有机无机肥料结合施用对紫色土性水稻土的肥力影响

连续多年的有机无机肥结合施用,增加了土壤氮、磷、钾养分的供应量,特别是提高了土壤有机质和速效磷、钾的比例,协调了土壤养分的供应,提高了施肥效应和化肥利用率,缩小了土壤基础肥力对作物产量的差异.有机肥结合氮磷化肥施用的田地,粮食产量随着种植年限的延长而逐年提高,而单施氮磷化肥的田地,粮食产量则随着种植年限的延长而呈下降的趋势.     

PAL肥料调理剂对黄土旱塬玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

为了给PAL肥料调理剂的推广应用提供依据,对玉米沈单16进行了PAL不同用量的研究,并以全量氮、磷、钾和速效氮、磷、钾及有机质代表土壤肥力,研究了PAL对土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在氮磷肥基础上施用PAL肥料调理剂300 kg/hm2,与单施氮磷肥相比,土壤有机质提高6.8%,速效磷提高7.3%,全钾提高49.5%,速效钾提高1.2%,全氮含量下降3.8%,碱解氮含量下降15.6%;产量最高,为13 678.5 kg/hm2,水分利用效率较高,为48.3 kg/(mm.hm2),产量性状表现突出。施用PAL明显增加了土壤中速效磷、速效钾及有机质含量,提高了土壤供肥能力、玉米产量及水分利用效率。综合考虑,在施用氮磷化肥基础上,配施PAL肥料调理剂300 kg/hm2具有较好的经济效益。     

肥料配比对土壤和水稻产量的影响

利用宁夏农林科学院农作物研究所稻田生态系统长期定位监测点（2000-2008年）资料,分析了不同施肥制度下土壤肥力与水稻产量的差异．探讨了等氮条件下有机无机肥配比和单施化肥对土壤肥力和产量的影响,结果表明：基肥施用有机肥,追肥施用化肥与全部使用化肥相比,有机肥和化肥配合施用使土壤的全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量提高;有机肥和化肥混合施用,使水稻返青快,在整个生育期生长旺盛,分蘖早、有效分蘖数增加,而全部施用化肥则相反;在水稻产量和产量构成因子影响方面,有机肥和化肥混合施用使水稻产量提高．穗数和稳粒数增加,但结实率、千粒重下降。     

淮北地区冬小麦亩产300-400公斤氮磷化肥合理施用的研究

<正> 近年来,随着生产水平的普遍提高,淮北地区的小麦单产也有了较大幅度的上升.大部分地区小麦产量的提高,除更新品种外,主要还是靠增加氮磷化肥的投入来实现的.要使有限的肥料产生最大的经济效益和生态效益,经济合理施用是关键.从目前大面积生产情况看,盲目施用化肥的问题较为突出,因氮磷化肥施用不当而造成的倒伏、减产等现象时有发生.为此,研究氮磷化肥对小麦生育、产量以及品质的影响,找出淮北地区氮磷化肥的最佳经济用量很有必要.自1983年以来,我们组织了淮北地区的有关农业和科研单位协作进行本项研究.     

矿物硅钾肥在水稻上的后效作用研究

为探索矿物硅钾肥的后效作用,本研究在第一茬油菜收获后继续种植水稻,比较了不同处理对水稻生理指标和土壤速效钾和缓效钾的影响。结果表明:在不施氮磷肥的情况下,单施硅钾肥对水稻生长没有明显的后效促进作用。在氮磷供应充足的情况下,硅钾肥相比常规施肥具有更好的后效作用,主要体现在对水稻产量的促进上,硅钾肥各处理的总体增产效果为5.9%,其中使用量最高的处理(NPK+Si K3)增产效果达12.0%。土壤速效钾含量结果表明硅钾肥比常规肥料更能促进水稻对土壤养分的吸收。     

