生长猪玉米豆粕型饲粮中添加植酸酶的效果试验研究

选用体重约3 0kg的杜×长×大三元杂生长猪9 6头,随机分成4个处理组,每组6个重复,每重复4头,公母比为1∶1。A组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,B、C、D组为试验组(分别以2 5 0、5 0 0、750 U植酸酶/kg饲粮取代基础饲粮中的40%、60%、80%磷酸氢钙),以研究玉米豆粕型饲粮中添加植酸酶对生长猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。42 d的饲养试验结果表明:与对照组相比,B、C、D组的日增重分别提高了1.05%(P>0.05)、4.09%(P<0.05)、2.64%(P>0.05);饲料/增重比分别较对照组降低了2.18%、2.62%、1.75%;生长增重的饲料成本分别是对照组的97.38%、97.03%和97.73%;血清中钙含量分别提高了4.22%、4.22%、8.12%(P<0.05);血清中磷含量分别提高了1.46%、0.36%、14.23%(P<0.05),其他生化指标组间无明显差异。     

糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物饲喂生长肥育猪的效果研究

选择平均体重约3 0 kg的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪70头,随机分成对照组和试验 、 、 、 组,进行为期86d (生长期3 3 d,肥育期5 3 d)的饲养试验。试验处理为:对照组全期饲粮不用糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物( MABFP) ,试验 、 、 、 组生长期饲粮分别使用2 %、4%、6%和8%的MABFP;肥育期饲粮分别使用4%、8%、1 2 %和1 6%的MABFP。每期的试验组和对照组均为等能等蛋白质饲粮。饲养试验结果表明:生长期,试验各组的日增重和饲料效率与对照组无显著差异( P>0 .0 5 ) ;肥育期,试验 、组日增重与对照组无显著差异( P>0 .0 5 ) , 、 组日增重低于对照组( P<0 .0 5 ) ;肥育期以及试验全期各试验组饲料效率有所降低。血清生化指标及胴体品质的分析结果表明:生长肥育猪饲粮使用MABFP,对猪血清生化指标、组织器官生理功能、肉猪胴体指标和猪肉品质等无不良影响。综上所述,MABFP可做生长肥育猪配合饲料的原料,建议其用量以6%～8%为宜,同时注意适当补充必需氨基酸     

不同营养水平和日粮结构对陆川母猪生产力影响的研究

从1979年5月开始至1981年12月止,对十五头同龄陆川母猪,分三组、三批进行不同营养水平和日粮结构的试验。第一批高组日喂DE4644大卡/头,DCP153克;中组DE3750大卡/头,DCP124克;低组2790大卡/头,DCP96克。试验结果母猪产仔数并无明显影响(高组12头,中组11.2头,低组12.2头),仅初生重稍低一些(高组7.48公斤,中组6.8公斤,低组6.8公斤)。双月断乳重高组86.2公斤,中组78.63公斤,低组78.2公斤。但中、低组比高组分别可节约配合精料17.5公斤和54.7公斤。经方差分析,除初生重、断乳重差异显著外,产仔数差异不显著。第二批试验以粗料(统糠)为主和青料为主的日粮结构。粗料组日喂配合粗料1.45公斤,青料0.5公斤,折合DE3137大卡,DCP100克;青料组日喂青料5公斤,配合粗料0.75公斤,折合DE3045大卡,DCP99克。哺乳期两组日粮一致。试验结果粗料组初生头数10.8头,窝重6.45公斤,双月断乳重85公斤。青料组初生头数11头,窝重6.4公斤,双月断乳重86.83公斤。经方差分析,差异不显著。故在同样营养水平下使用粗料与青料为主日粮,效果是相同的。第三批是验证南方猪饲养标准。中组为“南方标准”(妊娠前期DE3863大卡,DCP115克,后期DE5661大卡,DCP186克),低组为低于“南方标准”15％,高组为高于“南方标准”15％。哺乳期日粮三组相同,日喂DE10218大卡/头,DCP354克/头。试验结果高组产仔数11头,初生窝重8.1公斤,断乳窝重107公斤;中组产仔数12.6头,初生窝重8.1公斤,断乳窝重112.7公斤;低组产仔数11.25头,初生窝重7.75公斤,断乳窝重98.64公斤。三组以中组较好。但经方差分析,初生重、初生窝重、断乳重差异不显著。故在生产中也可使用低于《南方标准》15％组,以节约饲料,降低养猪成本。     

