人工增雨作业中区域雨量估算方法的探讨

利用Surfer 8软件的插值法对估算人工增雨作业区域平均雨量进行二次开发,探讨不同属性降水在不同插值法下的雨量分布结果和同一插值法下不同网格距下的雨量分布结果.结果表明,对流性降水的雨量插值方法首选径向基本甬数法,混合性降水则以最小曲率法为佳;对流性降水和混合性降水的雨量分布插值网格距以0.1°×0.1°为准;距离平方反比法的区域平均雨量估算值不受网格距变化影响,但明显比算术平均法小;对于对流性降水,另4种插值法在网格距为0.1°×0.1°以下的估箅值均比算术平均法小,而对混合性降水另4种插值法的区域平均雨量估算结果基本不受网格距变化影响,且与算术平均法基本相当.     

坡面泥石流形成之降水条件探讨——以重庆北碚地区为例

从坡面泥石流的形成条件入手,结合重庆北碚地区地质地貌和气象条件,分析了北碚地区从1962~2003年发生的坡面泥石流的数据及降雨资料,认为在该区域,降水是该区域发生坡面泥石流的决定性因素,并且通过对具体坡面泥石流事例的分析,认为坡面泥石流的发生与前期降雨量和1h雨强关系密切,前期降雨对泥石流形成的贡献比较大,1h雨强主要起到激发作用。最后本文利用发生坡面泥石流前三天累计降雨量和当日前期降雨量,得出了该区域降水诱发坡面泥石流的临界雨量方程:y=106-0.757x(y为当日前期雨量,x为前三天累计雨量)。     

江西省降水集中程度的变化特征

根据《江西省双季稻气象灾害指标》中降水集中期的定义,从降水集中期、降水集中期内的站次和平均单站雨量三个角度,探讨江西省83个气象站1971-2008年历年4-9月降水集中程度的变化特征。结果表明:江西省降水集中期的时空分布比较集中,赣西北地区的降水集中期平均每年只有赣东北地区的50%,6月中旬-7月上旬是降水集中期的主要时段;出现降水集中期的站次和平均单站雨量随年份变化均呈增多趋势,年倾向率分别为8.2站/10a和3.7mm/10a;20世纪90年代的降水集中期站次和平均单站雨量多于其他年代,而每年出现在6月中旬-7月上旬的降水集中期站次和平均单站雨量均多于其余时段。     

基于移动趋势面的降水面雨量分析

在分析现有面雨量计算方法及降水站点相互关系的基础上,采用移动趋势面分析法对已知站点降水进行拟合,建立区域降水三维模型。并通过某地区62个雨量站点的年降雨量进行了实例演示,通过比较已知站点实际降雨量和拟合降雨量,发现最大相对误差为8%,平均相对误差为5.1%,不仅满足实际需要,而且形象直观地反映该地区降水量变化趋势。     

旱地小雨资源渗水地膜覆盖利用技术研究

通过对我国半干旱地区小雨量降雨的动态特征、数量特征、时间特征和生产潜力的研究,认为小雨资源有效化是旱地农业的重要增产途径,利用渗水地膜进行的覆盖试验与示范证实了小雨量资源利用的显著增产效果.     

不同样本序列下侵蚀性雨量标准的研究

侵蚀性降雨标准可以将发生侵蚀和不发生侵蚀的降雨区分开来 ,但它的拟定需要基于一定的降雨样本。利用黄河流域子洲径流实验站 196 2— 196 9年降雨径流观测资料 ,分析了不同样本年数与拟定的侵蚀性雨量标准的关系 ,结果表明 ,足够多的样本数才能保证雨量标准的稳定性 ,但考虑到资料的易获得性和计算的工作量 ,5a序列的观测资料 ,已经满足拟定侵蚀性雨量标准的要求。     

