Effects of Density and Miantaijin Chemical Control on Boll Characteristics and Physiological Activity of Direct-Seeded Cotton after Wheat Harvest

[Objective] The aim of this research is to study the effects of planting density and Miantaijin(diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate·mepiquat chloride of mass fraction 27.5%) chemical control on physiological leaf characteristics and boll setting characteristics of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest. [Method] In 2011―2012, the early-maturing variety Guoxinzao 11-1 was used as the experimental material. The study was conducted in Yangzhou University in 2011―2012 under the direct-seeded after wheat harvest cropping system, and the randomized complete block design was arranged with planting densities and Miantaijin rates. [Result] Under the density 105 000 plant·hm^－2 combined with 1 170 mL·hm^－2 Miantaijin, the boll setting was mainly concentrated before August 31. The SPAD value, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, free amino acid content on July 15, July 30, August 15 of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest showed significant or extremely significant open-down parabola relationship with the number of bolls before August 31. It indicates that keeping the appropriate level of carbon and nitrogen physiological activity in cotton leaves is beneficial to high-quality bolls. [Conclusion] High density (105 000 plant·hm^－2) combined with proper Miantaijin control (1 170 mL·hm^－2) would contribute to forming quality bolls of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest, and the physiological activities of leaf carbon and nitrogen are suitable.     

蕾期调亏灌溉对海岛棉棉铃发育及产量的影响

以新海24号、新海35号为材料,设置滴灌定额0 m3·hm-2(重度调亏,土壤含水量10%左右)、900 m3·hm-2(轻度调亏,土壤含水量16%左右)、1800 m3·hm-2(丰水,土壤含水量20%左右)3个处理,研究蕾期调亏灌溉对海岛棉棉铃发育及产量的影响。结果表明:0 m3·hm-2处理的铃直径、铃体积分别在花后10 d内、20 d内快速增大,铃重在花后30 d内增长速度较快;但铃直径、铃体积在开花后30 d,铃重在开花后50~60 d,均较900 m3·hm-2和1800 m3·hm-2处理显著下降。900 m3·hm-2处理的铃直径、铃体积及铃重均与1800 m3·hm-2处理无明显差异。皮棉产量以900 m3·hm-2处理最高,平均为2372.92 kg·hm-2,比1800 m3·hm-2和0 m3·hm-2分别高10.97%和41.78%。因此,海岛棉蕾期滴灌定额以900 m3·hm-2较为适宜。     

非生物胁迫对棉花次生代谢及棉蚜种群消长的影响

盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫影响棉花的次生代谢,而次生代谢可能影响棉株上的害虫发生。为明确非生物胁迫与次生代谢及棉蚜种群消长三者间的关系,以不同浓度氯化钠(NaCl)和聚乙醇(PEG)溶液分别处理棉苗,测定了棉叶组织内棉酚和可溶性糖含量的变化,并观察了棉蚜在被处理棉苗上的生长发育及繁殖情况。结果发现,100和200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理棉苗的棉酚含量分别比不含NaCl的对照提高20%和53.5%,可溶性糖含量分别提高15.7%和46%。盐胁迫显著延长棉蚜的发育历期并降低繁殖率,100和200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理的棉蚜若蚜期分别比对照延长6.4%和9.9%,单雌产蚜量分别减少22.6%和52.3%。干旱胁迫也影响棉花叶片棉酚和可溶性糖含量,质量分数2.5%和5%的PEG处理棉株的棉酚含量分别比对照提高39.7%和61.5%,可溶性糖含量分别提高14.2%和47.1%,生长在PEG处理棉株上的棉蚜的若蚜期分别延长7.4%和16.5%,单雌产蚜量分别减少26.8%和55.8%。叶片内棉酚和可溶性糖含量均与棉蚜若蚜期呈显著正相关,与棉蚜的产蚜量呈显著负相关。由此推断,盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫增强了棉苗的次生代谢,导致棉酚和可溶性糖等次生代谢产物大量积累,抑制了棉蚜种群的消长。     

Effects of Planting Density and Chemical control on Yield and Mineral Elements Accumulation of Cotton Direct-Seeded after Wheat

