乳酸菌对朗德鹅填饲效果的影响

为探讨乳酸菌在填饲过程中对朗德鹅产肝性能、脂肪沉积、屠体性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响,试验选用108只健康、体重相近的12周龄朗德鹅,随机分为试验A组、试验B组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只。对照组填饲日粮为无乳酸菌菌液的基础日粮,试验A、B组于正式填饲前期(1~5 d)分别在基础日粮中添加2 000、3 000 g/t乳酸菌菌液;正式填饲中期(6~15 d)分别在基础日粮中添加3 000、5 000 g/t乳酸菌菌液;正式填饲后期(16~25 d)不添加乳酸菌菌液。结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮中添加乳酸菌使填饲朗德鹅肥肝成熟期延长(P<0.05),淘汰率降低;与对照组相比,日粮中添加乳酸菌使填饲朗德鹅肝脏脂肪沉积比例下降,试验B组肥肝重、肝脏重/(肠脂重+腹脂重)、肝脏重/填饲期增重显著降低(P<0.05);各组间屠体性能指标均无显著性变化(P>0.05);与对照组相比,试验B组粗脂肪表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05),试验A、B组钙、磷的表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验A、B组血清中甘油三酯、胆固醇和极低密度脂蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲喂添加乳酸菌的日粮虽可促进鹅体健康,但会延缓鹅肝脏脂肪的沉积,不利于鹅肥肝生产。因此,生产中不宜在朗德鹅填饲日粮中添加乳酸菌。     

IGFBP5基因与鹅肥肝形成及产量的关系研究

研究旨在揭示胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白5(IGFBP5)基因与鹅脂肪肝(或肥肝)形成及产量的关系。对65日龄朗德鹅进行填饲或正常饲喂(自由采食),19 d后屠宰并测定填饲组和对照组(常规饲喂组)朗德鹅肝脏、腹脂和胸肌中IGFBP5基因的表达(n=5),以及分析IGFBP5多态性位点与鹅肥肝产量等指标的关联(n=120)。结果显示:相对于对照组,IGFBP5在填饲组三种组织中的表达量均显著减少(P0.05或P0.01),但在填饲过程中的表达变化因组织而异,或与组织中脂肪沉积量有关。在IGFBP5基因上游找到3个SNP,SNP2/3与肥肝重密切关联(P0.05),但编码区无多态性位点。表明IGFBP5参与鹅肥肝的形成,且可用作肥肝鹅的辅助选择标记。     

与鹅肥肝形成相关的血液生物标志物的筛选

Micro RNAs(mi RNAs)通过作用于靶基因发挥其生物学功能。研究测定了填饲19 d的朗德鹅与对照组朗德鹅(非填饲的常规饲喂组)(每组3只)血清中的mi RNAs比较,筛选出对照组与填饲组存在显著差异的mi RNAs,并与肝脏中差异表达的mi RNAs比较,确定在血液和肝脏中均共同上升的mi RNAs。结果表明:填饲朗德鹅血液中有295个mi RNAs的含量显著不同于对照组(19个上升,276个下降),其中4个mi RNAs(let-7a-2-3p、mi R-184、mi R-222a-3p、mi R-1662)在血液和肝脏中的含量均显著上升,提示它们可能是鹅肥肝形成的血液生物标志物。     

鹅乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶1基因的克隆、表达及生物信息分析

本实验旨在探究鹅乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶1(ACAA1)基因的分子结构和功能特性,及其在鹅肥肝形成过程肝脏中的表达变化。选用体型和体重相当的70日龄健康朗德鹅42只,正常填饲,填饲到21 d转为限制饲养。然后分别在填饲前(OF0)、填饲第7天(OF7)、填饲第14天(OF14)、填饲第21天(OF21)、限制饲养第7天(F7)、限制饲养第14天(F14)和限制饲养第21天(F21)7个填饲阶段各采集6只鹅肝脏组织样本;采用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆获得朗德鹅ACAA1基因cDNA全长序列并进行生物信息学分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测ACAA1基因在朗德鹅不同填饲阶段肝脏中的表达。结果表明:鹅ACAA1基因cDNA全长为3 352 bp,其中CDS区为1 323 bp,5'UTR长度为77 bp,3'UTR长度为1 952 bp,编码441个氨基酸;在朗德鹅肥肝形成过程中,ACAA1基因在肝脏中的表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其在填饲14 d的鹅肝脏中表达量最高(P0.05),在填饲结束限饲阶段的鹅肝脏中表达最低(P0.05),限饲到21 d,其表达量恢复到填饲前水平。结果提示,ACAA1基因的表达与鹅肥肝的形成密切相关,为研究ACAA1基因在鹅肥肝形成中的生物学功能及其分子机制奠定基础。     