基于HBV模型的尼洋曲流域上游洪水致灾临界面雨量研究

[目的]建立工布江达以上尼洋曲流域的降水—径流关系,构建该流域的致洪临界雨量指标,以期为开展山洪气象预警工作提供参考。[方法]根据流域暴雨洪水致灾机制,利用地面气象观测和CMORPH资料,基于HBV水文模型进行计算分析。[结果]利用2007—2011年观测数据对HBV水文模型的参数优化和率定,模拟数据与观测数据的确定性系数为0.91,NASH效率系数为0.89;采用2012—2014年观测数据进行验证,确定性系数为0.86,NASH效率系数为0.85,率定期和验证期的平均相对误差均为3.1%,表明经过率定的HBV模型对尼洋曲上游流域具有较好的适用性。[结论]尼洋曲流域的洪水过程不仅与实时降水的面雨量有关,还与前期基础水位有关,致灾临界面雨量随前期基础水位升高而减小,并且随着前期水位的变化,临界雨量值呈现了非线性响应特征。     

新疆地区大气降水中稳定同位素的变化特征

大气降水是水循环中重要的输入因子,对其同位素组分的研究有助于深入了解水循环过程及其结构具有重要的意义.研究新疆乌鲁木齐地区1986-2002年大气降水的氢氧同位素组成,提出大气降水线方程,并与全国及全球降水线方程进行对比,揭示该降水线方程的特征.研究表明:乌鲁木齐水分来源复杂,主要是西风带输送的海洋水汽和局地的蒸发,大气降水的加权平均18O与月平均气温相关关系显著,与雨量效应(降水量效应)较相关,降水中温度效应明显,且在一定时期很大程度上其影响掩盖了雨量效应.乌鲁木齐降水中δ18O的季节变化与温度的季节变化几乎一致,温度是制约降水中稳定同位素变化的主要影响因子.     

西藏东南部山洪灾害过程水文动力模拟和临界雨量

[目的]研究西藏山洪致灾临界雨量确定方法,为西藏地区水文气象预警提供基础数据资料,以服务于高原山洪灾害防御工作。[方法]采用水文动力模式Floodarea模型对西藏东南部的一次山洪过程进行模拟研究,并利用气象资料逐时降水量进行了淹没高度计算,得到了山洪致灾临界雨量。通过实地考察获取西藏自治区林芝市巴宜区2015年8月一次山洪灾害的基本参数资料,与模型模拟研究结果进行对比分析和模型验证。[结果](1)Floodarea对暴雨诱发山洪过程的模拟结果较好,结合多源降水数据能更准确地模拟西藏山区山洪暴发的过程;(2)通过调整雨量情景设定可推算山洪不同淹没水深的临界雨量,得到较为准确的洪水淹没范围和降雨量—淹没深度关系;(3)应用降雨量—淹没深度关系计算得到巴宜区永久河山洪沟的4个淹没深度灾害山洪等级(0.1,0.6,1.2,1.8m)的6h累计临界雨量分别为33,55.7,75.4,91.9mm。[结论]研究结果表明Floodarea软件适用于西藏高原水文观测资料匮乏的复杂地形山区,能较准确地重现山洪灾害过程和确定山洪临界雨量,可为复杂地形山区山洪防治和预警提供参考。     

日降雨对降雨侵蚀力年雨量简易算法的影响分析

使用重庆市沙坪坝气象站1951—2010年日降雨数据构建降雨侵蚀力年雨量简易算法,分析年雨量简易算法预测精度,确定了年雨量算法预测精度最高时对应的日雨量,并进一步探讨了年降雨侵蚀力和降雨参数的时间变化特征。结果表明:(1)年雨量与年降雨侵蚀力呈指数关系。日雨量≥25mm的年雨量与年降雨侵蚀力的关系最为密切;采用日雨量≥25mm的年雨量算法预测年降雨侵蚀力的精度均优于其他日雨量对应算法。(2)1951—2010年年降雨侵蚀力与年降雨参数随时间变化趋势不显著。对于某一变化趋势时段,日雨量≥25mm的年雨量与时间的相关系数和年降雨侵蚀力与时间的相关系数数值相近。可使用日雨量≥25mm的年雨量作为替代指标分析水土流失对气候变化的响应。该文研究结果可为提高降雨侵蚀力简易算法预测精度,深入理解降雨侵蚀力对气候变化的响应以及区域水土流失防治提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.