小麦体细胞无性系HMW-GS组成、蛋白质和赖氨酸含量及SSR位点变异分析

为明确小麦体细胞无性系后代材料的蛋白质和赖氨酸含量、HMW-GS及SSR位点变异情况,对宁春4号、陇春21号和花培9355三个小麦品种的无性系R4和R5代材料的蛋白质和赖氨酸含量、HMWGS组成及SSR位点进行检测和鉴定,并分析其变异情况。结果表明,三个小麦品种无性系后代中,编码HMW-GS的三个位点均可发生变异,不同基因型材料的无性系后代的变异频率和位点并不相同,同一基因型无性系后代的不同编码位点的变异频率也不相同;蛋白质和赖氨酸含量出现超亲变异,其中大部分材料在R4代中表现出的变异性状能够稳定传递到R5代中。小麦体细胞无性系SSR位点的变异具有基因型依赖性,蛋白质和赖氨酸含量的变异频率与SSR位点变异频率无直接的相关性。     

体细胞无性系变异遗传特性分析

通过9份无性系变异体后代的性状相关和广义遗传力分析以及68份体细胞无性系R_1、R_2、R_3的株高、抽穗期变异分析表明:R_2、R_3代的性状变异水平明显低于R_1;R_2和R_3代保持R_1变异水平的无性系比例很低。通过体细胞培养容易获得微效变异,而获得大变异的频率很低。体细胞无性系变异R_3的多数性状遗传力较高。综合分析表明:对优良无性系变异体的选择R_2代便可开始,R_3代便已趋稳定。相对于其它手段创造的变异,体细胞无性系变异有一定的优越性,也存在局限性。     

体细胞变异在作物遗传与育种中的应用

植物器官、组织、细胞和原生质体由组织培养方法诱导的许多植物并不是纯系 ,其变化范围很大 ,在某些情况下甚至超过不同品系杂交所产生的变异 ,实验室技术有时能把这些变异引向选育的方向 ,如增加抗病性 ,这种新特性不仅能保持在成年植株中 ,而且能遗传给后代 ,即所谓的体细胞无性系变异。Ｂｕｒｋ等首先在烟草的二倍体体细胞无性系再生植株中发现遗传变异 ,之后 ,国内外许多学者在其它作物上均发现体细胞无性系变异。体细胞无性系变异能为育种者提供新的材料来源 ,对由于近亲繁殖而遗传基础狭窄的作物来说 ,体细胞无性系变异可提供重要的遗…     

橡胶树Gl1花药体细胞植株繁殖的幼态无性系的生长量和产量表现

介绍以Ｇｌ１花药体细胞植株繁殖的动态无性系为材料进行初比试验的情况，试验结果表明，Ｇｌ１品种花药体细胞植株繁殖的动态无性系和供体老态无性系相比，其开割前茎围多６．４％，开割后茎围年平均增长多８．３％，产量高３５．０％。     

利用组织培养技术筛选棉花优异新种质

本文从体细胞无性系变异的特点，获得体细胞无性系的关键技术和体细胞无性系变异在棉花品种改良上的应用三个方面评述了利用组织培养技术筛选棉花优异新种质的研究现状和有关问题。     

苎麻体细胞无性系变异及其规律的研究

通过对苎麻不同基因型和外植体类型的再生植株进行观察与鉴定，分析了经过组织培养循环所创造的苎麻体细胞无性系变异，具有频率高、类型多的特点，而其中超亲变异的出现，证明利用体细胞无性系变异进行苎麻品种改良是可行的，并据此提出建立苎麻生物技术育种新途径的总体构想。     

苎麻体细胞无性系变异及其规律的研究

通过对苎麻不同基因型和外植体类型的再生植株进行观察与鉴定，分析了经过组织培养循环所创造的苎麻体细胞无性系变异，具有频率高、类型多的特点，而其中超亲变异的出现，证明利用体细胞无性系变异进行苎麻品种改良是可行的，并据此提出建立苎麻生物技术育种新途径的总体构想。     

玉米体细胞愈伤组织植株后代的产量配合力分析

以玉米自交系8112植株为试验基础材料，取其套袋自交授粉后的幼胚离体进行组织培养，将所得到的愈伤组织再生植株后代不同株系问的产量配合力进行了初步探讨分析。结果表明，来源于同一基础材料的再生植株后代不同株系间的产量配合力有明显的差异，其中能出现配合力较高的株系、利用体细胞无性系变异选育高配合力的自交系是玉米育种的一条新途径。     

高粱体细胞抗盐系的筛选

用高粱体细胞梯度筛选法筛选了在3％NaCl培养其中能存活的体细胞系，并获得了再生植株，利用芽期和苗期抗盐鉴定和产比结果表明，高粱体细胞抗盐新品系T011有较强的抗盐能力和高配合力。     

利用体细胞无性系变异筛选水稻光温敏核不育系株1S矮秆突变体

 以幼穗和成熟胚为外植体经组织培养成功建立了体细胞无性系，结合愈伤组织多代培养和化学物质诱导，获得了高达40%以上的体细胞无性系变异，并从中选育出遗传稳定的株1S矮秆突变体SV5、SV10和SV14。鉴定结果表明矮秆突变体SV14是矮化了的光温敏核不育系，具有优良的光温敏不育特性，配合力强，杂种优势明显，较对照可以增产10%以上，具有较大的推广价值。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.