外源褪黑素和脱落酸对干旱胁迫下葡萄生理特性的影响

为了探讨褪黑素(MT)和脱落酸(ABA)两者混合施用对植物响应干旱胁迫的综合效应,以盆栽‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为材料,通过根灌100μmol·L~(-1)的MT溶液和叶面喷施50μmol·L~(-1)的ABA溶液及二者组合处理,研究MT和ABA对干旱胁迫下葡萄生理特性的影响。结果表明,与干旱对照组(D_(ck))相比,MT处理导致葡萄叶片MDA、H_2O_2含量和相对电导率分别降低了14.42%、44.11%和21.26%,叶片相对含水量提高了1.12%,同时SOD和POD酶活性分别提高了14.00%和3.01%。这些均表明MT处理有效缓解了干旱胁迫对植株造成的损伤。50μmol·L~(-1 )的ABA处理组叶片MDA含量和相对电导率较干旱对照组提高了9.43%和17.25%,表明ABA处理没有缓解植株的胁迫状态。MT和ABA组合处理具有和MT处理类似的效果。结果表明,褪黑素可以通过减轻膜脂过氧化程度,增强抗氧化系统能力,从而缓解干旱胁迫对葡萄的氧化损伤,提高抗旱性;同时削弱ABA带来的负面效应。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L~(-1))外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H_2O_2和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%、41.0%;而H_2O_2和·OH含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率分别显著降低了13.6%、6.3%、27.6%、20.5%。以上结果表明,外源ATP浸种能够促进NaCl胁迫处理下油菜的种子萌发,显著提高幼苗的生物量、抗氧化能力及相关基因的表达,降低其膜损伤,增强油菜幼苗的耐盐性。     

不同外源调节物质对低温胁迫下玉米的缓解效应分析

脯氨酸(Pro)和甜菜碱(GB)是一类重要的渗透调节物质,其与低温胁迫下植物的抗逆性密切相关。为了探讨不同浓度的外源Pro或GB对低温胁迫下玉米种子萌发、幼苗性状的影响,综合评价Pro或GB的低温缓解效果。本试验以3份寒敏感自交系为试材,分别在萌发期和苗期10℃低温胁迫下,用5种不同浓度的Pro或GB进行浸种、培养作为试验处理;25℃和10℃下以双蒸水浸种、培养作为正向、负向对照处理CK(+)、CK(-)。结果表明:(1)低温胁迫下,玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长、胚芽鲜重和胚根鲜重显著降低;幼苗的相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量显著升高,SOD、POD及CAT活性显著增强。(2)添加外源Pro或GB后,除幼苗相对电导率和丙二醛含量明显降低外,其余5个幼苗性状和6个萌发性状都明显升高。(3)低温胁迫下,6个萌发性状和7个幼苗生理生化性状在自交系间差异显著,在Pro或GB浓度间差异显著,在自交系与浓度互作间差异显著。(4)利用低温缓解指数EI作为综合评价指标,并采用隶属函数法对外源Pro或GB的低温缓解效果进行综合评价表明,萌发期600、800μmol·L~(-1)Pro;20μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合低温缓解效果最佳,为0.882或0.647,1000μmol·L~(-1)Pro或50μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合缓解效果最小为0.513或0.022;苗期400μmol·L~(-1)Pro或10μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合低温缓解效果最佳为0.577或0.500,1000μmol·L~(-1)Pro或40μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合低温缓解效果最小仅为0.246或0.289;萌发期和苗期,外源Pro的综合低温缓解效果分别是GB的1.858倍和1.064倍。     