溆浦鹅和朗德鹅肥肝营养成分和血清生化指标的比较北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在比较溆浦鹅和朗德鹅肥肝营养成分和血清生化指标的差异。选取同批孵化并在相同饲养管理条件下的85日龄溆浦鹅(体重5 200 g)和朗德鹅(体重4 640 g)各60只,按品种分为2组,每组20个重复,每个重复3只。预饲5 d,填饲21 d。测定溆浦鹅和朗德鹅体重、肝脏重、腹脂重、肝脏中氨基酸和脂肪酸组成及血清生化指标。结果表明:1)溆浦鹅的末重和腹脂重显著高于朗德鹅(P<0.05),溆浦鹅和朗德鹅之间初重、体增重率、肝脏重、肝体比、饲料消耗量和料肝比无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)溆浦鹅和朗德鹅的肝脏中氨基酸组成一致,且各种氨基酸含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)溆浦鹅的肝脏中不饱和脂肪酸含量极显著高于朗德鹅(P<0.01),其中反油酸甲酯、顺-11-二十碳烯酸甲酯和二十二碳六烯酸甲酯含量显著或极显著高于朗德鹅(P<0.05或P<0.01);而溆浦鹅的肝脏中饱和脂肪酸含量极显著低于朗德鹅(P<0.01),其中棕榈酸甲酯含量极显著低于朗德鹅(P<0.01)。4)溆浦鹅的血清中甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和谷草转氨酶活性显著或极显著高于朗德鹅(P<0.05或P<0.01)。溆浦鹅和朗德鹅之间血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,朗德鹅产肝性能和肝脏脂肪沉积能力在一定程度上优于溆浦鹅,但溆浦鹅肝脏中不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于朗德鹅,更有利于人类的健康。     

填饲对鹅胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白2基因表达的影响

研究旨在探讨填饲对朗德鹅胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白2(IGFBP2)基因在肝脏、胸肌和腹脂中表达的影响,将30只70日龄朗德鹅分为填饲组(15只)和对照组(15只),分别于77(填饲7 d)、84(填饲14 d)和89(填饲19 d)日龄采集填饲组和对照组的组织样本。采用实时荧光定量PCR法测定朗德鹅不同填饲阶段IGFBP2基因在肝脏、胸肌和腹脂中的表达情况。结果发现:各阶段填饲组肝脏中IGFBP2基因的表达量显著低于对照组(P0.05),且随着填饲时间的延长,表达水平下降趋势更加显著;胸肌中IGFBP2基因的表达量在填饲的第7和19天与对照组相当,而在第14天则显著低于对照组(P0.05);腹脂中IGFBP2基因的表达量在填饲的第7天和第14天显著低于对照组(P0.05),而在填饲第19天时,IGFBP2基因的表达量在填饲组与对照组间差异不显著。结果表明,IGFBP2基因的表达与鹅肥肝的形成密切相关,为深入研究IGFBP2基因在肥肝形成过程中的作用奠定基础。     