[Objective] The effects of planting density and Miantaijin treatment on yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and accumulation in cotton direct-seeded after wheat in the Yangtze River basin were studied in order to clarify the high-yield cultivation techniques under this cropping system. 【Method】 In 2011 and 2012, Guoxinzao 11-1 at the experimental material, and adopted three densities (75 000, 90 000 and 105 000 plants·hm^－2) and three Miantaijin doses (0 mL·hm^－2, 1 170 mL·hm^－2 and 2 340 mL·hm^－2). 【Result】 The results showed that the highest yield was 3 551.3～3 687.5 kg·hm^－2 under 90 000～105 000 plant·hm^－2 density combined with 1 170 mL·hm^－2 Miantaijin (seedling stage: 90 mL·hm^－2, peak squaring stage: 180 mL·hm^－2, peak flowering stage: 360 mL·hm^－2, peak boll-setting stage: 540 mL·hm^－2). Under these conditions, the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 117.8 kg·hm^－2, 77.4 kg·hm^－2, 116.4 kg·hm^－2, respectively. Among them, nitrogen uptake was the highest in the peak-squaring stage to peak-flowering stage, while the highest phosphorus and potassium uptake were both detected in the peak-flowering to boll-opening stage. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant linear positive correlation between the yield of direct seeded cotton after wheat and the total absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, especially during the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. 【Conclusion】 The suitable application dose of Miantaijin under medium and high density could enhance the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the whole growth period of cotton, especially in the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. and thus result in the high yield of direct-seeded cotton after wheat in the Yangtze River basin.     

Effects of Exogenous Proline on the Growth,Physiological Characteristics,and Proline Metabolism of Cotton Seedlings under Boron Deficiency Stress

[Objective] This study investigates the effects of exogenous proline on the growth, physiological responses, and proline metabolism of cotton (Ekang No.8) seedlings treated with varying boron (B) concentrations. [Method] We conducted a randomized experiment with six treatments using the hydroponic method in a greenhouse at Huazhong Agricultural University. We applied three different concentrations of boron, including 0.02 μmol·L^－1 (low-concentration B), 2.5 μmol·L^－1 (medium-concentration B), and 100 μmol·L^－1 (sufficient-concentration B). The first two are boron-deficient treatments. We also applied an exogenous proline treatment at 20 μmol·L^－1(0 μmol·L^－1 as control). When any significant difference among the treatments were observed, the related indicator was measured. [Result] The results showed that exogenous proline inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings under sufficient-concentration B treatment while promoting the absorption of B by roots under low-concentration B treatment. The application of exogenous proline to the seedlings under low-concentration B treatment reduced the contents of proline and H₂O₂ in leaves but increased the accumulation of MDA and H₂O₂ in roots. The activities of SOD and antioxidant enzymes (APX) in the roots and leaves were dramatically enhanced. Conversely, POD activity reduced significantly and there was no significant change in CAT activity relative to low-concentration B treatment. More importantly, we found that the application of exogenous proline under B deficiency increased the activities of P5CS, P5CR, OAT (synthetase), and PRODH (degrading enzyme) in proline metabolic pathways. [Conclusion] Applying exogenous proline under sufficient-B concentration inhibits growth. The application of proline to seedlings under low-B concentration promotes the absorption of B by roots, increases the activity of APX, and decreases the membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves. A B deficiency leads to proline accumulation in plants. The addition of proline under low-B concentration can reduce the proline content in leaves, which is caused by affecting the critical synthetase and catabolic enzyme activities in the proline metabolism pathway (Glu and Orn pathway). The main reason for this occurrence is the significant increase of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) activity.     

Applying Plant Growth Regulators at Early Stages Affects Maturation of Cotton

[Objective] Early initiation and early maturity are the foundation of high yield and good quality of cotton. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of plant growth regulators applied at the seedling and squaring stage on the early initiation of flower bud and the rate of the opened cotton boll (ROCB) during later development period, and to provide practical measures for hastening the maturity of cotton. [Method] Several plant growth regulators were applied from cotyledonary to squaring stage under greenhouse and field conditions, water was used as the control. The first fruiting branch node (indicating the initiation of flower bud), the number of bud prior to blooming and the ROCB at mid-term of boll maturation period (23 September, 2017) were compared among treatments. [Result] Under greenhouse conditions, gibberellic acid (GA₃) applied at the cotyledonary stage with 140 μmol·L^－1 as well as the three consecutive applications of sodium nitrophenolate (CSN, 2.23 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary, two-leaf and four-leaf stage made the first fruiting branch node move down by about 0.9 nodes. In field experiments, the application of gibberellin₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇, 288 and 576 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by about 0.4 nodes. Also, the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, 44.4 μmol·L^－1) at the three-leaf stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by 0.2 nodes. However, there was no significant correlation between the first fruiting branch node and the ROCB in late September. Moreover, the application of Brassinolide (BR, 0.10 μmol·L^－1) at the bud stage increased the ROCB in late September, which was mainly associated with the increased boll set in the lower and middle fruiting branches. [Conclusion] The reasonable distribution of bolls (concentrated in the lower and middle fruiting branches as well as inner fruiting sites) is more important for the earliness of cotton than lowering the first fruiting branch node.     