过瘤胃脂肪对晋南牛养分表观消化率及氮沉积的影响

为探究富含不饱和脂肪酸的过瘤胃脂肪对肉牛营养物质消化代谢和氮沉积的影响,本研究选用4头体重476±60 kg、年龄4.5岁、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的晋南阉牛,以精补料和玉米青贮为基础饲粮,饲粮蛋白质按照1.15倍的维持营养需要量的85%(低)、100%(中)和115%(高)设计3个水平,并在此基础上添加干物质采食量的0%、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%的过瘤胃脂肪,采用3×4两因素设计,共形成12组饲粮组合,测定养分消化率、氮沉积率和血液生化指标。结果表明,第8组饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)的表观消化率极显著高于第2组、显著高于第3和第4组,第7和第10组显著高于第2组;第4、第7、第8、第11和第12组粗脂肪(EE)的表观消化率极显著高于第1、第2、第5、第9组,第3、第6和第10组显著高于第1、第2、第5、第9组;第8和第10组无氮浸出物(NFE)的表观消化率显著高于第11组;第8组中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率显著高于第11组。第1、第5、第6、第8和第11组的氮沉积率显著高于第12组。第10组三酰基甘油酯酶(ATGL)活性显著高于第6组;第3、第4、第5、第2和第7组的胰岛素(INS)浓度极显著高于第8组;第1和第2组的胰高血糖素(GC)浓度显著高于第9和第11组;第7组的生长激素(GH)浓度显著高于第2、第4、第5、第9、第10和第11组。综上,在以饲粮蛋白质水平为标准前提下,过瘤胃脂肪适宜添加量为饲粮的5.0%。本研究为肉牛养殖和高档肉牛生产提供了一定的理论依据。     

一次注射[~3H]Leu检测家禽内源氨基酸损失量的方法

通过绝食法 (FAS)、强饲无氮饲粮法 (NFD)、NFD + 3 2 0 %酶解酪蛋白 (EHC)、以豆粕为唯一氮源的饲粮粗蛋白 (CP)水平为 5 %和 2 0 % ,以及棉粕为氮源的CP2 0 %半合成饲粮 ,证明给家禽皮下一次引入 30 μCi[3 H]Leu kg体重 (BW)后 ,48h内排泄物内源Leu放射性比活度(SRe)与相应血浆Leu放射性比活度 (SRP)之比为一恒值 ,根据此定律并依据NFD时内源氨基酸组成模式可测定采食实际饲粮时的内源氨基酸损失量 (EAAL)。     

