高通量测序分析Nisin对腹泻小鼠肠道菌群的影响

采用高通量测序研究乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)对腹泻小鼠肠道菌群结构的影响。通过腹腔灌注E.coli O1建立腹泻病小鼠模型,通过动物体内保护率试验筛选出最佳药物剂量,将小鼠随机分为空白对照组、阴性对照组、氨苄青霉素、盐酸环丙沙星组和Nisin组。连续灌胃15d,收集盲肠粪便,采用高通量测序对5组样品进行分析。结果表明:1)E.coli O1可使腹泻小鼠十二指肠绒毛断裂;Nisin可增加淋巴细胞百分比,起到增强免疫的目的。2)通过小鼠保护率试验筛选出Nisin最佳剂量(0.002g·mL-1),其保护率为37.5%,低于氨苄青霉素(50%)和盐酸环丙沙星组(50%)。3)通过盲肠菌落计数,Nisin中大肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量显著低于阴性对照组(P0.05),尤其以Nisin组中肠球菌的数量最低;Nisin组中乳酸杆菌的数量显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。4)Nisin组中样品菌群多样性指数(ACE=1 417.25,Chao1=1 378.45,Shannon=7.56)显著高于阴性对照组(ACE=969.54,Chao1=340.29,Shannon=6.63),另外,腹泻小鼠肠道菌群结构存在显著差异。5)在门和属水平上,Nisin组中Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)最低,Firmicutes(厚壁杆菌门)、Clostridium(梭状芽胞杆菌)、Akkermansia属和Lactobacillus(乳杆菌属)所占比例最高,且高于其他各组。Nisin可增强腹泻小鼠免疫功能,增加肠道内有益菌的数量,减少有害菌数量;摄入适量的Nisin可以调控肠道内菌群比例。     

赤腹松鼠肠道细菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析

采用松鼠源肠道样品进行细菌分离培养和细菌16SrRNA基因PCR扩增、测序分析,并进行纸片扩散法药敏试验。结果显示,在33只赤腹松鼠肠道中分离出117株细菌,赤腹松鼠肠道内细菌类群主要有葡萄球菌属(金色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、松鼠葡萄球菌)、埃希菌属(大肠埃希菌)、芽胞杆菌属(蜡样芽胞杆菌、Weihenstephanensis芽胞杆菌、苏云金芽胞杆菌、Samanii芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌)、肠球菌属(粪肠球菌)、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌)、假单胞菌属(荧光假单胞菌)、明串珠菌属(肠膜样明串珠菌);粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对大部分试验药物高度敏感,其他细菌对部分受试药物耐药。赤腹松鼠肠道细菌种群具有多样性,且存在天然耐药现象。本研究为进一步研究野生动物体内细菌携带天然耐药基因提供了素材,也为森林旅游开发的安全性评估及环境保护提供了参考。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对衰老小鼠抗氧化机能和肠道菌群的影响

本研究旨在探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对衰老小鼠抗氧化机能和肠道菌群的影响。试验利用D-半乳糖诱致衰老模型小鼠,并通过饮水给小鼠服NAC,测定回肠壁组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量抗氧化指标,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术观察小鼠肠道菌群的变化,利用荧光定量PCR测定黏附相关基因表达。结果表明:NAC使衰老小鼠回肠壁组织中GSH-Px、CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。NAC使衰老小鼠肠道乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和肠球菌数量增加,大肠杆菌数量减少。NAC使衰老小鼠回肠壁组织三叶因子3(TFF3)、黏液素3(MUC3)基因表达量显著升高(P<0.05)。因此,NAC能提高衰老小鼠抗氧化机能并通过抗氧化能力的调节来影响小鼠肠道菌群,而且NAC调节肠道菌群的机理可能与TFF3和MUC3基因表达有关。     

秦岭大熊猫肠道益生菌的分离鉴定

为研究大熊猫肠道益生菌,从陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养中心无菌采集健康大熊猫新鲜粪便数份,通过微生物学方法分离大熊猫肠道益生菌并进行鉴定。结果从粪便中分离到3株革兰阳性杆菌和2株革兰阳性球菌,经生物学特性、生化试验鉴定,3株革兰阳性杆菌分别为蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和凝结芽胞杆菌,2株革兰阳性球菌分别为酵母菌和粪链球菌。用5株分离菌分别给小鼠腹腔注射0.2mL或灌胃0.5mL,家兔先腹腔注射2mL再灌胃5mL,隔离饲养72h,小鼠和家兔均未发病,表明分离菌均为益生菌,可用于大熊猫益生菌制剂的后续研究。     

