葡萄主产区干旱时空分布特征

以我国607个气象站1958—2019年逐日气象数据、葡萄生育期数据为基础,以作物水分亏缺指数(CWDI)作为干旱指标,明确研究区域内葡萄干旱空间分布特征及其时间变化趋势。结果表明：60年来,我国葡萄主产区不同生育阶段各干旱等级发生范围在新梢生长～开花坐果期和开花坐果～浆果成熟期,重旱和特旱呈下降趋势,轻旱和中旱呈上升趋势,但在浆果成熟～落叶期阶段,重旱呈上升趋势,特旱发生范围最大,发生频率达到65%～94%;葡萄主产区在不同生育阶段各干旱等级发生频率、平均强度以及干旱等级的空间分布基本符合北高南低的特征,高值区基本集中在西北产区和东北中北部产区,低值区主要集中在南方产区,而在浆果成熟～落叶期阶段发生频率则呈北低南高的空间分布特征,各等级干旱风险整体偏高,其中特旱地区发生频率介于61%～100%,轻旱、中旱以及重旱发生频率低的区域主要分布在西北产区及东北中北部产区,其发生频率小于30%。     

陇南山区干旱气候特征及其对农业生产的影响与灾害风险区划

根据气象干旱等级标准（GB/T20481-2006）,统计分析陇南市8县1区九个气象站1971—2010年年平均各类干旱频率得出：近40年陇南市平均出现干旱的年频率为60.3%,其中,春旱39.3%,夏初旱20.5%,伏旱38.5%,秋旱35.3%。利用各站经度、纬度、拔海高度与各站平均干旱年频率建立多元线性回归方程,计算陇南市各地平均干旱年频率,结合各地人口、GDP、耕地比等资料,利用ArcGIS软件,得到干旱灾害危险性图层,再同承灾体易损性评价、灾害的孕灾背景进行叠加、合并以及等级划分操作,最后得到干旱灾害的风险评估及其区划,结果表明：陇南市白龙江、白水江流域低海拔区干热河谷和徽成盆地及文县东南部干旱危险性等级最高,干旱年频率大于60.0％,由此向北向高干 旱危险性等级递减,武都区的池坝乡、马营乡高海拔区和宕昌西北部及文县西北部高海拔区干旱危险性等级最低,干旱年频率小于50.0％。徽县、成县、两当中部及西和北部以及武都、文县境内的白龙江、白水江流域低海拔区为干旱高风险区;宕昌与武都池坝乡、马营乡高海拔区和文县西北部高海拔区为干旱低风险区。     

甘肃冬小麦主产区40年干旱变化特征及影响风险评估

干旱是影响甘肃省冬小麦生产的主要气象灾害。运用1971—2010年甘肃省冬小麦主产区8县（区）气象站降水资料及冬小麦产量资料,分析了40 a干旱时空变化特征,建立了干旱影响冬小麦产量的风险评估指数,对冬小麦在不同季节受不同等级干旱风险进行了分析评估。结果表明,春旱以陇东黄土高原出现频率最高,为0.35～0.39　次·a^-1;徽成盆地及两江流域出现频率最少,为0.18 次·a^-1;初夏旱出现频次最高的地区为环县,为0.35 次·a^-1,最少为西峰、成县及秦安;伏旱出现频率最高地区为环县及麦积,最低为张家川;秋旱出现频率最高为环县,最低为武都。各地干旱均以轻旱为主,其次为中旱。40 a中,20世纪90年代干旱出现频次最多,80年代最少。进入21世纪,秋旱发生频次明显减少,春旱则有相对增多的趋势。冬小麦全生育期徽成盆地及两江流域受旱灾影响风险最小,种植保险率最高,为92％～93％;其次为关山区,种植保险率为91%,干旱风险较小;渭河流域及渭北旱区风险较大,种植保险率为88％～89％;陇东黄土高原种植保险率最低,为83％～85％,冬小麦生长受干旱胁迫最大。     

中国气象干旱的空间格局特征(1951-2011)

中国是一个农业大国,也是一个旱灾频繁的国家,研究气象干旱可为防范农业旱灾风险提供科学依据。利用1951-2011年中国585个气象站点的日降水数据,计算了不同季度的降水距平百分率,并确定气象干旱等级,编绘了各季节的中旱、重旱、特旱发生频率的空间分布图。结果表明:(1)我国各季气象干旱发生频率空间分布,总体呈现北多南少、西多东少的格局;春季和冬季发生频率较高、夏季发生频率最低,其中春季中旱和特旱的高频区面积占全国比例分别达到了46%和34.2%,冬季尤其是特旱高频区面积占全国比例甚至超过了70%,而夏季仅有中旱存在高频区,且面积较小;(2)华北地区的春季中旱,东部地区(四川除外)的秋季中旱,西南(云南)、华南(广东)、长江中游地区的冬季中旱,需重点防范。     

基于核熵成分分析的综合干旱指数的构建与应用 —以黑河流域中上游为例

针对传统单变量干旱指数难以全面表征干旱及部分综合干旱指数难以反映多变量之间的非线性关系等问题,采用标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)、标准化径流指数(SRI)及标准化土壤湿度指数(SSMI)3个单变量指数分别表征气象干旱、水文干旱和农业干旱,利用核熵成分分析法(KECA)构造综合干旱指数(SMDI),采用M-K趋势检验、小波分析及典型历史旱情验证等方法分析干旱的时空变化特征以及干旱指数的适用性。以黑河流域中上游为例,结果表明:研究区全年77.6%的区域表现为干旱不显著加重的趋势;在流域尺度上,干旱存在43 a的长周期,15～23 a的中周期,3～8 a的短周期;20世纪90年代夏、秋两季及21世纪以来春、冬两季干旱发生频率较高,且整体夏旱发生频率最高;1969年春、1997年秋和2009年冬的典型历史旱情验证表明SMDI优于其他3种单变量干旱指数。说明基于KECA构建的SMDI是一种有效的干旱监测指数,在黑河流域中上游干旱监测中有好的适用性。     