敞篷牛舍接力送风及饲粮添加铬改善肉牛生产性能

为了解肉牛舍安装接力送风和饲粮中添加烟酸铬对肉牛生长性能、肉牛生理和牛舍环境的影响,研究了南方夏季安装接力送风机和饲粮添加铬对拴系敞篷饲养肉牛舍热环境及对肉牛日增质量的影响。试验采用双因素设计,选取36头平均体质量为392.8 kg的西杂肉牛,随机分成4个处理,处理1组牛舍安装风机,并在饲粮中添加烟酸铬;处理2安装风机,饲粮中不添加烟酸铬;处理3组不安装风机,但饲粮中添加烟酸铬;处理4(对照组)不安装风机,不添加烟酸铬。铬的添加量为800μg/kg,进行为期30 d生长试验。试验分别测定了牛舍的环境指标、肉牛生理指标和肉牛日增质量,并对经济效益进行了分析。结果如下:1安装接力送风机牛舍14:00平均室温可降低1.9℃(P0.01),风速增加5.6倍(P0.01),降低温湿指数(temperature and humidity index,THI)5.65%(P0.01);2饲粮添加铬降低热应激肉牛呼吸频率2.37次/min(P0.01),降低直肠温度0.18℃(P0.01),安装风机降低呼吸频率6.97次/min(P0.01),安装风机和饲粮添加铬对肉牛呼吸频率和直肠温度无交互作用。3处理1组肉牛平均日增质量比处理2、处理3和对照组分别提高了44.16%(P0.05)、35.37%(P0.05)和79.03%(P0.05)。处理2组和处理3组比对照组平均日增质量提高了24.19%(P0.05)和32.26%(P0.05)。处理1组比对照组增加毛利8.72元/(头·d)。表明南方夏季肉牛舍安装风机和饲粮中添加铬800μg/kg均缓解了肉牛湿热应激,提高了平均日增质量和经济效益,二者结合使用效果较好。     

以可消化氨基酸设计仔猪日粮试验

选择 2 8日龄断奶杜长大三元杂交仔猪 60头 ,随机分为 4组 ,每组 15头 ,分别饲喂以总氨基酸或可消化氨基酸为基础设计饲粮 ,研究其对仔猪生产性能和经济效益的影响。结果表明 :在可消化氨基酸相同条件下 ,适当降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平 ,并不影响仔猪生产性能 ( P>0 .0 5) ,且有利于控制腹泻和提高经济效益 ,但总氨基酸含量相同饲粮 ,其生产性能差异显著 ( P〈0 .0 5)。故生产上以可消化氨基酸设计日粮比总氨基酸设计日粮更合理 ,更接近仔猪对氨基酸需要。     

封闭型牛舍风机喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬改善肉牛生长性能

为了探索南方夏季缓解肉牛热应激的方法和措施,研究了安装接力送风机加喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬对封闭型房舍式小群饲养肉牛生产性能和牛舍热环境的影响。试验采用双因素设计,选取28头平均体质量379.3kg的西杂肉牛,随机分成4组,试验1组牛舍安装风机加喷淋,并在饲粮中添加烟酸铬;试验2组安装风机加喷淋,饲粮中不添加烟酸铬;试验3组不安装风机加喷淋,但饲粮中添加烟酸铬;试验4组(对照组)不安装风机加喷淋,不添加烟酸铬。铬的添加量为800μg/kg,进行为期30 d生长试验。分别测定了牛舍的环境指标、肉牛生理指标和肉牛增质量,并对经济效益进行了分析。结果如下:1安装接力送风机加喷淋系统牛舍14:00平均室温可降低1.84℃(P0.01),风速增加8.27倍(P0.01);2安装风机加喷淋降温降低肉牛呼吸频率4.93次/min(P0.01),饲粮添加铬降低直肠温度0.23℃(P0.01),安装风机加喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬对肉牛呼吸频率和直肠温度无交互作用。31组肉牛平均日增质量比2组、3组和对照组分别提高了12.37%(P0.05)、19.59%(P0.05)和34.02%(P0.05)。2组比对照组平均日增质量提高了24.71%(P0.05)。1组比对照组增加毛利4.44元/(头·d)。表明南方夏季肉牛舍安装风机加喷淋和饲粮中添加铬均缓解了肉牛热应激,提高了平均日增质量和经济效益,二者结合使用效果较好。     