四株饲用芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其16S-rRNA的序列分析

芽孢杆菌是一类抗性强耐高温的细菌,部分芽孢杆菌有益生作用,在动物肠道内能有效抑制病原菌,促进肠道有益菌的繁殖,维持动物肠道内的微生态平衡。本试验从引进的饲料样品中分离出4株杆菌,分别命名为YB-1、YB-2、YB-3和YB-4,通过表型鉴定及16S-rRNA测序鉴定,YB-1为苏云金芽孢杆菌、YB-2、YB-4为枯草芽孢杆菌、YB-3为蜡样芽胞杆菌。16S-rRNA序列同源分析结果表明:YB-2、YB-4与枯草芽孢杆菌亚种的同源性分别为99.91%和100%;YB-1与苏云金芽孢杆菌亚种的同源性为99.17%,YB-3与蜡样芽胞杆菌亚种的同源性为100%,从样品中分离出两株枯草芽孢杆菌,一株苏云金芽孢杆菌和一株蜡样芽胞杆菌。     

应用Illumina-MiSeq高通量测序技术分析脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)对小鼠肠道微生物多样性、物种丰度的影响。选用平均体重为20 g的BALB/c小鼠40只,随机分成对照组(灌胃灭菌生理盐水)和DON组(灌胃1.8 mg/kg BW DON),每组20个重复,每个重复1只小鼠,连续灌服28 d。试验结束后,收集新鲜粪便,每组随机选取3份,用Illumina-Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析微生物群落结构和组成的变化。结果表明,1)与对照组相比,DON组测序数量减少(P0.05)。2)DON组降低了Alpha、Beta多样性,Shannon指数较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。3)在门水平,与对照组相比,DON组显著降低了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres)的物种丰度(P0.05),显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的物种丰度(P0.05)。在属水平,与对照组相比,DON组显著降低了副类杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、理研菌属(Rikenella)、Algoriphagus、Mucispirillum、嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus)、Francisella的物种丰度(P0.05),显著提高了梭菌属(Clostridium)、Robinsoniella、A llobaculum、A kkermansia的物种丰度(P0.05)。4)聚类分析显示,DON组与对照组的肠道微生物相似性降低。由此可见,DON能显著影响小鼠肠道微生物菌群多样性及物种丰度,提示DON致肠道损伤与这些肠道菌群的变化密切相关。     

鹿茸多肽对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为了了解鹿茸多肽对小鼠肠道菌群结构和数量的影响,笔者对小鼠灌胃不同剂量和不同天数的鹿茸多肽,利用T-RFLP及荧光定量方法观察肠道菌群结构和优势菌属变化。结果表明,鹿茸多肽能够促进肠道菌群结构的稳定,对肠道优势菌属(拟杆菌属、梭菌属)以及有益菌属(乳杆菌属)具有促进作用。表明鹿茸多肽能够调节小鼠肠道菌群,有益于优势菌和有益菌的定植,有助于机体的健康生长。     

基于16S rDNA测序分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群结构

旨在通过16S rDNA测序技术分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构。本研究将20只昆明小鼠随机分为2组,分别是苦参碱组(MT组)和阴性对照组(NC组),连续腹腔给药5 d,每天给药2次,收集各组粪便和各肠段组织,进行β多样性、Lefse及Metastats分析,qPCR检测差异菌种在各肠段的mRNA表达量,通过KEGG分析肠道菌群变化导致的代谢途径差异。稀释曲线结果显示,所测样本数据足以反映样品中物种多样性;β多样性分析结果显示,苦参碱可以调节肠道菌群的结构,Lefse及Metastats分析结果均显示,苦参碱显著增加了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、Muribaculaceae、益生菌嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)的丰度,而显著减少了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的丰度。与Lefse及Metastats分析结果一致,qPCR结果显示苦参碱组小鼠粪便中嗜酸乳杆菌含量增加。同时,苦参碱可以增强嗜酸乳杆菌在各肠段的定植。通过KEGG分析发现,NC与MT组之间在聚糖的生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径存在显著差异。本研究结果表明,腹腔注射苦参碱可以显著改变昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构,增加有益菌嗜酸乳杆菌在肠道中的定植,并造成了聚糖生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径的差异,为进一步揭示苦参碱发挥药效作用的机理奠定了基础。     