朗德鹅C/EBPα基因的克隆及不同处理对其在肝脏中表达的影响

为研究C/EBPα基因与朗德鹅肝脏脂肪代谢的关系,本研究克隆了朗德鹅C/EBPα基因,预测其蛋白结构和功能,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了朗德鹅肝脏C/EBPα基因在对照组和填饲、填饲+T3、填饲+T3+甜菜碱、填饲+甜菜碱等4个不同处理组中的表达情况。结果发现:朗德鹅C/EBPα基因序列长为1 401bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为975bp,编码324个氨基酸的蛋白质,两侧分别是210bp的5′-UTR和397bp的3′-UTR;预测朗德鹅C/EBPα蛋白位于细胞核中,不含有信号肽,不含有跨膜区,含有bZIP功能结构域;不同填饲处理组肝脏组织中C/EBPα基因的表达显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中填饲+T3+甜菜碱处理组显著高于其它3个填饲处理组(P<0.05),与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)。推测C/EBPα基因在朗德鹅肝脏脂肪代谢过程中发挥作用。     

鹅乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶2基因的克隆及其在鹅肥肝形成过程中的表达变化

为了探讨ACAA2基因与鹅(Anser anser)肝脂肪代谢的关系,本试验选取35只朗德鹅分为填饲组(15只)和对照组(20只),填饲组包括填饲7、14和19天3个阶段。运用RT-PCR方法克隆出朗德鹅ACAA2基因的完整编码序列并进行生物信息学分析,采用实时定量PCR技术测定了朗德鹅填饲不同阶段该基因在肝中的表达水平,并用葡萄糖、脂肪酸和胰岛素分别处理鹅原代肝细胞,观察这些因子对基因表达的影响。朗德鹅ACAA2基因完整CDS区长1 194bp,编码397个氨基酸;各阶段填饲组肝中该基因的表达量显著高于对照组(P0.05),但随填饲时间的延长,表达水平呈下降趋势。另外,在培养的鹅原代肝细胞中,相较于对照组,0.5mmol·L~(-1)的油酸能使ACAA2的表达量显著上调,而0.25mmol·L~(-1)的棕榈酸和不同浓度的胰岛素能显著下调ACAA2的表达(P0.05)。结果表明,ACAA2基因的表达与鹅肥肝的形成密切相关,为深入研究ACAA2基因在鹅肥肝形成过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

不同油脂对填饲期朗德鹅生产性能、血清指标及肝脏脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同油脂对填饲期朗德鹅产肝性能、脂肪沉积、屠宰性能、血清指标及肝脏脂肪酸组成的影响。选取70日龄朗德鹅母鹅80只,体重为(3.0±0.1)kg,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只。鹅油组为对照组,饲粮中添加2%的鹅油;牛油组、鱼油组和菜籽油组为试验组,饲粮中分别添加2%的牛油、鱼油和菜籽油。预试期7 d,填饲期20 d。结果表明:1)菜籽油组和牛油组的肝脏重均显著高于鱼油组(P0.05),牛油组的肝体比显著高于鹅油组(P0.05)。菜籽油组和鹅油组的活重、全净膛重均显著高于牛油组和鱼油组(P0.05)。2)鱼油组血清甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)含量显著低于鹅油组(P0.05);菜籽油组血清LDL含量显著低于鹅油组(P0.05),且其血清总胆固醇(TC)含量显著低于牛油组(P0.05);牛油组血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量显著高于鹅油组(P0.05);牛油组、鱼油组和菜籽油组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性较鹅油组有不同程度的降低,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。3)与添加鹅油相比,添加鱼油显著降低了肝脏中总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量(P0.05),显著提高了肝脏中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)C16∶1、C17∶1、C18∶1n-9、C18∶2n-6、C18∶3n-3、C20∶1n-9、C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3、C22∶1n-9、C22∶5n-3、C22∶6n-3、C24∶1n-9及总UFA含量(P0.05);添加菜籽油显著降低了肝脏中总SFA含量(P0.05),显著提高了肝脏中UFA C16∶1、C18∶1n-9、C18∶2n-6、C20∶2、C22∶1n-9及总UFA含量(P0.05);添加牛油显著提高了肝脏中C18∶3n-3、C20∶5n-3、C22∶5n-3、C22∶6n-3及总多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量(P0.05)。由此得出,与添加鹅油相比,饲粮添加菜籽油或牛油时填饲期朗德鹅的产肝性能较佳;添加鱼油和菜籽油可增加填饲期朗德鹅肝脏中PUFA含量,降低血清脂质含量。     

