亲缘关系最近,并与其他十字花科NAC聚为一组,而与豆科、蔷薇科NAC的亲缘关系相对较远,在系统发育树上处于不同的分支。基因表达分析结果表明,Bo NAC1的表达受核盘菌的诱导,在12 h和24h时的表达量最高,分别为对照的6.28倍和7.03倍;Bo NAC1的表达还受根肿菌的诱导,15 d和20 d时的表达量最高,分别为对照的4.23倍和4.11倍,表明该基因可能参与核盘菌和根肿菌的应答反应。本试验对青花菜Bo NAC1基因的克隆与表达分析,为Bo NAC1基因的功能鉴定和生产应用奠定了理论基础。     

棉花Bax inhibitor-1基因启动子的克隆及初步验证

为研究克隆自陆地棉的GhBI-1A和GhBI-1B基因的表达差异及其响应不同物生和非生物胁迫的分子机制,利用BD GenomeWalkerTM Universal Kit的染色体步移技术得到了2个棉花GhBI-1A和GhBF1B基因5’端上游的启动子序列,长度分别为1650bp和2001bp.生物信息学分析表明,GhBI-1A和GhBI-1B的启动子序列均存在TATA-box和CAAT-box及多个与植物非生物胁迫相关的响应元件,GhBI-1B启动子中还含有真菌诱导应答元件.以表达载体pBI101为基础,用所克隆的2个棉花GhBI-1基因启动子序列与GUS报告基因融合,构建新的植物表达载体并转入农杆菌.用叶盘法侵染烟草进行瞬时表达,结果表明2个启动子均能够驱动报告基因的表达.     

烟草WRKY12基因的分离、表达与多克隆抗体的制备

在高等植物中,WRKY转录因子家族成员广泛参与植物的生长发育、代谢、生物胁迫和非生物胁迫等生理过程的调控.本研究采用同源序列克隆的方法获得烟草WRKY12基因,序列分析表明,该蛋白属于WRKY家族第2类成员,只有一个WRKY结构域,锌指结构为C-X4-C-X23-H-X1-H.构建系统发育树结果表明,它与大豆中GmWR...     

平榛ChWRKY1转录因子的克隆及表达模式分析

根据平榛花芽转录本高通量测序的结果,采用RACE-PCR法克隆到1个平榛WRKY基因,全长1273bp,推断其编码317个氨基酸,命名为ChWRKY1。序列分析表明,该蛋白属于WRKY家族第2类成员,只含有1个WRKY结构域,锌指结构为C-X5-C-X23-H-X1-H,构建的系统发育树结果表明,它与杨树PtWRKY5、葡萄VvWRKY4的亲缘关系较近,相似性分别为69%和64%。采用qRT-PCR,以Actin为内参对ChWRKY1基因在自然条件下花芽部位的表达模式进行分析,结果显示在自然条件下12月份达到最高的表达量,随后表达量呈现下降的趋势;对平榛根蘖苗进行4℃低温胁迫处理,叶片中ChWRKY1基因快速上调表达,4h达到最大表达量,表明该基因可能参与平榛对低温胁迫的早期应答反应;冬季(1月份)ChWRKY1基因在韧皮部中的表达高于花芽和雄花序,具有组织表达特异性。     

西兰花表皮特异硫蛋白基因的克隆与表达分析

表皮特异硫蛋白在硫代葡萄糖苷代谢调控中起着重要作用,包括催化异硫氰酸酯生成环腈类和腈类物质。本研究以西兰花为试验材料,在克隆表皮特异硫蛋白基因BoiEPS的基础上进行序列分析和表达分析,并初步明确其在野油菜黄单胞菌侵染下的功能。结果表明,BoiEPS基因全长1 270 bp,有1个长度为238 bp的内含子;编码区全长1 032 bp,编码343个氨基酸,编码蛋白具有2个Kelch结构域。系统发育分析结果表明,BoiEPS与来自芜菁、甘蓝型油菜的EPS聚为一组,但与其他十字花科植物的EPS处于不同分支。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,BoiEPS的表达受野油菜黄单胞菌的诱导,在24 h的表达量最大;BoiEPS的过量表达可显著提高西兰花对黑腐病的抗性,病程相关蛋白基因BoPR1的表达量在3个过表达株系均明显增加。本研究结果为后续开展西兰花-黑腐病抗性机理研究奠定了理论基础。     

青花菜乙烯反应传感蛋白基因BoERS的克隆与表达分析

乙烯反应传感蛋白在乙烯信号转导中起着重要作用,可作为负调控因子使下游的CTR1失活,并激活之后的一系列反应。为明确青花菜ERS基因的序列特征和表达特点,本研究以青花菜为试验材料,在克隆乙烯反应传感蛋白基因BoERS的基础上进行表达分析,以明确其在核盘菌和根肿菌侵染下的表达模式。结果表明,BoERS的基因组DNA全长为1 928 bp,含有1个长度为68 bp的内含子;编码区全长为1 860 bp,编码619个氨基酸,编码蛋白有4个跨膜结构域、1个GAF结构域和1个HisKA结构域。序列比对结果表明,BoERS与芸薹属ERS序列的差异最小,在系统发育树上处于同一分支,但与萝卜属、盐芥属和拟南芥属植物ERS序列的差异较大,在系统发育树上处于不同的分支。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,BoERS的表达受核盘菌的诱导,36 h时表达量最大,为对照的3.53倍,但BoERS的表达不受根肿菌的诱导。本研究结果为进一步开展BoERS基因功能鉴定和应用研究奠定了理论基础。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫类毒液过敏原蛋白基因(Dd-vap-1)的克隆与表达定位分析

植物寄生线虫食道腺分泌蛋白在寄生致病过程中起到至关重要的作用.用RT-PCR结合RACE的方法从马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)中克隆了一个类毒液过敏原蛋白新基因Dd-vap-1.Dd-vap-1 cDNA全长1346bp,开放阅读框的长度为l 209 bp,推导编码一个含有402个氨基酸的蛋白序列(GenBank登录号JQ341057).推导蛋白Dd-VAP-1预测分子量为45.3 kD,等电点为6.68,序列比对分析表明,Dd-VAP-1为富含半胱氨酸分泌蛋白家族成员.原位杂交结果显示,Dd-vap-1在马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的亚腹食道腺细胞特异表达,推测该基因在马铃薯腐烂茎线虫侵染甘薯的早期阶段起重要的作用.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.