基于16S rDNA测序分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群结构

旨在通过16S rDNA测序技术分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构。本研究将20只昆明小鼠随机分为2组,分别是苦参碱组(MT组)和阴性对照组(NC组),连续腹腔给药5 d,每天给药2次,收集各组粪便和各肠段组织,进行β多样性、Lefse及Metastats分析,qPCR检测差异菌种在各肠段的mRNA表达量,通过KEGG分析肠道菌群变化导致的代谢途径差异。稀释曲线结果显示,所测样本数据足以反映样品中物种多样性;β多样性分析结果显示,苦参碱可以调节肠道菌群的结构,Lefse及Metastats分析结果均显示,苦参碱显著增加了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、Muribaculaceae、益生菌嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)的丰度,而显著减少了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的丰度。与Lefse及Metastats分析结果一致,qPCR结果显示苦参碱组小鼠粪便中嗜酸乳杆菌含量增加。同时,苦参碱可以增强嗜酸乳杆菌在各肠段的定植。通过KEGG分析发现,NC与MT组之间在聚糖的生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径存在显著差异。本研究结果表明,腹腔注射苦参碱可以显著改变昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构,增加有益菌嗜酸乳杆菌在肠道中的定植,并造成了聚糖生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径的差异,为进一步揭示苦参碱发挥药效作用的机理奠定了基础。     

4味常见中药对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究4味中药对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能和肠道菌群的影响,选取70只6周龄雌性昆明小鼠(18～20g),随机分为7组,分别为空白对照组、模型组、玉屏风组、乌梅组、蒲公英组、党参组、石榴皮组。采用环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,Cy)构建免疫抑制病理模型,从喂药的第3天起,2～7组以75mg/kg体重腹腔注射Cy,每隔1天注射1次,共注射4次,注射期间正常给药,模型组灌胃0.9%生理盐水,直至停止注射Cy的第2天,共给药7d。检测4味中药对免疫抑制小鼠体重、脾脏和胸腺指数、血液指标、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)、IgG及肠道菌群的影响。结果显示,与模型组相比,党参、乌梅、蒲公英、石榴皮可显著提高免疫抑制小鼠体重(P<0.05),其中乌梅组效果最好;显著提高免疫抑制小鼠免疫器官指数(P<0.05),但不能达到正常水平,其中蒲公英组脾脏指数最高;各中药组可提高白细胞数目(WBC)、显著提高红细胞数目(RBC)(P<0.05),但不能达到正常水平;各中药组可显著提高免疫球蛋白数量(P<0.05),党参组sIgA、IgG显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),且和玉屏风组差异不显著(P>0.05);各中药组可显著降低大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05),显著增加双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量(P<0.05),提高免疫抑制小鼠肠道菌群的丰富性和多样性,其中党参和蒲公英组小鼠肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性较好。综上说述,乌梅、蒲公英、石榴皮、党参均能够颉颃Cy对小鼠体重、免疫功能及肠道菌群的影响,可用于免疫增强类药物的开发。     

The requirement for early exposure of Haemonchus contortus larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis for effective inhibition of larval development

The potential for a nematocidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to target the free-living larval stages of Haemonchus contortus was examined using in vitro larval development and migration assays. Bt toxicity in larval development assays decreased as the time period between egg hatch and initial exposure to the Bt was increased; a time lag of 48 h resulted in a 350-fold increase in the IC(50) (from 2.6 ng/ml to 910 ng/ml). The effects on larval migration largely paralleled the effects on larval development, indicating that the larvae which reached the infective stage after exposure to Bt were generally as 'fit' as control worms in terms of migration ability. However, a comparison of the two assays also showed the presence of a level of Bt exposure which showed significantly more toxicity in migration assays than development assays, indicating that, in some cases, fully developed Bt-exposed larvae were less able to migrate than controls, and hence may be compromised in their ability to infect sheep. The rapid decrease in toxicity when exposure to the Bt is delayed highlights a significant issue concerning the use of Bt for control of the free-living larval stages of animal-parasitic nematodes. Targeting the larvae by delivering bacterial spores to the faeces through the host animal's digestive tract would require the spores to germinate upon defecation, grow through a vegetative phase, to then produce crystal toxin protein upon subsequent sporulation. This period of bacterial development will introduce a time lag between worm egg hatching and initial exposure of the larvae to the Bt, which, as demonstrated in the present study, may allow the worm larvae to develop to late larval stages which are relatively insensitive to the toxin.     