不同纤维源对成年鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响

本试验旨在研究不同纤维源对成年扬州鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响。选用18只健康、体重相近的25周龄扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为3组,即:稻壳粉组、苜蓿草粉组、羊草粉组,每组6只。试验期28 d,试验期末将试验鹅处死并留取各肠段组织,称重并观察肠道组织形态。结果表明:①不同纤维源对十二指肠和空肠长度影响差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳草粉组回肠长度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组差异不显著(P>0.05)。②稻壳粉组十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、肌层厚度均显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),其中苜蓿草粉组隐窝深度、V/C与羊草粉组差异显著(P<0.05);稻壳粉组与羊草粉组空肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著低于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),稻壳粉组与羊草粉组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳粉组肌层厚度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05);羊草粉组回肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳粉组(P<0.05),3组间绒毛宽度差异显著(P<0.05),且以稻壳粉组最大,羊草粉组V/C显著高于苜蓿草粉组和稻壳粉组(P<0.05),羊草粉组肌层厚度显著低于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳草粉组(P<0.05)。由此可知,不同纤维源可显著影响25周龄扬州鹅肠道组织形态。     

Study on Changes of Blood Chemistry Indexes,Hepatic Routine Nutritional Composition and Expression of Lipid Metabolism-associated Genes during the Recovery of Geese with Fatty Livers

This experiment aimed to determine the changes of body weight, liver weight, abdominal fat weight, hepatic routine nutritional composition, blood biochemistry indexes, as well as mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-associated genes during the recovery of Landes geese with fatty liver, which provided the basis for the further elucidation of the recovery or protection mechanism of goose fat liver.18 Landes geese were divided into three groups (6 gees in each group).Group 1 was control group, in which the geese were fed with boiled maize;Group 2 was the overfeeding group without recovery, in which the geese were overfed with a maize-based diet for 19 days;And group 3 was the overfeeding group with 20-day recovery, in which the geese were overfed with the maize-based diet for 19 days followed by feeding boiled maize for 20-day recovery.The results showed that compared with group 2, the body weight and liver weight of the geese in group 3 decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01), and the abdominal fat weights undecreased significantly (P>0.05);Moreover, the percentages of nutrients including water, ash, CP of livers in group 3 increased significantly (P<0.05), while the percentage of EE decreased significantly (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference for these variables between groups 1 and 3 (P>0.05) except water.In regard to blood biochemistry indexes, the contents of blood ALT, AST, TG and HDL-C in group 3 decreased significantly (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference from those of group 1 (P>0.05).The mRNA expression levels of FADS1, SCD1 and CYP2C45 in group 3 decreased significantly compared with group 1 (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference between groups 1 and 3 (P>0.05).In summary, this study demonstrated the recoverability of goose fatty liver at different layers, and thus laid a foundation for further investigation on the recovery or protective mechanism of goose fatty liver and found the solution to resolve the problems related to animal fatty liver.     

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacterium on Force-feeding Results of Landes Geese

In order to study the effect of lactic acid bacterium on liver performance, fat deposition, slaughter performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indices of Landes geese, a total of 108 12-week-age healthy Landes geese were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 6 geese per replicate.The geese in control group were fed with the diets without lactic acid bacterium during the whole experiment, and the geese in groups A and B were fed with the diets supplemented with 2 000 and 3 000 g/t lactic acid bacterium during 1 to 5 d, respectively;With 3 000 and 5 000 g/t during 6 to 15 d, respectively;And with no lactic acid bacterium during 16 to 25 d.The results showed that compared with the control group, supplementation of lactic acid bacterium could prolong the mature period of liver (P<0.05) and decrease the elimination rate of Landes geese.Compared with the control group, supplementation of lactic acid bacterium could decrease the rate of fat on liver, the average weight of liver, liver weight/weight of bowel and abdominal fat and liver weight/weight gain in group B were significantly decreased (P<0.05).There were no significant differences in slaughter performance among all groups (P>0.05).Compared with the control group, the apparent digestibility of crude fat in group B was significantly increased (P<0.05), the apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in groups A and B were significantly increased (P<0.05).Compared with the control group, the serum content of triglyceride, cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein in groups A and B were significantly decreased (P<0.05).In conclusion, diets with lactic acid bacterium were good to geese, but considering its prevention of fat deposition in liver, lactic acid bacterium was suggested not to be used in force-feeding process.     

