超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列法测定清肺止咳散中非法添加的4种解热镇痛药

建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(UPLC-PDA法)测定清肺止咳散中非法添加对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林、安乃近4种药物。采用反相超高效液相色谱法,用带有二极管阵列检测器的高效液相色谱仪(UPLC-PAD)对对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林、安乃近4种解热镇痛药进行色谱分离和快速筛查。以ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱为分离柱,柱温35℃;流动相体系为0.05 M醋酸铵水溶液(A项)、甲醇(B项),进行梯度洗脱;流速0.4 mL/min;进样量5μL;检测波长为245 nm。通过保留时间、光谱图、峰面积等参数对对乙酰氨基酚进行定性定量检测。结果显示,对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林在2～100μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.999),安乃近在4～200μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.999);添加对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林各2 mg/g,添加安乃近4 mg/g,信噪比(S/N)3,确定为方法的检测限;添加对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林各5 mg/g,添加安乃近10 mg/g,信噪比(S/N)10,确定为方法的定量限;清肺止咳散在3个添加水平的回收率为90%～105%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%,准确度和精密度良好,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于清肺止咳散中非法添加对乙酰氨基酚等4种解热镇痛药物的定性定量检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测扶正解毒散剂中非法添加物喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹

建立了扶正解毒散中非法添加喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹检测的UPLC-MS/MS方法。样品经60%乙腈提取稀释后,采用ACQUITYUPLCRBEHC18色谱柱为分离柱,质谱正离子扫描分析测定。结果显示,喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹在5~200ng/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9984,R2=0.9995);样品检出限为25μg/mL,定量限为50μg/mL。在80、100、120μg/mL添加水平的回收率为90%~103%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%。本方法灵敏、快速、重现性好,适用于扶正解毒散中非法添加喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹的检测。     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定饲料中的盐酸大观霉素

本文研究了液相色谱和液相色谱-串联质谱检测饲料中大观霉素药物残留的方法,此方法简便、快捷,是一种可靠的检测方法,适用于对饲料中大观霉素进行确证分析。饲料中大观霉素的定量限为:2mg/kg,当添加量为2、20、50mg/kg三个添加浓度时回收率分别为70.06%～107.6%、70.5%～99.5%、70.1%～103.6%,批内批间变异系数小于20%,线性范围及定量限也在合理范围内。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定4种兽药制剂中非法添加阿托品的方法研究

建立了兽药中非法添加药物阿托品的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）的检测方法。样品经提取稀释,采用BEH C18柱为分离柱,外标法定量。结果表明,阿托品在0.5～10 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.99。在4～6 mg/g(或mg/mL)添加浓度范围内阿托品的平均回收率97.4%～110.9%,批内变异系数均小于10％,检测限为0.2 mg/g(或mg/mL),定量限为0.5 mg/g(或mg/mL)。该方法简便、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于兽药中非法添加阿托品的含量测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测清瘟败毒散中非法添加金刚烷胺的研究

应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术,建立了兽用中药制剂清瘟败毒散中非法添加金刚烷胺的检测方法。样品经提取液提取后,稀释。采用0.2%甲酸水溶液与甲醇作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,经BEH C18色谱柱分离,通过多反应监测模式进行测定。金刚烷胺在0.05～25 ng/mL的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999;平均回收率为86.9%～95.2%,批内、批间相对标准偏差均小于3.8%,检测限为0.025 mg/g,定量限为0.1 mg/g。该法准确、简单、快速,可用于清瘟败毒散中非法添加金刚烷胺的检测。     

高效液相色谱法检测饲料中甲基盐霉素

经试验,用高效液相色谱法检测饲料中的甲基盐霉素,具有操作简单,准确性高等优点;标准曲线相关系数r值≥0.9992;每千克饲料中分别添加甲基盐霉素5、50、100mg,测得的回收率分别在80%～115%,变异系数均小于15%,本方法的最低定量限可达到5mg/kg。     

鸡皮脂和肾脏中替米考星残留HPLC检测方法的建立

本试验旨在建立鸡皮脂和肾脏组织中替米考星残留量的HPLC测定方法。皮脂和肾脏组织中残留的替米考星用乙腈提取、MCX固相萃取柱净化,采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定。皮脂组织和肾脏组织中替米考星检测限分别为20μg/kg和30μg/kg,定量限分别为35μg/kg和50μg/kg。空白皮脂组织添加替米考星在35～150μg/kg浓度水平,回收率在75%～98%之间,批内与批间变异系数均小于10%;空白肾脏组织添加替米考星在50～500μg/kg浓度水平,回收率在71%～97%之间,批内变异系数小于11%,批间变异系数小于10%。本试验建立的方法快速、准确、灵敏,适用于鸡皮脂和肾脏组织中替米考星残留量的检测。     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定氟喹诺酮类药物可溶性粉中非法添加物利巴韦林

建立了氟喹诺酮类药物可溶性粉中非法添加物利巴韦林检测的UPLC-MS/MS方法。样品经提取稀释后,采用ACQUITY UPLCR BEH amide色谱柱为分离柱,质谱正离子扫描测定。结果显示,利巴韦林在1~50 ng/mL的范围内线性关系良好（R2=0.9984）;样品检出限为0.5 mg/g,定量限为2 mg/g。在40、50、60mg/g添加水平的回收率为90%～110%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%。本方法快速、灵敏、重现性好,适用于氟喹诺酮类药物可溶性粉中非法添加利巴韦林的检测。     

HPLC法测定中兽药散剂中非法添加土霉素的方法研究

建立了高效液相色谱法检测清肺散、白头翁散、止痢散等中兽药散剂中非法添加土霉素的方法。用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱,以0.05 mol/L草酸铵溶液-二甲基甲酰胺-0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二铵（75∶20∶5）（用氨试液调pH值至8.0±0.2）为流动相,检测波长280 nm,流速1.0mL/min,进样量20μL,柱温35℃。结果显示,土霉素的线性范围为100～300μg/mL,线性方程为Y=4.90×10 X-2.39×103（,r=0.999 6,n=5）,本方法的回收率为80.68%～119.23%,RSD为0.66%～1.85%。结果表明,本方法准确、可靠,适用于中兽药散剂中非法添加土霉素的检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测猪可食性组织中加米霉素残留

为了建立一种可靠、灵敏的检测猪可食性组织中加米霉素残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,本试验将猪组织(肌肉、肝脏、脂肪和肾脏)经绞碎、均质后,用乙腈提取,乙腈饱和正己烷去脂,固相萃取柱净化,Kinetex C18色谱柱梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子下以多反应监测模式检测,内标法定量。结果显示,该方法的检测限和定量限分别为3μg/kg和5μg/kg;加米霉素在5～1 000μg/kg浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好;猪肌肉、肝脏和脂肪在5、50、100μg/kg和200μg/kg四个添加浓度的平均回收率为70.20%～90.75%,批间变异系数≤11.94%;猪肾脏在5、150、300μg/kg和600μg/kg四个添加浓度的平均回收率为66.69%～87.46%,批间变异系数≤9.95%。结果表明该方法灵敏、准确,可满足兽药残留检测的要求。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.