Nelder试验:大叶相思树冠生长、多干特征与密度的关系

运用Ｎｅｌｄｅｒ密度试验设计方法,研究了大叶相思林分的树冠生长以及多干现象与密度的关系。结果表明：１年生时各种密度林分均未郁闭,３年生、５年生、７年生时郁闭林分的单株面积上限分别为３．１５ ｍ ２·株－ １、６．２０ ｍ ２·株－ １、７．００ ｍ ２·株－ １。５年生以后,树冠趋于稳定,１～３年生时树冠生长最大的单株面积为５．６４～６．８８ ｍ ２·株－ １,５～７年生时树冠最大的单株面积为１５．５０～１８．６８ ｍ ２·株－ １。林分平均树干数与密度则呈现幂函数关系,林分单株面积小于１ ｍ ２·株－ １时,多干木比例在１０％ 以下;林分密度超过１２．５３ ｍ ２·株－ １以后,多干木比例为１００％ 。     

不同密度杉木幼林系统生产力和生态效益研究

杉木幼林系统是由４个不同密度级处理系列小区组成,栽植密度为１６６５、３３３０、４９９５和６６６０株／ｈｍ＾２（以下分别用Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ和Ｄ代替）。这些小区土壤质地及地形别无二致,都是用１年生实生苗１９８７年春天定植。８年生时调查了这些幼林系统林木生长、冠层厚度、枝下高以及生态效益等。随着密度由Ａ增加到Ｄ：平均胸径生长量从８．１ｃｍ降到６．６ｃｍ;平均树高生长量由５．９ｍ降至５．４ｍ;平均冠层厚度自４．     

台湾杉木幼树侧枝扦插试验初报

从５年生台湾杉木幼林中选择优良单株，利用树冠中上部枝条进行扦插试验。结果表明：台湾杉木扦插生根与愈伤组织的形成关系不大，属皮部生根型；用不具顶芽的１年生二级侧枝作插穗，穗长８ｃｍ，去除插穗下部２／３的针叶，用１００×１０￣（－６）ＡＢＴ＿１生根粉处理４小时，插于粘性黄心土上效果最好。     

日本落叶松硬枝扦插育苗研究初报

采用幼龄母株上已处萌发生长状态的１年生木质化硬枝作插穗，在全光照喷雾条件下扦插，生根率达９０．１％，当年换床移栽苗成活率达９２．３％，２年生移植苗平均高４４．１ｃｍ，地径０．６４ｃｍ．     

内蒙干旱地区杨树人工用材林灌溉量与林木生长量

对内蒙古干旱河套黄灌区群众杨人工用材林的适宜灌溉量的研究表明，在林木生长后期增加灌水次数，可使胸径生长增加０．２５￣０．４２ｃｍ。树冠生长指标和根系生长量均随灌溉量增加而增加，１５００、４５００、７５００、２２５００ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２·ａ灌溉量的平均叶面积分别为１９．３、２４．５、３０．５、４３．４ｍ＾２；平均叶干重分别是１．１、１．３、１．５、３．９ｋｇ；平均叶面积指数分别为０．９７、１．２３、１     

大叶面积杉木种子园营建与应用的研究

我们在梧州地区的杉木初级种子园里的８８９个无性系中，筛选出４５个大叶面积杉木优良系，用于营建２．８ｈｍ＾２的大叶面积杉木种子园。建园结果表明，５年生的大叶面积杉木优良系的子代幼林的年平均生长量：胸径１．５ｃｍ，树高１．０４ｍ、材积０．００５３ｍ＾３，比最优种源或最优家系增产９４％以上，比初级园混系种增８８％－８９％。     

三倍体毛白杨硬枝扦插试验

对三倍体毛白杨１年生硬枝插穗,通过ＡＢＴ生根粉１号处理,地膜覆盖,扦插成活率达９１．３％,当年平均苗高４．１ｍ,平均胸径２．８ｃｍ,与芽接苗,炮捻苗生长量基本相当。     

内蒙干旱地区杨树人工用材林灌溉量与林木生长量

对内蒙古干旱河套黄灌区群众杨人工用材林的适宜灌溉量的研究表明，在林木生长后期增加灌水次数，可使胸径生长增加０．２５～０．４２ｃｍ。树冠生长指标和根系生长量均随灌溉量增加而增加，１５００、４５００、７５００、２２５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ灌溉量的平均叶面积分别是１９．３、２４．５、３０．５、４３．４ｍ２；平均叶干重分别是１．１、１．３、１．５、３．９ｋｇ；平均叶面积指数分别为０．９７、１．２３、１．５３、２．１８。林木蒸腾量随灌溉量增加而增加，年蒸腾耗水量分别为１２５９．７、１５２７．７、１９８８．４、４９８６．１ｍ３／ｈｍ２。在一定范围内，林木材积生长量随灌溉量增加而增加，年产材积量分别为３．０４、４．０８、４．５１、８．７３ｍ３／ｈｍ２。虽然２２５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ灌溉量的产材量最高，但材积需水系数最高，其耗水量是其它灌溉量的３～１５倍。在水资源日益短缺的内蒙干旱地区，杨树人工林的灌溉量以７５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ为宜。     

兴安落叶松人工林冠层气体交换的时空特性

在生长季定期测定兴安落叶松林主要组成树种兴安落叶松和白桦树冠上部、中部和下部叶片的光合作用和呼吸作用.结果表明:兴安落叶松当年生枝针叶在8、9月份最大净光合速率在冠层间差异显著.8月份最高,从上至下分别为13.09、8.63和9.07 μmolCO2·m-2s-1.落叶松往年生枝针叶的最大净光合速率在生长季差异不显著,其平均最大净光合速率为8.22 μmolCO2·m-2s-1.在整个生长季白桦冠层间的最大净光合速率均差异显著,从上至下,依次为17.56、13.01和9.58 μmolCO2·m-2s-1;白桦叶片、落叶松当年生枝针叶和落叶松往年生枝针叶的暗呼吸速率差异随着时间的变化而发生改变,但冠层之间无显著差异.在整个生长季中,白桦叶片、落叶松当年生枝针叶和落叶松往年生枝针叶的暗呼吸速率分别为0.47～1.40,0.83～1.46和0.68～1.63 μmolCO2·m-2s-1.2树种的暗呼吸速率与叶片温度显著正相关,与光照不相关.除白桦冠层上层叶片外,光合作用与生长季叶片温度的变化无明显相关性;白桦和落叶松生长季的不同时期冠层气体交换是动态变化的,但变化式样具有种的特异性.     

红桧苗木繁殖试验初报

国家二级重点保护植物红桧经４年试验观察，当年实生苗平均高生长为８．５ｃｍ，平均地径为０．１５ｃｍ，最高单株为１７ｃｍ，地径为０．２ｃｍ。扦插繁殖苗，春插成活率比夏插高，最高可达１００％，当年移栽春插苗平均高生长达２０ｃｍ，平均地径达０．２ｃｍ，最高达２５ｃｍ，最粗地径达０．２３ｃｍ，夏插苗用生根剂ＧＤ和ＮＡＡ，前者生根率和生根数均比后者高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.