天水干旱气候对蜜桃生产影响的评估

利用统计学方法提取了干旱灾害的主要影响因子,进行了天水干旱气候对蜜桃生产影响评估。分析得出:影响天水蜜桃正常生长的主要干旱灾害以早春蜜桃萌芽~芽开放期干旱、花期干旱和蜜桃上年10月中旬高温干旱灾害最为明显;各干旱时段灾害强度发生频率以3月上中旬桃树萌芽~芽开放期轻旱和花期轻旱最多,发生频率分别为23%和31%,对蜜桃产量的影响以开花期大气干旱影响最大,贡献率为40%。影响天水蜜桃生产的干旱灾害综合评估表明,除轻旱、重旱评估准确率略低为83%和80%外,无旱和有旱评估准确率达94%以上,中旱、特重旱评估准确率均达100%,灾害评估效果比较理想。     

海河流域1961～2010年干旱化特征及其变化趋势分析

利用1961～2010年海河流域内及其周边51个站的降水、气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数等气候因子日数据,采用相对湿润度指数方法揭示了流域50年不同等级干旱的时空演变规律,并剖析干旱与气候变化的关系;再利用小波分析法研究流域相对湿润度指数距平的周期变化规律,预测海河流域未来的干旱化趋势。结果表明:时间上,流域轻旱频率最高,年代际变化上总体趋向干旱化;空间上,东北部为轻旱频发区;西北部的中旱频率较高;重旱主要集中于张家口、忻州、邢台等周边地区;流域降水量和蒸发量的年代/年代际变化呈双降趋势,且后者减小速率相对较小,区域整体干旱化有减弱趋势。流域相对湿润度指数距平的时间序列存在10年尺度的显著变化周期,预计到2017年间海河流域总体仍处于干旱化阶段。     

基于水分亏缺指数的北疆春小麦不同生育阶段干旱时空特征

基于水分亏缺指数模型，结合新疆历史干旱资料记载，对比分析典型年份干旱指数，确定北疆春小麦干旱等级指标，利用ArcGIS探究1986—2016年北疆春小麦各生育阶段干旱强度、干旱站次比的年际变化规律以及干旱频率的时空分布特征。结果表明：除春小麦营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段干旱站次比呈微弱增大趋势（0.355%·10a^-1），其余生长阶段干旱强度和干旱站次比均呈下降趋势；重旱和特旱在春小麦营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段发生频率最高（主要集中在50.00%~68.00%，0~3.87%），轻旱和中旱在春小麦生殖生长阶段发生频率最高（主要集中在12.00%~25.00%，12.91%~61.27%）；春小麦营养生长阶段，北疆北部地区重旱发生频率较其他地区高（主要集中在39.36%~54.19%），春小麦营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段，北疆东北部地区重旱和特旱发生频率更高（主要集中在67.72%~83.84%，7.74%~9.67%），春小麦生殖生长阶段，北疆西南部地区重旱发生频率较其他地区重旱频率更高（主要集中在46.44%~61.92%）；北疆地区在春小麦生长的3个生育阶段，生殖生长阶段中旱发生频率最高（主要集中在41.93%~51.6%），其余两个时期重旱发生频率均高于其他等级干旱发生频率（主要集中在39.36%~54.19%，51.61%~67.72%），而特旱发生频率均最低（主要集中在0~3%）。     

基于核熵成分分析的综合干旱指数的构建与应用

针对传统单变量干旱指数难以全面表征干旱及部分综合干旱指数难以反映多变量之间的非线性关系等问题，采用标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）、标准化径流指数（SRI）及标准化土壤湿度指数（SSMI）3个单变量指数分别表征气象干旱、水文干旱和农业干旱，利用核熵成分分析法（KECA）构造综合干旱指数（SMDI），采用M-K趋势检验、小波分析及典型历史旱情验证等方法分析干旱的时空变化特征以及干旱指数的适用性。以黑河流域中上游为例，结果表明：研究区全年77.6%的区域表现为干旱不显著加重的趋势；在流域尺度上，干旱存在43 a的长周期，15~23 a的中周期，3~8 a的短周期；20世纪90年代夏、秋两季及21世纪以来春、冬两季干旱发生频率较高，且整体夏旱发生频率最高；1969年春、1997年秋和2009年冬的典型历史旱情验证表明SMDI优于其他3种单变量干旱指数。说明基于KECA构建的SMDI是一种有效的干旱监测指数，在黑河流域中上游干旱监测中有好的适用性。     

南小河沟流域干旱特征

黄土高原地区生态环境脆弱,干旱的发生严重影响该地区农业生产和经济发展。选用1970—2012年南小河沟流域的降雨资料,使用标准化降雨指数(SPI)对干旱进行描述。对该流域内年及季节尺度SPI序列进行Mann-Kendall检验,并对所建立的不同时间尺度的季节性交乘趋势模型进行验证。结果表明:流域内出现干旱的频率为48.84%,年际SPI变化剧烈,整体向干旱化方向发展。春季干旱有明显的分阶段特征;夏季干旱变化趋势不显著;除1975年以外,秋季干旱变化趋势也不显著;冬季的干旱程度变化比较稳定,主要集中在无旱和轻旱等级之间。季节性交乘趋势模型在年干旱以及秋、冬季干旱评估中效果良好,干旱等级预测合格率均达到71.43%,模型在对干旱等级的分析出现错估时,有向中旱水平辐射的强烈趋势。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.