金属硫蛋白在仔猪体内代谢动力学研究

本文通过放射性12 5I标记金属硫蛋白 ( 12 5I MT) ,经口灌喂于断奶仔猪 ,研究MT在猪体内代谢动力学。本研究结果表明 :12 5I MT在灌喂后 9h血液中达最高值 ( 0 0 5 8mCi) ,而对照组12 5I1h达最高值 ( 0 0 98mCi)。12 5I MT组在灌喂后 7h开始能够从粪中检测到 ,以后粪中浓度逐渐升高 ,30h达最大值 ( 0 0 97mCi) ,排出的时间主要集中在 2 8～ 31h ,31h后粪中浓度快速下降 ,从粪中的排泄量占总灌喂量的 7 91 % ,极显著地高于12 5I组 (P <0 0 1 )。灌喂后 1h便可在尿中检测出 ,随后尿中浓度逐渐升高 ,在灌喂后 2 4h尿中浓度达最大值 ,此后迅速下降 ,尿中排出量占灌喂总量的 2 1 45 % ,显著地低于12 5I组 (O <0 0 5 )。12 5I MT在组织器官中放射性活度依次为 :小肠 >大肠 >胃 >皮 >肾 >肺 >肝 >心 >肌肉 >骨 ,组织器官中的存留量占灌喂总量的4 61 %。     

添加植酸酶对生长猪玉米豆粕型饲粮养分消化利用率的影响

选用体重2 0 kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂去势公猪,随机分为4组,进行消化代谢试验,测定玉米豆粕型基础饲粮(Ⅰ组)和以植酸酶250 U/kg(Ⅱ组)、500 U/kg(Ⅲ组)、750 U/kg(Ⅳ组)取代基础饲粮中40%、60%、80%的磷酸氢钙的试验饲粮中的粗蛋白质等养分的消化利用率。采用全收粪法进行两期消化代谢试验。结果表明:与对照组(Ⅰ组)相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的蛋白质表观消化率分别提高了3.50%、2.45%、2.32%,组间差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋白质生物学价值分别提高了5.75%、6.29%、6.62%,组间差异不显著(P>0.05);粗纤维表观消化率分别提高30.09%、54.10%(P<0.05)、13.07%;钙的表观消化率分别提高了4.02%、13.82%(P<0.05)、2.20%;磷的表观消化率分别提高了8.20%、47.36%(P<0.05)、13.39%;饲粮可消化能分别提高了1.89%、7.69%(P<0.05)、4.83%。     

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK ON SALT TOLERANCE OF LOQUAT: GROWTH AND MINERAL COMPOSITION

The salinity tolerance of loquat grafted onto anger or onto loquat was studied. The plants were irrigated using solutions containing 5, 25, 35, 50, or 70 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for five months. Different parameters of vegetative growth were studied, all of them showing that plants grafted onto loquat are much less salinity-tolerant than those grafted onto anger. Thus, the concentration of NaCl that produced a growth reduction of 50% (C₅₀) for the growth parameters of the shoot was around 35 mM for loquat plants grafted onto loquat. With the NaCl levels employed, loquat-anger plants did not reach the C₅₀. Lower chloride (Cl^?) and sodium (Na⁺) uptake, higher potassium (K⁺)-Na⁺ selectivity and a lower reduction in the leaf magnesium (Mg²⁺) concentration for the loquat-anger combination can explain the higher salinity tolerance compared to loquat-loquat.     

合成磷源在石灰性潮土中的有效性及氮肥形态对其的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了几种人工合成磷源在两种质地土壤中的有效性及不同氮肥形态对它们有效性影响的机理。研究结果表明 :几种合成磷酸盐在轻壤质和轻粘质潮土中的生物有效性的大小顺序分别为 :磷酸二钙 (DCP) >磷酸八钙 (OCP) >磷酸铝 (Al P) >磷酸铁 (Fe P) >氟磷灰石 (FA)和DCP >Al P >OCP >Fe P >FA。几种人工合成磷源在两种质地土壤中的有效性与土壤中相应形态无机磷的有效性相一致。它们在轻粘质潮土中的生物有效性明显受氮肥形态的影响。配施NH 4 N和CO(NH2 ) 2 时 ,Al P和FA的有效性比配施NO-3 N明显提高。配施NO-3 N可以明显提高Fe P的有效性。它们在配施不同氮肥形态下的生物有效性与不同氮肥形态处理下的根际pH变化密切相关。     