卵巢肿瘤去泛素化酶7A基因与鹅肥肝形成关系的研究

【目的】 研究卵巢肿瘤去泛素化酶7A(OTUD7A)基因与鹅肥肝形成的关系。【方法】 选取健康、体重一致的70日龄朗德鹅公鹅40只,随机分为2组,对照组自由采食,试验组进行填饲试验,其中填饲第1~5天每日采食量为500 g,第6~12天每日采食量为800 g,第13~19天每日采食量为1 200 g。在填饲第7、14和19天时,每组随机选取6只鹅屠宰,取肝脏,采用实时荧光定量PCR测定不同填饲阶段肝脏中OTUD7A基因的表达水平。采用Ⅳ型胶原酶消化法分离23胚龄的鹅原代肝细胞,分别用浓度为0(空白组)、125、250 mmol/L的葡萄糖,0(空白组)、50、100、200 nmol/L的胰岛素,0(空白组)、0.125、0.250 mmol/L的油酸、亚油酸及0(空白组)、0.25、0.50 mmol/L棕榈酸处理鹅原代肝细胞,并用实时荧光定量PCR检测这些脂肪肝形成相关因子对OTUD7A基因表达水平的影响。构建过表达OTUD7A基因的载体pcDNA3.1-OTUD7A,并将构建好的过表达重组质粒转染鹅原代肝细胞,通过转录组学测序(RNA-Seq)进行差异表达基因的筛选,并对获得的差异表达基因进行GO功能富集分析。【结果】 在填饲第7、14天时,鹅肝脏中的OTUD7A基因表达显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与空白组相比,250 mmol/L葡萄糖处理以及0.125 mmol/L和0.250 mmol/L棕榈酸处理均显著提高鹅原代肝细胞中OTUD7A基因的表达水平(P<0.05)。转录组学测序结果表明,OTUD7A基因过表达后共筛选到34个差异表达基因,其中有19个基因表达上调、15个基因表达下调。GO功能富集分析发现,差异表达基因注释到对微生物的防御反应、对外界生物刺激的反应、T细胞分化、细胞外外泌体等条目,其中CLMP、PROCR、SH3BP1、ARHGAP28、ACE、OTUD7A、LOC106045877、LOC106048002基因的表达上调,TNFSF8、DDX60、PLAC8、RSAD2、MX1、RSAD2、GBP1基因的表达下调。【结论】 鹅肥肝形成过程中OTUD7A基因的表达水平升高,OTUD7A基因可能通过调控TNFSF8、RSAD2、MX1、GBP1、CLMP和PROCR等基因的表达参与鹅肥肝的形成。     

Glucose participates in the formation of goose fatty liver by regulating the expression of miRNA-33/CROT

Glucose oversupply promotes formation of fatty liver, and fatty liver is usually accompanied with hyperglycemia. However, the mechanism by which glucose promotes formation of fatty liver is not very clear. In this study, fatty liver was successfully induced in Landes goose by 19 days of overfeeding with corn-based feed, the overfed geese had a significantly higher level of blood glucose than the normally fed geese (control group). In goose primary liver cells, high level of glucose promoted fat deposition and induced the expression of SREBF2(or SREBP2), a key regulator of lipid metabolism, and its intronic gene, miR-33. Moreover, overexpression of miRNA-33(miR-33) promotes lipid accumulation in goose primary liver cells. Consistently, miR-33 inhibitor suppressed glucose induced lipid accumulation in liver cells. Interestingly, the relative abundance of miR-33 in goose fatty liver was significantly higher than that in normal liver, while the relative mRNA and protein abundances of CROT, the target gene of miR-33, in goose fatty liver were significantly lower than those in goose normal liver. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-33 mediates glucose promotion of lipid accumulation in goose primary liver cells, and that glucose participates in formation of goose fatty liver by regulating the expression of miR-33/CROT.     