Oxytetracycline treatment reduces bacterial diversity of intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon

The effect of oxytetracycline (OTC) treatment on intestinal bacterial populations in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was evaluated. Oxytetracycline was administered by way of medicated feed to fish held in experimental tanks. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of 16S rDNA from isolates were used to analyze the intestinal microbiota before, during, and after OTC administration. The microbiota from untreated fish was more diverse, consisting mainly of Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Psycrobacter, and Brevundimonas spp. In contrast, the microbiota of the OTC-treated group was characterized by lower diversity and consisted only of Aeromonas, clustering with A. sobria and A. salmonicida. Antibiotic-resistant isolates were identified as Aeromonas spp.; sequencing the resistance determinant showed it to be the tetE gene. Overall, OTC treatment changed the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon, as evidenced by a reduction in bacterial diversity. These results support the current concern that antibiotic treatment can facilitate the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria by eradicating competing microorganisms.     

酵母甘露聚糖肽对致病性大肠杆菌感染小鼠的保护作用

本试验旨在研究酵母甘露聚糖肽（MTY）对致病性大肠杆菌（PEC）感染小鼠的保护作用。选取无特定病原体（SPF级）昆明小鼠40只,随机分为4组,分别为空白组、模型组、阳性药物组、MTY组（每组10个重复,每个重复1只小鼠）,其中,空白组和模型组灌服生理盐水,阳性药物组灌服抗生素阿莫西林,MTY组灌服酵母甘露聚糖肽。4周后,对模型组、阳性药物组、MTY组昆明小鼠进行致病性大肠杆菌（PEC）攻毒试验,通过对攻毒试验前小鼠肠道微生物分析以及PEC感染后小鼠死亡率、脏器指数、肠道组织以及各器官切片组织病理分析,同时观察体内试验过程小鼠体质变化,综合评价MTY对PEC感染小鼠的保护效果。结果表明,MTY对PEC有抑制作用。与空白组相比,MTY组小鼠肠道微生物菌群有显著性差异（P<0.05）,主要表现为有益菌丰度增加,菌群多样性增加;与模型组相比,MTY处理能有效降低小鼠感染PEC后的死亡率;MTY显著提高了小鼠胸腺指数（P<0.05）,降低脾指数（P>0.05）,并极显著降低肝指数（P<0.01）;MTY抑制了小鼠空肠杯状细胞的减少（P>0.05）;MTY抑制了小鼠肠道中MUC2及ZO-1表达下调（P<0.05）;MTY对感染PEC后的小鼠肠道、肝、脾和肺等器官均起显著的保护作用。由此可见,灌服酵母甘露聚糖肽能减轻PEC对机体的损害,进而对小鼠起保护作用。     

Growth behaviour of a spore forming probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and piglets.

The growth behaviour of the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and suckling piglets was evaluated. The strain germinated rapidly in intestinal samples from both animal species. Less than 10% of spores were recovered from the chicken crop and piglet stomach, respectively. Lumen samples and mucosal tissues from the hind gut of piglets displayed increasing colonization of the probiotic strain throughout the trial period. After oral administration of vegetative cells to broiler chicken and weaned piglets, sporulation was detected in all intestinal samples. The distribution of spore CFU indicated repeated germination and sporulation during the intestinal passage in piglets. B. cereus var. toyoi was not able to colonize the intestinal tract of both animal species. However, the probiotic strain was detected in suckling piglets before uptake of B. cereus var. toyoi supplemented feed. It is concluded that B. cereus var. toyoi germinates rapidly in broiler chicken and piglets, which is a necessary prerequisite for its possible probiotic effects. Germination and in vivo sporulation of vegetative cells indicated that the probiotic strain was metabolically active in the intestine of both animal species.     

Effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite,quaternary ammonium compounds,and sodium hypochlorite in eliminating vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus anthracis surrogate

BackgroundThe spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, an often-fatal infection in animals. Therefore, a rapid and reliable strategy to decontaminate areas, humans, and livestock from B. anthracis is very critical.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers, which are commonly used in the food industry, to inhibit spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate.MethodsWe evaluated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and a QAC in inhibiting vegetative cells and spores of a B. anthracis surrogate. We treated a 0.1-mL vegetative cell culture or spore solution with 10 mL sanitizer. The samples were serially diluted and cultured.ResultsWe found that 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7), 1 ppm calcium hypochlorite, and 1 ppm QAC completely eliminated the cells in vegetative state. Exposure to 3,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7) and 300 ppm calcium hypochlorite significantly eliminated the bacterial spores; however, 50,000 ppm QAC could not eliminate all spores.ConclusionsCalcium hypochlorite and QAC showed better performance than sodium hypochlorite in completely eliminating vegetative cells of B. anthracis surrogate. QAC was ineffective against spores of the B. anthracis surrogate. Among the three commercial disinfectants tested, calcium hypochlorite most effectively eliminated both B. anthracis vegetative cells and spores.     

Experimental Clostridium difficile enterocolitis in foals

Despite empirical clinical association of infection with Clostridium difficile with colitis in horses, a causal link has not been confirmed. The objective of this study was to develop a model of C. difficile-associated diarrhea in foals with normal transfer of passive immunity. Nine 1-day-old pony foals were inoculated intragastrically with spores or vegetative cells of C. difficile. Five foals were challenged with spores, with 2 receiving 10(5) colony-forming units (CFUs) and concurrently 3 receiving 10(7) CFUs once daily for 3 days. Clindamycin was administered orally to disrupt gastrointestinal flora. A further 4 foals were challenged by orogastric administration of 10(10) CFUs of vegetative cells once daily for 3 days or until diarrhea developed. This group did not receive clindamycin. Spore and vegetative cell preparations were negative for toxins of C. difficile and common enteropathogens. Clinical signs varied from mild abdominal discomfort and pasty feces to colic and watery diarrhea in 8 of 9 foals. Four of 5 foals challenged with spores developed mild diarrhea, whereas all foals challenged with vegetative cells developed moderate to severe diarrhea. C. difficile was isolated from feces of all foals between 24 and 72 hours after inoculation and toxins A or B or both were detected in the feces of all foals by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We concluded that spores and vegetative cells of C. difficile are capable of colonizing the gastrointestinal tract, producing toxins, and inducing clinical signs similar to those encountered in naturally occurring cases. This study fulfilled Koch's postulates for C. difficile-associated diarrhea in foals and provides a model for consistent reproduction of the disease for future studies.     

Displaying the protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum agglutinin on the cell surface of Bacillus thuringiensis with the S-layer protein

The S-layer protein CTC surface-display system of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was used to test the possibility of displaying the protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) agglutinin (pMGA) on the Bt cell surface. By fusing part of pmga1.2 (pmga1.2p) with the surface-anchoring motif of ctc, two recombinant plasmids, pCTC-PMGA1.2P and pCSPMGA1.2P, were constructed. They harboured the fusion genes ctc-pmga1.2p and csa-ctc-pmga1.2p (csa represents csaAB operon, important in anchoring the S-layer protein on the cell surface), respectively. Two recombinant Bt strains were constructed by electro-transferring recombinant plasmids to a Bt plasmid-free derivative strain BMB171. Strains obtained were BCCG (bearing pCTC-PMGA1.2P and the csaAB operon-carrying plasmid pMIL-CSA) and CG (pCSPMGA1.2P). The vegetative cells of both strains were used as antigens for haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. HA and HI assays showed that recombinant PMGA1.2P proteins were not only displayed on the cell surface of BCCG and CG, but also specific to MG-positive serum. After oral immunization of chickens with spores, both BCCG and CG elicited a humoral response to PMGA1.2P and exhibited immunogenicity, as indicated by serum plate agglutination (SPA) assays. This study suggests the possibility of generating heat-stable and oral vaccines against infectious diseases of fowl with Bt surface-display system.     

不同乳酸菌发酵乳对高血脂症大鼠肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在探究不同乳酸菌发酵乳对高血脂模型大鼠血脂与肠道菌群的调节作用。将体重为(120±10)g的 40 只 SD 雄性大鼠随机分为空白对照组(C 组)、高脂模型组(M 组)、L. rhamnosus LV108 发酵乳组(LV组)及混合乳酸菌(LV108 发酵乳∶grx08 发酵乳∶grx12 发酵乳=2∶1∶1)发酵乳组(H 组),每组 10 只,建模后干预(1 mL/100 g,1×108 CFU/mL)4 周,测定大鼠血脂及大鼠粪样细菌 16S rDNA 的 V3-V4 区,并对大鼠肠道微生物和血清血脂水平的相关性进行分析。结果表明:LV 组和 H 组大鼠血清中甘油三酯、总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低,体重增长被抑制;LV 组和 H 组中大鼠肠道菌群的丰度及多样性显著提高,且 H 组大鼠肠道菌群的丰度高于 LV 组(P<0.05);LV 组和 H 组大鼠粪便中 Lactobacillus spp.、S24-7 spp 和 Treponema spp.等菌属显著升高,Peptostreptococcus spp.、Clostridium spp.、Turicibacter spp、Escherichia spp.及 Desulfovibrio spp.等菌属显著降低。结果提示,L. rhamnosus LV108发酵乳及混合乳酸菌发酵乳均能改善大鼠血脂水平并恢复大鼠肠道菌群的多样性及菌群构成。     

Assessment of the qualitative variation in bacterial microflora among compartments of the intestinal tract of dogs by use of a molecular fingerprinting technique

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the qualitative variation in bacterial microflora among compartments of the intestinal tract of dogs by use of a molecular fingerprinting technique. ANIMALS: 14 dogs (similarly housed and fed identical diets). PROCEDURE: Samples of intestinal contents were collected from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum of each dog. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the samples, and the variable V6 to V8 region of 16S ribosomal DNA (gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA) was amplified by use of universal bacterial primers; polymerase chain reaction amplicons were separated via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Similarity indices of DGGE banding patterns were used to assess variation in the bacterial microflora among different compartments of the intestine within and among dogs. Bacterial diversity was assessed by calculating the Simpson diversity index, the Shannon-Weaver diversity index, and evenness. RESULTS: DGGE profiles indicated marked differences in bacterial composition of intestinal compartments among dogs (range of similarity, 25.6% to 36.6%) and considerable variation among compartments within individual dogs (range of similarity, 36.7% to 579%). Similarities between neighboring intestinal compartments were significantly greater than those between non-neighboring compartments. Diversity indices for the colon and rectum were significantly higher than those of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that the different intestinal compartments of individual dogs appear to host different bacterial populations, and these compartmental populations vary among dogs. In dogs, fecal sample analysis may not yield accurate information regarding the composition of bacterial populations in compartments of the gastrointestinal tract.     

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术分析小熊猫胃肠道菌群的多样性

本试验旨在研究小熊猫胃肠道菌群多样性。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术结合条带的克隆测序、聚类分析和主成分分析(PCA)检测小熊猫胃肠道菌群结构及多样性。结果表明:1)PCR-DGGE图谱显示小熊猫胃肠道中有大量菌群,且不同部位的菌群结构存在一定的差异,相邻肠段菌群结构具有一定的相似性。结肠和粪便样品的菌群多样性较高,其次为胃和直肠样品,而空肠和回肠样品菌群多样性较低。2)小熊猫胃肠道菌群PCR-DGGE图谱中测序的条带大多数归为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),共性条带主要是未培养拟杆菌门细菌(uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、未培养梭状芽孢杆菌(uncultured Clostridium sp.)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)和食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria),其中厚壁菌门为优势菌群;特异性条带主要是丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas sp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium sp.)和Akkermansia。由此可见,小熊猫胃肠道中栖息着大量菌群,且其多样性按照胃肠道由前至后的顺序呈现高-低-高的趋势。