胶质芽孢杆菌对土壤矿物的分解作用及机理研究

应用胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)作分解土壤矿物试验。从土壤矿物经该菌处理前后的表面光滑程度、表面积以及上清液中K、Si离子浓度的变化等方面证明了胶质芽孢杆菌能够分解土壤矿物,并把其中的K、Si从矿物晶格中释放出来。同时还表明胶质芽孢杆菌NS01分解矿物与其生长过程中产生的荚膜多糖与小分子有机酸的复合作用有关。     

EFFECTS OF BIOGAS SLURRY ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF OIL-SEED RAPE

Biogas slurry is a good source of plant nutrients and replacing chemical fertilizers with biogas slurry can not only achieve resource utilization of slurry, but also reduce the amount of fertilizer. In this study, biogas slurry was applied in the production of oil-seed rape, it was attempted to investigate the effects of slurry on yield and quality of rape, furthermore to find the optimum rate of biogas slurry. The results showed that the protein, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contents in rapeseed increased, the oleic acid, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in rapeseed firstly increased and then decreased with the increased rate of slurry. Meanwhile, the erucic acid, glucosinolate and oil contents showed a tendency of decrease with the increased rate of slurry. When the rate of slurry was in the range of 78,750 kg hm^?2 to 101,250 kg hm^?2, the yield reached a relatively high level, which was in the range of 2817kg hm^?2 to 3433 kg hm^?2.     

我国南方一些土壤的钾素状况及其含钾矿物

本文研究了我国南方一些土壤的钾素状况及其含钾矿物。结果表明，土壤含钾矿物的含量和种类因成土母质和土壤发育程度而异。花岗岩发育土壤的含钾矿物随粒烃增大而增加（＞５０μ除外），沉积岩发育的土壤情况相反。土壤的非交换性钾与云母类矿物含量呈较好的相关性（ｒ＝０．６６９＾＊），交换性钾与土壤ＣＥＣ呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８０８＾＊＊）。不同粒级对土壤全钾量贡献不一，花岗岩发育土壤的全钾量主要集中于１０－５０     

海南岛土壤粘粒矿物特征与土壤系统分类

研究了海南岛不同母质土壤的粘粒矿物特征:都含有较多的高岭石,其中玄武岩发育土壤粘粒中高岭石最多,但其结晶最差。片岩和紫色砂岩发育土壤含相当多的水云母,粘粒部分水云母含量高达40％～45％,石灰岩发育土壤水云母含量亦较高,达20％～37％,此类水云母属二八面体型的水化白云母。玄武岩和花岗岩发育的“湿润”土壤粘粒中针铁矿与赤铁矿的含量之比为（3～4）:1,而花岗岩发育的“常湿”土壤粘粒中只有针铁矿,不见赤铁矿存在,证明土壤中氧化铁矿物的类型是土壤湿润状况的反应,在中国土壤系统分类中可以用来区分“湿润”和“常湿”土壤的一个指标。     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS ON GROWTH,CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF TWO GRAFTED SCIONS OF TOMATO

Two tomato scions (cvs. ‘Raf’ and ‘Gorety’) were grafted on three different rootstocks: S. torvum, ‘Beaufort’ (Lycopersicum esculentum × Lycopersicum hirsutum) and intermediate grafting of eggplant ‘Cristal’ between tomato and S. torvum (double graft). Plants were grown in Mediterranean greenhouse conditions. The response to grafting was measured through growth parameters, F_v/F_m and leaf macronutrients analysis, and it was compared with non-grafted plants. The scions grafted on S. torvum in simple and double graft showed lower fresh and dry weight of leaves, number of commercial fruits, plant height, F_v/F_m and decreased their capacity to absorb several nutrients resulting in a lower mineral concentration in scions leaves, as a result of a thickened graft union. On the other hand, both scions showed a good response when grafted on the rootstock ‘Beaufort’, with which growth parameters, yield and photosynthetic capacity were similar to non-grafted plants.     

STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IODINE AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS IN LETTUCE PLANTS

Iodine is vital to human health, and iodine bio-fortification programs help improve the human intake through plant consumption. Essential processes in plants that can be altered by iodine bio-fortification include the nutritional state of plants. The main objective of this work was to determine whether mineral nutrient concentrations were affected by the application of different forms (iodide [I^?] vs. iodate [IO₃ ^?]) and dosages (0, 20, 40, and 80 μM) of iodine, to ascertain the influence of this trace element in Lactuca sativa var. longifolia plants. The application of 80 μM of I^? significantly reduced the nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) to below the optimal ranges established for this crop. The IO₃ ^? treatments represented optimal maintenance of the nutritional state for most of the nutrients and even an improvement of nutrients as important as magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe).     

INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ON MINERAL NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN URTICA PILULIFERA L.

Pollutants can have detrimental effects on living organisms. They can cause toxicity, damaging cells, tissues and organs because of their high concentrations or activities. Plants provide a useful system for screening and monitoring environmental pollutants. Among pollutants, aluminum is considered as a primary growth limiting factor for plants resulting in decreased plant growth and development. Although considered to be a non-essential and highly toxic metal ion for growth and development, aluminum (Al) is easily absorbed by plants. Urticaceae family members have high nutrient requirements demonstrated by leaves containing high levels of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and nitrogen (N). Urtica pilulifera is one of the important traditional medicinal plants in Turkey. In this study, U. pilulifera was used as a bioindicator to investigate the possible differences in the absorption and accumulation of mineral nutrients at different levels of the Al exposure and examine the mineral nutrition composition of U. pilulifera under Al stress. Also, some growth parameters (leaf-stem fresh and dry weights, root dry weights, stem lengths and leaf surface area) were investigated. U. pilulifera seedlings were grown for two months in growth-room conditions and watered with spiked Hoagland solution, which contained 0, 100, and 200 μM aluminium chloride (AlCl₃). It was observed that macro- and micro-nutritional status of roots and leaves was altered by Al exposure. The concentrations of some macro- and micronutrients were reduced while concentrations of others were increased by excess of Al. Some macro- and micronutrients were increased at low level of Al whereas reductions were observed at high level of Al, and vice versa. The patterns were dependent on the macro- or micronutrient and the plant part.     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COFFEE PLANTS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Nutritional and physiological significance of micronutrients in coffee plants, especially with regard to nickel (Ni) is still unknown. The dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ni accumulation in coffee fruits, as well as their relationships with total soluble protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, and starch content during coffee fruit development (green, ripe, and dry fruits), were investigated. Coffee trees received three N fertilizer rates (0, 150, and 300 kg of N ha^?1) as ammonium sulfate split into three applications per year. Nitrogen fertilization increased reducing sugars and starch concentrations in ripe fruits. In contrast, green fruits showed the highest amino acid and Ni concentrations. Fruit Ni concentration decreased in both green and ripe fruits as N rates increased; thus, indicating the possibility of either a N-associated dilution effect on Ni concentration or that Ni uptake by roots and/or transport to developing fruit was limiting. Plant nutritional status and fruit development stage influenced the coffee grain chemical composition. Furthermore, the variation in reducing sugars and starch content was more closely linked to the stage of fruit development than to N supply. A supposed relationship among the decreased of caffeine, starch, amino acids, and proteins with Ni content during green fruit development suggests a fundamental role for Ni in coffee fruit ripening. The interaction between N and Ni metabolism during fruit ripening might influence the chemical parameters involved in the coffee grain quality. This is the first report documenting changes in Ni concentrations of coffee fruit as a function of N fertilization rates and the development stage, but further research is needed to better understand the significance of N-Ni interaction in developing coffee fruit.