不同纤维源日粮对四川白鹅肉品质及氨基酸含量的影响

为研究日粮纤维源对四川白鹅肉品质、氨基酸含量和营养价值的影响,试验选用28日龄体重相近的四川白鹅120只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只,公母各半,采用地面平养方式,分别饲喂含苜蓿草粉、黑麦草粉、燕麦草粉和花生秧粉日粮,自由采食和饮水,试验期共42 d。结果显示,在日粮近似等氮等能、采食量相等的条件下,日粮纤维源对四川白鹅肉剪切力、肉色、滴水损失率、粗脂肪和氨基酸含量均有显著影响（P<0.05）,苜蓿和花生秧组剪切力均显著低于黑麦和燕麦组（P<0.05）,苜蓿、燕麦和花生秧组滴水损失率均显著低于黑麦组（P<0.05）,燕麦组粗脂肪显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）,而花生秧组显著低于其他3组（P<0.05）,不同纤维源日粮对水分、灰分和粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。日粮中添加苜蓿草粉可提高鹅肉保水性,增加其嫩度,同时也可提升鹅肉中鲜味氨基酸含量,建议生产中可在肉鹅日粮中适当添加苜蓿草粉,以提升其肉品质和营养价值。     

Effect of Supplementing Alfalfa Powder to Diet on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Goose

The experiment was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary alfalfa powder on the growth performance,body size,slaughter performance,organ index and meat quality of Siji geese.A total of 256 15-day-old geese (half male and half female) with similar body weight were randomly divided into four groups with 4 replicates of 16 geese each.The geese in control group were fed with corn-soybean meal-based diet (control diet),and geese in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet replaced with 10%,20% and 30% alfalfa powder,respectively.The results showed that,compared with the control group,dietary alfalfa powder supplementation had no significant effect on the average daily intake,average daily gain,feed conversion ratio,body oblique length,keel length,shin circumference,semi diving length,chest width and shin length (P>0.05),and also had no effect on the carcass ratio,half-eviscerated carcass ratio and pectoral muscle ratio (P>0.05).However,dietary 20% and 30% alfalfa powder supplementation significantly increased the chest depth (P<0.05),dietary 30% alfalfa powder significantly decreased the full-eviscerated carcass ratio (P<0.05),and dietary 10% alfalfa powder significantly increased the leg muscle ratio (P<0.05) of geese.In addition,dietary alfalfa powder significantly decreased the abdominal fat ratio (P<0.05),raised the growth index of liver,jejunum,ileum,and cecum (P<0.05),and increased the water loss rate of pectoral muscle and leg muscle (P<0.05) compared with the control group.Dietary 10% and 30% alfalfa powder significantly increased duodenal growth index (P<0.05) of geese.In conclusion,dietary alfalfa powder supplementation might improve the slaughter performance (increase chest depth and leg muscle ratio,reduce abdominal fat rate) and organ growth index (increase the growth index of liver,duodenum,jejunum,ileum and cecum).However,dietary alfalfa powder increased water loss rates in pectoral muscle and leg muscle,and 30% alfalfa powder reduced the full-eviscerated carcass ratio of geese.The appropriate supplementation level of alfalfa powder was recommended at 10% in the present study.     

菜籽粕对4~6周龄浙东白鹅体增重、养分利用率及血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨菜籽粕对4~6周龄浙东白鹅体增重、养分利用率及血清生化指标的影响,以确定此阶段肉鹅日粮中菜籽粕的合理添加水平。试验选用4周龄健康的浙东白鹅160只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别饲喂以3%、6%和9%的菜籽粕代替基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮。预试期7 d,正试期14 d。结果表明:①3%、6%和9%组鹅体增重较对照组呈下降趋势,但各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。②3%组总能(GE)、粗蛋白质(CP)和总磷(TP)的利用率最高,均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),粗脂肪(EE)利用率较对照组极显著提高(P<0.01),随着菜籽粕添加量的增加,肉鹅对粗纤维(CF)和钙(Ca)的利用率降低,且6%和9%组较对照组呈现极显著差异(P<0.01)。③3%组天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)、色氨酸(Ser)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)利用率均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);6%组除缬氨酸(Val)、赖氨酸(Lys)外,其余氨基酸利用率均显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05;P<0.01);9%组色氨酸(Ser)、甘氨酸(Gly)、组氨酸(His)利用率均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。④随着菜籽粕添加量的增加,血清中血糖(GLU)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)含量呈上升趋势(P>0.05),9%组血清中总胆固醇(TC)含量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量与对照组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,4~6周龄浙东白鹅日粮中用3%~6%的菜籽粕代替部分豆粕较为适宜。     