缓释氮肥对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究缓释氮肥运筹对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】2016―2017年以短季棉品种中棉所50为材料,采用小麦后直播的种植方式,设3个缓释肥氮素用量:45、90和135 kg·hm-2,2个施用时期分别为2叶期和4叶期。以常规氮肥尿素(纯氮90 kg·hm-2,CK1)和不施肥为对照(CK2)。【结果】缓释肥氮素90 kg·hm-2,并于2叶、4叶期施用产量较高,其中2017年籽棉产量显著高于其它处理,分别达4198.7和4037.8 kg·hm-2,比对照CK2分别高517.2和356.3 kg·hm-2,干物质积累量也表现为缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2于2叶、4叶期施用较高,其中2017年分别达到14090.5 kg·hm-2、13564.5 kg·hm-2,分别比对照CK2高12.6%和8.4%。氮素积累量表现相似的结果。氮素利用效率结果进一步表明,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量45 kg·hm-2的处理氮素回收利用率(NARE)、氮素农学利用率(NAE)及氮素生理利用率(NPE)都最高,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2的处理其次,如2017年2叶期施缓释肥氮用量45 kg·hm-2处理的上述3个氮素利用效率分别为75.62%、23.68%、77.26%,施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2处理则分别为60.9%、19.9%、46.6%,而对照CK2仅为53.79%、14.12%、40.91%。【结论】小麦后直播棉在2叶期一次性施用缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2能显著提高氮素利用效率,促进群体干物质生产并实现高产,同时达到轻简高效的目的。     

行距对机采棉干物质积累及氮磷利用效率的影响

【目的】新疆棉花生产的主要环节均已实现机械化,但采摘环节仍大量使用人工,农机农艺不协调是导致机收比例低的主要原因。优化机采棉行距配置是实现农机农艺融合的有效途径,因此本研究通过设置不同的机采棉行距,探究其对棉花产量形成及养分利用的影响,为机采棉行距配置的优化提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计,选择生产中最佳密度,在密度一致基础上,设置"一膜三行"(S1,平均行距76 cm)、"一膜四行"(S2,平均行距57 cm)、"一膜六行"(S3,平均行距38 cm)3种行距,其中S3处理为常规机采行距(CK),研究行距对棉花干物质积累、分配以及对产量形成及氮、磷养分吸收利用的影响。【结果】不同行距下棉花干物质的积累符合Logistic生长函数模型。2年均值表明随着平均行距的降低,单株干物质积累总量降低43.3%,干物质最大积累速率降低(1.4 g·株-1·d-1),快速积累期起始时间从出苗后51.4 d逐渐推迟至62.5 d,但快速积累持续时长从19.7 d增加至35.1 d。增加行距显著提高单株成铃(0.9个),对铃重及衣分无显著影响,籽棉及皮棉产量显著增加16.7%和17.4%。行距对植株养分积累与分配有显著的影响,S1处理氮积累总量(907.0 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(58.3 kg·hm-2)、吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 55.7%和P2O569.1%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(32.1 kg)均最高;而S3处理氮积累总量(664.5 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(38.9 kg·hm-2)最低,S2处理吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 48.5%和P2O560.3%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(28.6 kg)最低。【结论】综合来看,一膜三行下植株养分指标及产量均优于其他行距,更适宜作为高效机采的行距。     

The Effect of Spraying Concentrated Biogas on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Cotton Seedling

[Objective] The effect of concentrated biogas slurry on growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings was studied in this experiment, and theoretical basis for the rational application of concentrated biogas slurry was provided. [Method] Potted cotton seedlings was sprayed by five different dosages of concentrated biogas slurry, the impact of different spraying quantity (163 mL·hm^－2, 326 mL·hm^－2, 489 mL·hm^－2, 668 mL·hm^－2, 815 mL·hm^－2) after spraying time (after spraying 2nd day, 4th day, 6th day) on cotton seedlings growth and physiological indexes were studied. [Results] The results showed that the suitable quantity of spraying of concentrated biogas slurry had promoting effect to the cotton growth and development, the excess concentrated biogas slurry could inhibit the growth of cotton seedlings. The plant height, dry weight per plant and leaf area of spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing are the highest, the average of two batches on the 6th day after spraying are 21.15%, 35.95%, 18.84% higher than CK, respectively. Spraying concentrated biogas slurry can improve cotton seedlings chlorophyll content, soluble sugar contents, soluble protein content. Spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing is the highest in both batches, the average of two batches is 18.84%, 24.03%, 3.16% higher than CK, respectively. The result of concentrated biogas slurry onseedlings leaves took effect quickly, especially in 0～4th days. [Conclusion] It is concluded that the suitable amount of concentrated biogas slurry has a positive effect on the growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings, which is beneficial to the formation of strong seedlings of cotton and provides the basis for the later growth of cotton.     