甜荞资源萌发期耐旱性鉴定体系建立与种质筛选

为了探索荞麦萌发期耐旱性鉴定胁迫浓度与鉴定指标,建立甜荞萌发期耐旱性鉴定体系,筛选优异种质资源,以80份不同来源的甜荞种质资源为材料,通过设置不同的PEG6000胁迫浓度(10%、20%、25%和30%),研究了不同干旱胁迫对甜荞种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:低浓度胁迫(10%PEG6000)对甜荞种子的萌发率和根的生长影响较小,萌发抗旱指数变幅为80.92%～109.31%,对部分品种具有一定的促进作用;随着PEG6000高渗溶液浓度的升高,种子萌发率、萌发抗旱指数、株高和根长等各项指标呈下降趋势,20%PEG6000溶液胁迫下,萌发抗旱指数为50.82%～101.62%,在25%PEG6000溶液胁迫下各品种的萌发抗旱指数均在50%以下,当浓度达到30%时,萌发抗旱指数均在5%以下,显著抑制了种子的萌发,20%PEG6000溶液为荞麦萌发期耐旱性鉴定的适宜浓度;种子的相对发芽率、萌发抗旱指数、相对根长指数和根长胁迫指数4个指标与甜荞耐旱性等显著相关,相关系数分别为-0.92、-0.94、-0.85和0.85,可作为甜荞萌发期耐旱性鉴定的有效指标;通过对80份甜荞种质资源进行耐旱性鉴定,共筛选到耐旱性极强的种质资源3份(3.75%),耐旱型种质13份(16.25%),耐旱性较弱种质33份(41.25%),敏感型种质31份(38.75%)。     

外源硫化氢对加工番茄种子耐盐性及抗氧化酶的影响

为明确硫化氢对盐胁迫下加工番茄种子萌发的缓解作用,用Na Cl半致死浓度为85 mmol·L~(-1)的KT-63(耐盐性弱)和半致死浓度为120 mmol·L~(-1)的KT-18(耐盐性强)为材料,用各自的半致死浓度与不同浓度的NaHS(0.2,0.4,0.6,1.0 mmol·L~(-1))分别配成混合液处理种子。结果表明,随着NaHS浓度的增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、SOD、POD、CAT活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中与盐胁迫单独处理相比,用0.4mmol·L~(-1)NaHS处理,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、SOD、POD、CAT活性在KT-63中分别提升70%、250%、120%、130%、6.7%、150%和180%,在KT-18中分别提升50%、250%、60%、80%、4.3%、160%和200%,而MDA的含量显著降低,并且对KT-63的缓解效应强于KT-18。综上所述,H2S(0.4 mmol·L~(-1))有效缓解了加工番茄萌发过程中盐胁迫的抑制作用,促进了种子的萌发。     

丹参萌发期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

以5个丹参栽培类型为材料，用不同浓度(0%、3%、6%、9%、12%)的PEG-6000在萌发期模拟干旱胁迫处理，测定发芽势、发芽率、子叶长、子叶宽、胚芽长、胚根长等指标，采用主成分分析和隶属函数分析进行丹参萌发期的抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选。结果表明：高浓度PEG对种子萌发产生明显的抑制作用，低浓度(3%PEG-6000)处理对丹参种子的生长发育具有促进作用，5个丹参栽培类型中豫丹参VD发芽率(0%PEG-6000)和发芽势(3%PEG-6000)最高，分别为56.50%、55.50%,豫丹参VC、豫丹参VD和豫丹参VE在12%PEG-6000下发芽率、发芽势为0%;随着PEG胁迫程度的增大，发芽势、发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长、子叶长、子叶宽、十芽重、萌发指数和活力指数总体表现出先增大后减小的趋势。对各指标进行主成分分析，前2个主成分能够概括9个指标82.635%的数据信息，对在前2个主成分中特征向量较大的8个综合指标的相对值进行因子分析，可提取出2个公因子，子叶长、子叶宽、活力指数、十芽重和萌发指数在2个公因子上有较大载荷。9%PEG-6000是较适宜的抗旱性鉴定浓度。根据综合隶属函数值...     

小黑麦萌发期抗旱条件模拟和抗旱指标的筛选

以4个小黑麦种质为材料,用不同浓度(0,10%,20%,30%,40%)PEG-6000对萌发期种子进行干旱胁迫处理,通过测定种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根与胚芽鞘长度,以研究小黑麦萌发期抗旱模拟条件。利用灰色关联分析法筛选出了适宜于小黑麦萌发期抗旱性评价的指标,同时以各指标与抗旱指数之间的相关性,结合隶属函数法对4个小黑麦种质的抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明,30%PEG-6000溶液为小黑麦种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定的适宜模拟条件;发芽率与萌发期抗旱性关系最密切;低浓度(10%,20%)PEG-6000有利于小黑麦种子萌发,并对幼苗根与胚芽的生长有一定促进作用,40%PEG-6000完全抑制小黑麦种子发芽;参试小黑麦种质抗旱性强弱为:中饲1048石大1号P4P2,中饲1048小黑麦属于中抗旱型,石大1号属于中间型,其余2份小黑麦种质属于干旱敏感型。     

不同大豆品种在萌发期对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

对3个大豆品种(黄豆、晋豆19及郑9007)采用不同浓度PEG-6000(0、12%、14%、16%、18%和20%)模拟干旱胁迫处理,测定种子萌发及抗氧化酶活性等指标。结果表明,不同浓度PEG处理均降低了3个大豆品种的相对发芽势、相对发芽率及相对胚根长,18%PEG处理为合适的干旱胁迫条件。在18%PEG处理下,3个大豆品种胚根的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸及丙二醛(MDA)含量均发生了显著变化。其中,黄豆胚根SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量分别为对照的5.41、2.13、2.64、2.84、2.13倍和10.98倍,均高于晋豆19和郑9007,而MDA含量上升为对照的1.59倍,低于晋豆19和郑9007。通过隶属函数法综合评价发现,3个大豆品种的抗旱性强弱依次为黄豆郑9007晋豆19,说明黄豆的抗旱能力高于晋豆19和郑9007。     

PEG胁迫对萌动苦豆子子叶抗旱生理及氧化苦参碱含量的影响

以PEG-6000模拟干旱条件,测定苦豆子种子萌发、萌动种子子叶中质膜相对透性(PMP)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及抗氧化物酶POD、CAT、SOD酶活性以及氧化苦参碱含量,探讨苦豆子种子的抗旱适应性。结果表明:10%PEG胁迫下,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均达到最高,依次为66.67%,78.67%,24.40和183.79,20%PEG胁迫种子仍有较高的发芽能力。随PEG胁迫程度加剧,萌动苦豆子种子子叶中质膜相对透性和Pro含量逐渐上升,MDA含量逐渐下降;POD、CAT和SOD 3种保护酶对干旱胁迫的保护作用不尽相同,中轻度胁迫(PEG≤20%)时POD酶起主要作用,重度胁迫(PEG20%)时CAT和SOD酶起主要作用。PEG胁迫使子叶中OMA含量下降,OMA含量与抗旱生理指标间均存在负相关。适度干旱有助于苦豆子种子萌发,萌动种子对干旱有强的防御机制。     

外源褪黑素和脱落酸对干旱胁迫下猕猴桃幼苗生理特性的影响

以盆栽‘金实1号’猕猴桃幼苗为材料,在干旱条件下进行根灌100μmol·L~(-1)的褪黑素(MT)溶液和叶面喷施25μmol·L~(-1)的脱落酸(ABA)溶液及MT+ABA处理,探究外源MT与ABA对植物干旱胁迫的缓解作用及机理。结果表明:MT处理可使猕猴桃叶片相对含水量、叶片水势和SOD活性较干旱胁迫处理组分别提高9%、39%和134%,同时使丙二醛(MDA)与H_2O_2含量分别降低66%与7%;ABA处理可使叶绿素含量、净光合速率、干物质积累量和POD活性较干旱胁迫处理组分别提高7%、40%、52%和41%,使H_2O_2含量降低13.5%;MT+ABA处理的效果与ABA处理类似,可使净光合速率、干物质积累量与POD活性较干旱胁迫处理组分别增加29%、110%与35.5%,使MDA与H_2O_2含量分别降低44%、6.5%。表明MT利于提高植株的保水能力与抗氧化能力,ABA处理和MT+ABA处理提高了干旱胁迫下猕猴桃幼苗的光合作用,利于在水分限制下干物质的积累。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.