Effect of Soybean Meal Replaced by Brewer's Grain or Fermented Brewer's Grain on Growth Performance,Immune Organ Index and Intestinal Flora of Meat Geese

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal replaced by brewer's grain (BSG) or fermented brewer's grain (FBSG) on growth performance,immune organ index and intestinal flora of meat geese.A total of 250 geese at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate.The geese in control group were fed a basal diet (with soybean);The geese in groups 1 and 2 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% BSG replacing the soybean,respectively;The geese in groups 3 and 4 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% FBSG replacing the soybean,respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days,including three phases:15 d (early stage),14 d (middle stage) and 14 d (later stage).The results showed as follows:①From the whole experiment period,compared with control group,the ADG of geese in group 1 was significantly increased (P<0.05),the ADG and ADFI of geese in group 4 were significantly decreased (P<0.05),there were no obvious change in growth performance of geese in groups 2 and 3 (P>0.05).② Compared with control group,the thymus index and spleen index of geese in groups 1,2 and 3 were extremely significantly increased at early stage (P<0.01);At middle and later stages,the spleen index of geese in group 2 were significantly and extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01);There were no significant differences in bursa of fabricius index of geese among all groups (P>0.05).③ Compared with control group,the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in cecum in groups 1 and 2 were extremely significantly decreased at early and later stages (P<0.01),while the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were increased in different degrees;the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus in cecum in groups 3 and 4 were extremely significantly increased at later stage (P<0.01).In conclusion,10% BSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could improve the growth performance and intestinal flora of meat geese;10% FBSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could promote the growth of beneficial bacteria of meat geese,but had no effect on growth performance;While 20% replacing soybean in the basal diet could decrease the feed intake and weight gain of meat geese,hinder its growth and development.     

啤酒糟、发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕对肉鹅生长性能、免疫器官指数及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究啤酒糟、发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕对肉鹅生长性能、免疫器官指数及肠道菌群的影响。选取250只28日龄健康皖西肉鹅,根据体重相近原则随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鹅,对照组饲喂不含任何杂粕类饲料的基础日粮;试验1、2组分别饲喂用10%、20%风干啤酒糟替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮;试验3、4组分别饲喂用10%、20%风干发酵啤酒糟替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮,添加量以基础日粮干物质为基础。试验期43 d,分为早期(28~42日龄)、中期(43~56日龄)、后期(57~70日龄)3个阶段。结果表明:①从整个试验期来看,与对照组相比,试验1组肉鹅平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),试验4组肉鹅平均日增重和平均采食量显著降低(P<0.05),试验2、3组肉鹅生长性能未发生明显改变(P>0.05)。②与对照组相比,试验1、2、3组肉鹅胸腺指数和脾脏指数在试验早期均极显著提高(P<0.01);在试验中期和后期,仅试验2组肉鹅脾脏指数显著或极显著提高(P<0.05;P<0.01);各组间肉鹅法氏囊指数差异均不显著(P>0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组肉鹅盲肠中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量在试验早期和后期极显著降低(P<0.01),同时双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量不同程度地增加;试验3、4组双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量在试验后期极显著升高(P<0.01)。综上所述,10%啤酒糟替代日粮中豆粕时可提高其生长性能,改善肉鹅肠道菌群;10%发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕时可促进肠道有益菌的生长,但不影响其生长性能,而20%替代豆粕时则会降低肉鹅采食量和增重,阻碍其生长发育。