Effects of Melatonin on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Seed Germination of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under Salt-Stress Conditions

[Objective] Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed germination, in which melatonin plays an important regulatory role, is seriously affected by soil salinization. Cotton seed germination, antioxidant enzyme activity levels and other physiological indicators were analyzed to clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions. [Method] The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Hebei Agricultural University in Baoding City, Hebei Province from 2018 to 2019 using Guoxin Cotton 9 as the material. The germination rate, germination potential, seed biomass after germination, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, of cotton seeds were measured after exposure to different melatonin concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) and 150 mmol·L^－1 NaCl treatments. [Result] After germination, the germination rate, germination potential, radical length and seed biomass significantly decreased, as did the SOD, POD and CAT activities. However, the MDA content significantly increased under salt-stress conditions. Low exogenous melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the germination potential, germination rate and biomass of cotton seeds, and promoted the elongation of radicals; however high melatonin concentrations (50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) inhibited cotton seed germination and decreased seed biomass after germination. Low melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the SOD, POD and CAT activities and decreased the MDA content in cotton seeds. [Conclusion] Low melatonin concentrations could promote germination and improve the salt tolerance of cotton seeds, while high melatonin concentrations could inhibit their germination. A 20 μmol·L^－1 melatonin concentration is appropriate for regulating cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions.     

脱叶剂对棉花叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,对脱叶剂的不同喷施时间条件下棉花叶片光能吸收、传递、转换特性及棉花产量进行了研究。结果表明喷施脱叶剂降低了棉花叶片的光合功能,降低了最大光化学效率(Maximum photochemical efficiency,Fv/Fm)及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,使初始荧光(Minimal fluorescence,Fo)上升、光合电子传递速率(Electron transport rate,ETR)和PSⅡ总的光化学量子产量(Photosynthetic quantum yield,Yield)降低,提高了非光化学猝灭系数(Non-radiant energy,NPQ),说明脱叶剂胁迫下棉花叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受到损伤伴随着光合电子传递受阻。吐絮率10%时喷施脱叶剂使棉花铃重、衣分、皮棉产量显著低于对照。吐絮率50%时喷施脱吐隆300 g·hm~(-2)+40%乙烯利1200 m L·hm~(-2),第25天棉花脱叶率为90.1%,吐絮率为99.87%,对棉花铃重、衣分及皮棉产量影响最小且更有利于促进叶片脱落和棉铃成熟。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Residual Effect on Cotton Yield and Biomass Accumulation

[Objective] The optimum nitrogen rate of 300 kg·hm^－2 is well documented for cotton in the Yangtze River Valley, China. It can be reduced to 225 kg·hm^－2 without reducing yield in late sowing under high planting density. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of further reducing the nitrogen application rate at the first flower stage, its residual effects and influence on cotton yield formation rule. [Method] A pot experiment was conducted with five nitrogen levels (120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 kg·hm^－2) in 2014, but only 180 kg·hm^－2(for studying nitrogen residual effect) in 2015, to study the cotton growth process, yield and its components and biomass accumulation. [Result] Nitrogen levels significantly affected the yield and biomass accumulation, but not the growth process and nitrogen residual effect. Maximum seed cotton yield (30.5 g·plant^－1), boll weight (3.8 g) and biomass accumulation, especially in the reproductive and vegetative organs, was recorded in the 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen treatment. In the rapid accumulation period, the proportion of biomass accumulation in the reproductive organs was the highest. [Conclusion] In a soil with medium fertility level, the application of 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen was optimal, because the strength of biomass accumulation in reproductive organs increased during the rapid accumulation period.     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。施N 150~225 kg·hm-2、P2O575 kg·hm-2下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K2O 75~150 kg·hm-2氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm-2磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2和150~225 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