小麦／玉米带田磷肥分配方式及后效研究

在小麦／玉米带田种植条件征，磷肥不仅当年增产显著，而且有明显后效，施磷量越高，后效越大，带田小麦对磷肥的反应明显大于玉米。等量磷肥这年分施的增产率与一闪性施用相近，但耕层土壤速效磷含量高于一次性集中施用。     

施肥方案的实际操作和氮磷比公式

正本文推导出氮磷二因素施肥模式中,氮肥施用单位数和磷肥施用单位数之间的函数关系式,简称为氮磷比公式,可作为施肥方案设计中,确定氮磷化肥施用量的简单工具。一、学肥料施用的历史和现状从二十世纪六十年代开始,我国农村逐步施用了肥田粉即硫酸铵氮素化肥,大都用于作物生长旺盛时期的追肥。一般亩用量10-30斤,当时北方的平川水地玉米产量从传统农业的200斤-300斤/亩提高到500斤/亩以上。七十年     

粗砂潮土小麦氮磷调控及氮肥施用期结构研究

针对粗砂潮土有效养分含量低且不协调,漏水漏肥,供肥能力低等特点,研究了小麦氮磷化肥的最佳用量,根据氮磷的供需矛盾和经济施肥原则,提出了氮磷适宜用量的调控范围和方法。并研究了小麦氮素化肥的施用期结构,提出在施适量有机肥和磷素化肥的基础上,底肥少施或不施氮化肥,以越冬返青或孕穗期一次追施氮肥,或返青期追施2/3,孕穗期追施1/3氮肥的施用原则。     

长期施用鸡粪稻田土壤肥力变化特征研究

通过采样调查,分析比较了海安县长期施用鸡粪和化肥的稻田土壤主要肥力指标的变化。结果表明:与长期施用化肥的稻田相比,长期施用鸡粪能明显改善土壤的物理性状,显著提高土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾的含量,其中对土壤速效磷含量的影响最大;长期大量施用鸡粪还造成氮、磷养分向土壤下层迁移累积,使耕层以下的土壤养分含量明显高于施用化肥的土壤。     

江苏省化肥施用技术水平与发达国家七十年代末期水平的比较

一、我省化肥施用技术水平与发达国家七十年代末期水平的差距新中国成立后,党十分重视化肥工业的发展,化肥产量比解放前成百倍增加,品种也逐渐多样化.1978年全国生产标准化肥(包括氮磷肥及复合肥)4712万吨,平均每亩耕地的化肥施用量达到59斤.我省化肥用量比全国水平上升得更快,1978年总用量为390万吨,每亩耕地平均施用97斤.随着化肥用量的增加,施肥技术也得到不断的改进.例如普遍推广了农作物分期施肥的技术,在缺磷土壤上氮、磷肥的配合施用,以及改进氮磷肥的施用方法等等.此外,不少地方还开始     

长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量及肥料效益影响

通过对红壤旱地13年连续监测研究,发现在红壤地区红壤旱地上:长期使用化学肥料,其肥料利用率和作物产量表现为逐步下降的趋势.在N处理中,前5年比CK处理,玉米平均增产213%,小麦增产96%;10a以后,玉米平均减产45%,小麦减产85%;在NP、NK、NPK处理中,与N处理具有相同的趋势;在NPKM、M处理中,玉米和小麦产量表现为平稳和轻微的上升趋势.肥料的利用率变化与产量变化具有同一性.为提高红壤旱地玉米和小麦子粒的品质,使用化学氮肥是一项必不可少的技术措施,同时化学氮肥对玉米和小麦子粒品质提高效果大于有机氮.     

有机肥和化学肥料配合施用对红壤肥力的影响

通过对红壤旱地长期不同施肥处理的土壤研究,发现不同的施肥处理对红壤旱地性质影响极为明显:长期施用化肥,耕作13年后,土壤活性有机质下降39.6%,在NPKS处理中,活性有机质上升16.9%,M中上升11%。长期施用有机物的处理中,土壤的微生物的数量和土壤酶的活性显著高于长期施用化学肥料的处理,由以长期单度施用化学氮肥为最低。在红壤旱地上长期施用化学肥料,使土壤严重酸化,不利于玉米的生长,肥料的长期效果为:氮肥仅增产24.9%,化学肥料配合施用的NPK处理增产率267%,NPKS处理增产率319%,M处理增产率267%,NPKM处理增产率高达367%。施用有质物还可防止土壤酸化,提高土壤的养分的有效性和肥料的利用率。     

缓/控释氮肥对主要粮食作物及环境影响研究进展

本文围绕着近年来缓/控 释氮肥在主要粮食作物（小麦、玉米）上的应用展开综述。从小麦和玉米适用的缓/控 释氮肥类型、缓/控 释氮肥对作物产量和肥料利用率、氮养分平衡的影响、氮损失途径以及缓/控 释氮肥应用前景等方面进行分析,较全面的总结了施用缓/控释氮肥对小麦、玉米作物及土壤环境的影响,并对未来粮食生产的可能影响进行剖析。分析发现不同类型缓/控 释氮肥能不同程度提高小麦和玉米产量或保证稳产;合理施用缓/控 释氮肥能够提高氮肥料利用率、降低土壤氮素累积、减少氮素损失;提高土壤微生物量和酶的活性;减少温室气体排放及降低地下水体的硝酸盐污染。但施用缓/控 释氮肥对根际养分研究相对较少及存在施用方式的不合理性。建立科学合理的简化施肥技术体系,对缓/控 释肥的应用和推广具有重要意义。     

长期施肥对水稻土有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响

以湖南省3个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点(新化、宁乡和桃江)的土壤为对象,研究了20年不同土壤培肥方式(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥配施中量/高量猪粪和化肥配施秸秆)对土壤全氮、有机氮组分及氮素矿化的影响.结果显示,与不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤全氮的影响在新化和宁乡点均不显著,但化肥配施猪粪或秸秆在三个试验点均显著提高了土壤全氮、碱解氮和微生物量氮的含量.总体来看,长期施肥能够提高土壤有机氮各组分的含量,并提高氨基糖氮和氨基酸氮在全氮中的占比,但不同类型肥料施入后对有机氮组分的影响因试验点的不同而异,这可能是不同试验点土壤理化性质差异导致的.相关分析显示土壤酸解有机氮组分与氮矿化势极显著相关,且在三个监测点,有机物配施化肥的处理土壤氮矿化势均高于单施化肥处理.研究表明,虽然土壤性质上的差异可能导致土壤氮组分对施肥措施的响应不同,但有机无机肥配施提高土壤供氮潜力的效果均优于单施化肥.     

猪粪化肥配施对稻田土壤氮素含量及氮肥利用效率的影响

化肥有机肥在农田的配施对改良土壤性质、提高养分利用率具有较好的效果,还提升了有机废弃物的循环利用效率。为此,为明确猪粪化肥配施对南方典型双季稻田土壤氮素含量及氮肥利用效率的影响,在双季稻田系统进行田间定位试验。试验共设置了4个处理,即不施氮肥处理(N0)、50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N)、100%化学氮肥处理(N)和猪粪替代50%氮肥处理(1/2N+M)。测定了稻田土壤全氮、有效氮(铵态氮和硝态氮)、微生物生物量氮、水稻氮含量并计算氮吸收量。结果表明:在定位试验开展后第5~6年,猪粪替代50%氮肥处理土壤全氮含量较100%化学氮肥处理显著提高15%;而不施氮肥导致土壤全氮含量显著下降达20%。猪粪化肥配施显著增加晚稻季土壤铵态氮含量。水稻氮肥吸收主要与氮肥用量、土壤全氮含量、铵态氮含量和微生物生物量氮成正相关。2年内猪粪化肥配施较全量氮肥显著提高了晚稻季水稻氮素吸收及氮肥利用率,提升幅度分别为9.2%~18.0%和19.6%~43.0%,且水稻产量略有提升。早稻季猪粪化肥配施较全量氮肥水稻籽粒产量、水稻氮素吸收及氮肥利用率无显著差异或出现显著下降。研究表明,双季稻体系猪粪替代50%氮肥可提高晚稻季稻田土壤氮素有效性,减少化肥施用并提高氮肥利用率。     

长期施肥对黄泥田碳和氮及氮素利用的影响

 【目的】研究长期施肥下南方黄泥田碳和氮的变异规律及其与硝态氮累积的关系,阐明影响硝态氮累积的主要因素。【方法】以25年定位试验为平台,通过室内分析和统计分析,研究不施肥、施化肥和有机无机肥配施处理条件下黄泥田有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、微生物量碳、微生物量氮和氮素利用率的变化及与硝态氮累积的相关关系。【结果】（1）双季稻区,在提高土壤SOC、TN、碱解氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量方面,有机无机肥配施明显优于单施无机肥,并以配施高量（70%）或低量有机肥（30%）效果最佳。（2）在等养分量条件下,与施无机肥处理相比,配施高量或低量有机肥处理在土壤硝态氮含量和累积量均有显著增加,有机无机肥等比例配施处理的硝态氮含量和累积量有大幅减少,与不施肥处理基本相当。【结论】提高土壤质量以配施高量有机肥效果最好,降低土壤中硝态氮累积量以等比例配施有机无机肥效果最佳。因此,从提高土壤质量和保护生态环境方面考虑,该区域有机无机肥配施应注意配施比例。影响硝态氮累积的因素主要有土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮,其中最直接的影响因素是土壤微生物量碳。     

Quality Change of Cinnamon Soil Cultivated Land and Its Effect on Soil Productivity

【Objective】The quality of cultivated land is a key factor affecting soil productivity, which serves also as scientific basis for rational fertilization. Cinnamon soil is the main soil type at the production area of wheat and corn in China. This study examined the current status of cultivated land quality and the evolution characteristics of cinnamon soil during the past 31 years (1988-2018). Though considering the evolution of fertilizer application rate, their influence on productivity was studied, and the guidance for reducing fertilizer input and increasing efficiency in cinnamon soil area was proposed.【Method】Using the data of 103 long-term (31 years) location test points in China, the evolution of cinnamon soil cultivated land quality was analyzed by combining physical and chemical indexes. The factors influencing the yield were compared through the redundancy analysis (RDA). Based on these results, reasonable suggestions were put forward to reduce fertilizer input and increase efficiency in cinnamon soil area.【Result】(1) The present situation and evolution of soil physical and chemical properties in cinnamon soil area were shown in the study. Specifically, the average values of organic matter content, available phosphorus and available potassium in 2018 were 17.9 g·kg ^-1, 29.2 mg·kg ^-1-and 164 mg·kg ^-1, respectively, which represented an increase of 21.2%, 200.9% and 52.0% during 31years, respectively. The average values of total nitrogen and slow available potassium in 2018 were 1.1 g·kg ^-1 and 945 mg·kg ^-1, respectively, which remained relatively stable during the monitoring period. The contents of soil secondary elements and micronutrient elements and heavy metals were in an acceptable range. The pH was reduced by 0.3 unit. Topsoil thickness was 21.9 cm and bulk density was 1.33 g·cm ^-3, which belonged to the middle level. (2) The fertilizer application rate in cinnamon soil area was 730.2 kg·hm ^-2 in 2018. The proportion of N (N):P (P₂O₅):K (K₂O) was about 2:1:1, and the proportion of chemical fertilizer to organic fertilizer was about 3.45:1. The nitrogen fertilizer application rate was 378.9 kg·hm ^-2, which was stable during the past 31 years. The application rate of phosphate and potassium fertilizer decreased by 24.1% and 50.8%, respectively. (3) The wheat yield showed an upward trend during 31 years, and the maximum reached 6 651 kg·hm ^-2 at the end of monitoring, which was 27.6% higher than the value at the initial stage. The corn yield was stable, reaching 8 851 kg·hm ^-2 at the end of monitoring. The contribution rate of soil fertility in wheat season and corn season was 49.0% and 59.6%, respectively. The yield was influenced by soil physical factors, including the thickness of plough layer (which could explain the wheat production for 2.7%, denoted as explanation rate), bulk density (explanation rates of wheat and corn productions for 1.2% and 1.5%, respectively) and chemical index, such as organic matter explanation rates of wheat and corn productions for 2% and 1.7%, respectively, and available phosphorus (explanation rate of corn for 3.6%). The explanation rates of potassium fertilizer were the highest for wheat and corn productions, which reached 5.6% and 6%, respectively. The explanation rates of phosphorus fertilizer for wheat yield (1.3%) and of nitrogen fertilizer for corn yield (1.3%) were also relatively high.【Conclusion】The cultivated land quality in cinnamon soil area has been improved in 31 years, but the overall fertility was low and the physical properties were in middle level. Considering the impact of land quality on productivity, different fertilization schemes needed to be formulated for wheat and corn. Both of which needed to increase the input of potassium fertilizers, and focused on ensuring the supply of phosphorus fertilizers for wheat and nitrogen fertilizers for corn. Physical indicators needed to be highly concerned. The topsoil thickness and bulk density were at a medium level, but there was no need to continue to optimize, and maintaining the status quo was more conductive to obtaining high yield.     

禾本科秸秆对植烟土氧化还原电位和营养效率的影响研究

选择3种植烟土壤(酸性、中性及偏碱性),设置禾本科秸秆与化肥配施,单施化肥等处理,通过对植烟土壤根区氧化还原电位(Eh)的原位测定,研究施用有机物对植烟土壤根区Eh、烤烟吸收矿质营养效率和烟叶质量等的影响。结果表明:配施秸秆能提高土壤根区的Eh,显著增加烤烟的营养效率吸收以及增加烟叶的产量和产值。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Distribution of Organic Matters and Nitrogen in Cinnamon Soil Macro-Aggregates

Soil samples collected from a 25-year long-term fertilizer experiment carried out on the Earth-cumulic-Orthic Anthrosols in semi-humid farmland ecological system, were used to study the distribution of soil organic matters, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammoniate nitrogen in different grades of soil macro-aggregates in order to study the effects of long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. It is showed that the percentage of mass of the soil macro-aggregates with long-term application of fertilizers with sizes of 5-2 mm is increased compared with that of the samples with no fertilizer. It is easier to form lager size soil macro-aggregates by the long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are all higher after treatments with different combinations of fertilizers, while there is a little effect on the contents of ammoniate nitrogen. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen in the grades of soil macro-aggregates from the plough layers of the treated farmland exhibited significant difference. Moreover, the contents of organic matters and total nitrogen in the soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 mm is the highest in all treated soil samples. The contents of nitrate nitrogen in soil macro-aggregates increased with the increasing of soil macro-aggregate size except those applied with chemical fertilizer and lower amount of corn stover. The results of correlation analysis revealed that there exists a significantly positive correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 5-2 mm and the contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil samples. However, the correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 rnm and the contents of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen is significantly negative.The study showed that the highest contributing rates of macro-aggregates fractions to soil fertility is from the soil macro-aggregates fraction with the size of 1-0.25 mm in most of the cases.     

除镍化学镀镍废液制成复合肥对玉米肥效的研究

盆栽试验施用2种由磷，氮含量较高的化学镀镍废液沉淀除镍之浓缩液制成的复合肥，结果表明；施用浓缩液复合肥后，玉米幼苗生长正常，肥效与对照的“过磷酸钙”复合肥无显著差异；与不施肥相比，可显著提高玉米幼苗地上部干质量和土壤的N、P、K含量，表明浓缩液复合肥对玉米生长有明显的效果。