黑龙江省高皂甙大豆种质资源筛选

为了筛选黑龙江省高皂甙种质资源,采用酶标仪比色法分别检测了黑龙江省15份野生大豆(Glycine soja)、55份栽培大豆(Glycine.max)的皂甙含量.结果表明:不同类型大豆皂甙含量有明显遗传差异,变幅为1156.97～3977.84 μg·g-1.栽培大豆的皂甙含量高于野生大豆,筛选出高皂甙含量的野生大豆种质资源1份、栽培大豆种质资源3份.     

我国大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性鉴定研究

１９９１－１９９５年鉴定了我国３３５５份栽培大豆和１８６份野生大豆对大豆孢囊线虫３号生理小种的抗生。在栽培大豆种质资源中筛选免疫的５份，抗病的１９份，野生大豆资源中未筛选出免疫和抗病的。抗生材料多为黑色种皮。     

辽宁省野生大豆种质资源及其创新利用价值

野生大豆(Glycine soja)在辽宁省不同农业生态区均有分布.辽宁野生大豆资源已入国家基因库保存有1 248份,占全国野生大豆种质总贮量6 500份的19%,占世界野生大豆种质贮量的17%.野生大豆具有高蛋白、多花荚和多抗逆等特点.辽宁省野生大豆具有丰富的生物多样性.利用野生大豆丰富的遗传种质基础,进行野生大豆和栽培大豆的种间杂交,可实现基因重组,拓宽大豆的遗传背景,创造大豆新种质.     

中俄大豆种质遗传多样性分析

种质资源的扩增、改良和创新是解决大豆遗传基础狭窄的主要途径.利用SSR分子标记技术对来自俄罗斯和黑龙江省的82份野生大豆和东北四省区的39份栽培大豆材料进行遗传多样性分析,为种质资源利用和创新提供分子依据.在所合成的45对SSR引物中,12对引物扩增结果表现出良好的多态性,多态性位点共检测到50个等位基因,每个位点2～7个,平均4.17个,平均多态性信息量为0.595.聚类分析结果表明,在遗传相似系数0.734处,野生大豆和栽培大豆被明显的分开,与以往大豆属Soja亚属的形态学分类结果相一致,为野生大豆和栽培大豆分为两个种提供了分子水平上的依据.野生大豆和栽培大豆的平均遗传距离分别为0.2595和0.1895,表明野生大豆的遗传多样性比栽培大豆丰富.因此,可以利用俄罗斯和东北地区的野生大豆特有等位变异来扩大东北栽培大豆遗传多样性,进而拓宽东北大豆遗传基础.     

中国大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种抗性鉴定研究

１９９１－１９９５年，应用田间自然病圆和病土盆栽鉴定方法，对安徽、河北、福建、山东等２４个省市保存的３３５５份栽培大豆种质资源和１８６份野生大豆种质资源分别进行大豆孢囊线虫３号生理小种的抗性鉴定。     

普通条件下贮藏时间对野生大豆种子发芽率的影响

野生大豆是栽培大豆的近缘野生植物,是大豆育种的宝贵种质资源。1979——1983年,在全国野生大豆考察中搜集到5000余份种子,仅我省就搜集整理出1000余份。为在无专用库房条件下短期内保存好这批宝贵资源,避免因年年繁殖或隔年繁殖而浪费人     

大豆主要病害双抗种质鉴定初报

2002—2003年采用人工接种与田间试验相结合方法,对黑龙江省新品种(品系)及一些国内外种质资源 进行灰斑病、疫霉病、镰刀菌根腐病、大豆花叶病毒病进行鉴定筛选,从中鉴定出3份抗灰斑病、疫霉病的双抗资 源,龙品8802、HR41和钢9491 - 2; 3份抗根腐病、疫霉病的双抗资源,抗线2号、邓恩和大粒黄; 2份抗病毒病、灰斑 病的双抗资源,合丰44号和合丰45号。同时鉴定出一大批单抗种质。并建立了比较全面的抗性调查评价体系。     

基于SSR标记的四川大豆与引进大豆资源遗传多样性和群体结构分析

利用均匀分布于20条染色体的53对SSR标记(每条染色体上2~5对),对190份大豆资源进行遗传差异检测,随后根据标记试验结果进行遗传多样性分析、聚类分析、PCA分析和群体结构分析。53对SSR标记共检测到159个等位变异,每个位点等位基因范围为2~6个,平均每个位点的等位基因为3个,有效等位基因数Nei为1.474 4±0.237 5,多态性信息含量PIC为0.305 0±0.105 6;Shannon-Weaver指数值为0.476 2±0.124 9。这些参数显示了190份大豆资源异质程度不是很高,遗传多样性丰富程度一般,总体遗传多样性处于中等水平。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示190份大豆资源(群体1:P1)被分为3个大类,且四川审定大豆品种与野生大豆资源、国外引进资源亲缘关系较远,随后将四川审定大豆品种31份、国外资源13份和野生大豆资源8份共52份材料(群体2:P2)单独进行聚类分析,52份材料也被分成3个大类。群体1和群体2分别在K=3,K=2时得到合理群体结构。群体1的3个亚群分别是:亚群I由地域来源丰富的78份材料组成,不包含野生大豆资源;亚群II 59份材料中含7份野生大豆资源;亚群III 53份材料只包括1份野生大豆资源zy05292。群体2分成两个亚群:亚群Ⅰ26份材料中含24份四川审定大豆品种和2份国外资源;亚群II包含了6份审定大豆品种。供试的190份大豆资源蕴含了比较丰富的遗传变异,显示了较高水平的基因多样性。群体结构不能严格地按照地域、来源国家的划分而区分,这一现象显示了大豆资源存在着广泛的基因交流。从分析结果来看,四川大豆资源的种质创新可以充分地利用国外引进资源与直立型野生大豆资源,进而丰富四川大豆的基因多样性。     

重庆不同类型大豆异黄酮含量与品质性状的测定与分析

选取重庆地区96份野生大豆和102份地方品种,检测其蛋白质、脂肪及异黄酮含量,并进行品质性状间的相关分析,探索重庆大豆异黄酮含量的生态分布规律以及异黄酮与品质性状间的相关性,发掘品质优良的大豆种质资源.结果表明:重庆地区的野生大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量低于其地方品种,但异黄酮含量高,不同类型大豆的异黄酮含量变异丰富.试验同时...     

野生大豆的利用与优异资源的创新

１９８１～１９９５年从黑龙江省７３９份野生大豆（Ｇ．Ｓｏｊａ）、半野生大豆（Ｇ．ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ）资源中，筛选出高蛋白、超早熟、多花荚、多分校及抗ＳＣＮ和ＳＭＶ等优异种质２７份。利用这些优异资源进行种间杂交，选育出百粒重１９ｇ，蛋白质含量４８．２９％，蛋白、脂肪总含量６６．１６％的优异新种质龙品８８０７；选育出多荚多分枝、外贸特用极小粒类型及秆强荚密丰产型新种质８份。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.