灌水量对北疆棉花增效缩节胺化学封顶效应的影响

【目的】在不同灌水量条件下研究增效缩节胺(1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride,缓释型水乳剂,简称DPC+)对棉花化学封顶的效应,为完善新疆棉花化学封顶技术提供依据。【方法】以早熟陆地棉品种新陆早53号为材料,设置不同的灌水量(3000,4800,6600 m3·hm~(-2))和DPC+剂量(450,750,1050 m L·hm~(-2)),测定棉花农艺性状、生理特性及产量和品质等指标。【结果】棉花株高和单株果枝数随DPC+剂量的增加而下降,低(450m L·hm~(-2))、中(750 m L·hm~(-2))、高剂量(1050 m L·hm~(-2))DPC+处理的株高和单株果枝分别比人工打顶增加9.4cm和4.8个,6.2 cm和3.9个,2.2 cm和2.6个。中等灌水量(4800 m3·hm~(-2))下棉花产量最高,比低灌水量(3000m3·hm~(-2))处理增产20%左右,比高灌水量(6600 m3·hm~(-2))处理增产5%左右。低、中、高灌水量下,分别以低、中、高剂量DPC+的产量最高,一般较人工打顶提高5%~10%。低灌水量下低剂量DPC+处理主要依靠较大的群体生物量获得相对较高的产量,高灌水量下高剂量DPC+处理主要依靠较高的产量器官干物质分配率获得相对较高的产量,而中等灌水量下中等剂量DPC+处理的产量在所有处理中最高,得益于比较适宜的冠层生产能力和合理的干物质分配能力。【结论】灌水量需要与DPC+剂量互相配合,在增加群体物质生产能力的同时保障营养生长和生殖生长协调,这是提高棉花DPC+化学封顶技术成功率的关键途径之一。     

不同咸水利用方式对棉花叶绿素荧光参数及土壤盐分的影响

【目的】本研究旨在科学合理地利用浅层咸水资源。【方法】依托短期定位试验开展了在第3年和第4年不同咸水利用方式下(CK:造墒和蕾期灌淡水;T1:造墒和蕾期灌咸淡混配矿化度3 g·L^-1的微咸水;T2:淡水造墒蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T3:造墒和蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T4:淡水造墒蕾期不灌水)棉花长势、叶绿素荧光参数、土壤盐分累积及其运移的变化。【结果】T1和T2处理的齐苗率、株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、叶绿素荧光参数、产量及霜前花率与CK无显著差异,土壤盐分含量较CK有所增加,但未对棉花生长产生明显抑制。T3处理的棉花长势指标、叶绿素荧光参数较CK显著降低,0~100 cm土壤盐分含量较CK明显增加。【结论】从土壤质量安全和咸水高效利用的角度考虑,连续4年用3 g·L^-1的咸淡混合水灌溉或用淡水与5 g·L^-1的咸水轮灌不仅能节约淡水,且不影响棉花产量。本研究结果为当地在棉花生产中安全利用咸水提供技术参考。     

Interaction of Plant Density with Mepiquat Chloride Affects Plant Architecture and Yield in Cotton

[Objective] The effect of planting density and mepiquat chloride (DPC) on cotton plant architecture, growth, yield, and quality at Anyang City, Henan Province, China, was studied. [Method] Field experiments with cotton variety Lumianyan 28 were conducted with five planting densities (15 000, 45 000, 75 000, 105 000, and 135 000 plants·hm^－2) and application of DPC at three concentrations (0, 195, and 390 g·hm^－2). [Result] Increasing cotton plant density resulted in increased internode length and plant height but also caused the decrease of inclination of fruiting branches and leaves as well as elevated dry matter allocation to leaves and fruiting branches, which led to a decrease in dry matter accumulation. Application of DPC reduced the azimuth angle of fruiting branches and plant height, but increased the insertion angle of fruiting branches with the main stem, leaf length, and petiole length. Planting density and DPC treatment showed a significant interaction on fruiting branch insertion angle, plant height, stem diameter, and dry matter allocation to fruits and leaves. The interaction of DPC and planting density had a complementary effect on the spatial distribution of cotton-yielding bolls. The final dry matter was highest (14 362 kg·hm^－2) at the planting density of 105 000 plant·hm^－2 and DPC application of 390 g·hm^－2, which resulted in the highest seed yield (3 257 kg·hm^－2). [Conclusion] For maximization of cotton yield and quality, a plant density of 75 000 to 105 000 plants·hm^－2 and DPC application of 195 to 390 g·hm^－2 in the Yellow River cotton-producing region is recommended. The results may help to optimize labor-saving cotton management and to generate a plant architecture suitable for mechanical harvesting in the Yellow River cotton-producing region.     

Effects of Different AFD Treatments on Yield Formation and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] We examined the effects of spraying AFD (Agent of flower bud differentiation), a new plant growth regulator, on cotton yield formation and fiber quality. This study was designed to provide a scientific basis for chemical regulation. [Method] Six treatments of different AFD concentrations were used for this experiment. Cotton plant height, boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yield, and fiber quality were assessed to clarify the effects of chemical regulation on cotton at different concentrations. [Result] The results showed that cotton plant height was associated with AFD concentration while AFD was effective in inhibiting the cotton boll shedding ratio and significantly increasing the boll opening ratio. Furthermore, the boll number per plant and boll weight were significantly higher in plants sprayed with AFD at concentrations of 1 350^-1 800 mL·hm^－2 than in the control group and higher seed cotton yields were obtained. Different concentrations of AFD had no significant effect on cotton breaking strength, micronaire value, and breaking elongation. However, the highest AFD concentration had certain inhibiting effects on fiber length and uniformity index. [Conclusion] The use of chemical control via a suitable concentration of AFD had a significant effect on increasing cotton yield and little effect on fiber quality. The study of the mechanism by which AFD affects cotton traits is of great significance for cotton production.     

脱落酸对棉花体细胞胚胎发生的影响

【目的】研究脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)对棉花体细胞胚胎发生过程中下胚轴脱分化和再分化的影响,优化体细胞胚胎发生体系和初步解析脱落酸调控棉花体细胞胚胎发生分子机制。【方法】以棉花品种中棉所24(CCRI 24)下胚轴为外植体,设置5个ABA浓度0、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08μmol·L^-1,分别以A0、A1、A2、A3、A4表示,添加至MSB(MS培养基+B5维生素)培养基诱导愈伤和胚性愈伤,研究ABA对棉花下胚轴初始细胞脱分化、愈伤组织诱导和胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。【结果】ABA促进下胚轴初始细胞脱分化;显著提高愈伤组织的脱分化率和增殖率;0.02μmol·L^-1ABA显著提高胚性愈伤分化率,0.04~0.08μmol·L^-1ABA显著降低胚性愈伤分化率。ABA处理后胚性愈伤和非胚性愈伤的增殖率均显著提高且质地受到影响。0.02~0.08μmol ABA处理下,LBD和LBD在愈伤起始期上调表达。0.02μmol·L^-1ABA处理下,在愈伤增殖早期和中期BBM、LEC1和AGL15上调表达,愈伤增殖后期FUS3、LEA、ABI3基因上调表达。【结论】脱落酸调控的棉花体细胞胚胎发生与相关标记基因的时空性表达密切相关,这些基因表达水平的增加是ABA调控愈伤和胚性愈伤分化的分子基础。     

The Plant Architecture of Direct-Sowing Cotton Planted after Barley Harvested with High Yield and Centralized Boll-Setting

[Object] The study was conducted to investigate the plant architecture characteristic of direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested with high yield and centralized boll-setting in the Yangtze River basin. [Method] In 2014, the cultivars Guoxin 12-1, Yijimian and Lumianyan 36 were used and the two conventional fertilizer (CF) application rates (namely pure nitrogen 45 kg·hm^－2, 150 kg·hm^－2) and Guoxin 12-1 was used in 2015. Two slow release fertilizer (SR) utilization rates (namely pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2 and 225 kg·hm^－2) and two SR topdressing at different growth stages (namely 100% topdressing at seedling stage, 70% topdressing at seedling stage + 30% at flowing stage) were set with CF (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2) and no fertilizer treatment as the controls. [Result] While the pure nitrogen (CF) amount was 150 kg·hm^－2, the seed cotton yield of Guoxin 12-1 were 4 014.72 kg·hm^－2. In 2015, the seed cotton yield for the treatment, application SR (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2)and application ratios of seedling stage and flowering stage of 100% and 0, respectively, increased by 30.96%. The ratios of bolls setting from 08-15 to 08-30 to total bolls (RBT) for the two treatments were 31.8% and 26.1%, respectively. Then a significantly positive correlation between the seed cotton yield and RBT was found（r2014＝0.948^**, r2015＝0.976^**）. Based on the analysis of relationship between the plant architecture indexes and RBT, plant architecture characteristics of cotton population with high yield and centralized boll-setting was proposed. [Conclusion] These indexes would be used to supervise the cotton culture management to achieve high yield and centralized boll-setting for the direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested.