甘蓝型油菜带柄子叶高频率再生植株的研究

以甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)912品系带柄子叶为外植体,不同浓度6-BA与NAA激素组合的分化培养基诱导芽苗的分化,开展提高甘蓝型油菜带柄子叶再生频率的因素研究.发现甘蓝型油菜912品系带柄子叶在不同激素及浓度的6-BA与NAA组合中的再生频率、分化率存在显著差异.通过无菌苗苗龄、诱导分化前2,4-D的预培养以及添加AgNO3等因素的系统分析,结果表明甘蓝型油菜912品系带柄子叶在诱导分化前经过1.0mg/L 2,4-D的MS培养基中预培养3d,在最适培养基MS0 6-BA 4.0mg/L NAA 0.02mg/L 3.5mg/L AgNO3中,可较大程度地提高植株再生频率,再生频率和分化频率分别为70%和269.5%,初步建立了甘蓝型油菜912品系的高频率再生植株体系.     

Callus induction and in vitro plant regeneration of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under various conditions

The objective of the present study was to develop an effective protocol for optimum callus induction and complete plant regeneration for four varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) i.e., Super Basmati, Basmati-370, Basmati-371 and Fakhre Malakand. Calli were induced from mature seed scutelum. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Chu's N6 media containing hormone 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) in different concentrations were used for callus induction. Fakhre Malakand produced maximum calli on N6 media containing 3 mg L(-1) 2,4-D. while other three varieties showed maximum callus induction on N6 media containing 2.5 mg L(-1) 2,4-D. N6 media was found better than MS media for callus induction. For complete plant regeneration the calli of two varieties i.e., Basmati-370 and Basmati-371 were plated on N6 media containing different concentrations of NAA (1-Naphthalene acetic acid) and BAP (6-benzyl aminopurine). The maximum regeneration frequency (%) was observed on N6 media containing NAA 1 mg L(-1) and BAP 2.5 mg L(-1). It took 27-30 days for the callus to regenerate into a complete plant. Basmati-370 produced 4-7 plantlets per callus whereas Basmati-371 produced 4-8 plantlets per callus with regeneration frequencies of 61 and 69%, respectively.     

小麦与玉米远缘杂交诱导小麦单倍体的研究

为了研究在小麦×玉米中亲本及2,4-D对诱导小麦单倍体的影响,将36个小麦杂交组合的F1植株与4个玉米品种分别进行远缘杂交,杂交后用50、100、150mg·L-1三种不同浓度的2,4-D溶液处理杂交穗,结果表明,不同小麦杂交组合远缘杂交的得胚率差异显著;不同玉米品种远缘杂交的得胚率总趋势表现为:爆烈玉米(9.9%)>糯玉米(8.9%)>普通玉米(8.2%)>甜玉米(4.6%);2,4-D对小麦单倍体的形成是必须的,且不同浓度之间存在差异,以100mg·L-1浓度处理效果最为理想;同时,2,4-D重复处理的得胚率高于一次处理。     

“热研11号”黑籽雀稗植株再生体系的建立

以热带牧草"热研11号"黑籽雀稗(Paspalum atratum cv.Reyan No.11)种子为材料,对其外植体植株的再生过程进行系统研究.结果表明,以MS无机盐 9.0mg/L维生素B1 9.5mg/L维生素B6 4.5mg/L尼克酸 1.0mg/L水解酪蛋白 30.0g/L蔗糖 8.0g/L琼脂为基本成分(MSM),附加植物激素类物质2.0mg/L2,4-D时,适合种子的愈伤组织形成,愈伤诱导率可达65%:继代培养基附加1.0mg/L2,4-D和0.1mg/LKT:分化的培养基附加6.0mg/L6-BA,分化率可达50%;生根培养基附加0.5mg/L激素类物质NAA,生根率100%.完成植株再生约需13周.     

玉米花药培养影响因素研究

采用36种玉米基因型材料,研究了基因型、培养基、接种前冷藏以及田间早期对雄穗注射一定浓度的2,4-D和在接种前用一定浓度的2,4-D浸泡雄穗对出愈率的影响。结果表明:在玉米培养基 N6(微量元素) 2,4-D2mg/L KT2mg/L 水解酪蛋白(CH)500mg/L 活性炭0.2% 糖12% 琼脂6.5g的诱导培养基中,36个基因型玉米中只有7个基因型能诱导出愈伤组织。其中博丰5号在接种前用4℃冷藏7d出愈率可增加3.71%;SB304在13～14叶期用2,4-D注射雄穗能有效提高其出愈率;金象4号雄穗在接种前用2,4-D浸泡,随着2,4-D浓度的增加或浸泡时间的加长,其出愈率都在增加。     

野生黄精离体快繁技术体系的优化

以野生黄精不定芽为材料,以MS为基本培养基,添加不同浓度的植物生长调节剂6-BA、2,4-D、NAA、KT进行3因素4水平的正交设计试验,筛选黄精增殖的最佳培养条件;探讨不同培养温度对黄精组培苗继代增殖的影响;以1/2 MS为基本培养基,探讨不同生长素及其浓度和不同培养容器对组培苗生根的影响。结果表明,黄精组培苗最佳继代增殖培养基为MS + 2.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.4 mg/L NAA,最佳培养温度为22 ℃,平均繁殖系数达6.88;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 0.2 mg/L IBA,平均生根率达96.2%;接种袋是黄精工厂化育苗的首选生根培养容器。     

An evaluation of callus induction and plant regeneration in twenty-five turf-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars

In order to investigate the genetic variation in tissue culture response and to find the cultivars with high regeneration ability for genetic transformation, twenty-five turf-type tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars, including many elite ones released recently, were evaluated for their callus induction and plant regeneration responses. Callus induction was initiated from mature seeds on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 9·0 mg l^–1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Induced calli were subcultured on the same medium with 2·0 mg l^–1 2,4-D and then transferred to a MS medium supplemented with 2·5 mg l^–1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) for plant regeneration. Significant differences were observed among the twenty-five cultivars in both callus induction and plant regeneration ( P  < 0·001). Callus induction rate of viable seeds varied from 4·4% to 51·9%. Callus regeneration rates ranged from 16·7% to 58·8%. Overall regeneration rates (number of regenerated calli over number of cultured viable seeds) ranged from 1% to 22%. Approximately 94% of the regenerants were green plantlets.     

低浓度2,4-D提高水稻体细胞成苗研究

 以较低浓度(0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/L)的2,4-D作为水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的外植体(种子)诱导愈伤组织培养基中的生长素类激素，发现0.8 mg/L的2,4-D能较早地使胚的盾片产生大量的愈伤组织，但这些愈伤组织在原培养基上不能分化出绿芽。含0.2 mg/L的2,4-D能在胚芽鞘节等部位产生一些较光滑、致密、白色颗粒状的结构或愈伤组织，虽然它们出现较迟，但这些结构物能在原诱导培养基上逐渐转化成芽簇，并产生一些纤细的根。将芽簇分割成小块，转移到加有KT等的成苗培养基上，能形成大量的幼苗，绿苗频率达80%以上，明显高于一般报道的水平。试管苗经大田种植后生长整齐一致，能产生出正常的种子。     

几种影响矮种椰子成熟胚愈伤组织诱导的因素研究

本文对几个影响矮种椰子成熟胚的愈伤组织诱导及褐化程度的因素进行研究。以海南优良矮种椰子‘文椰2号’和‘文椰4号’11月龄的成熟胚为材料,研究不同的基因型、凝固剂、激素浓度和接种方式对愈伤组织的诱导率和外植体褐化程度的影响。结果显示：以‘文椰2号’成熟胚为材料,愈伤率最高个体为H1;接种至Phytagel^TM-P8169凝固剂的愈伤率最高,为71.43%;接种至Gelrite-G1910凝固剂的褐化率最低,为40.00%;接种至添加110 μmol/L 2,4-D的培养基的愈伤率最高,为63%,褐化率最低,为46.67%;剥取胚芽接种的愈伤率最高,为48.72%,其褐化率与完整胚接种的无显著性差异。以‘文椰4号’成熟胚为材料,愈伤率最高个体为X1;接种至Agar-A8190凝固剂的愈伤率和褐化率最高,分别为46.15%和30.77%;接种至Gelrite-G1910凝固剂的褐化率最低,为16.67%;接种至添加600 μmol/L 2,4-D的培养基愈伤率最高,为40.00%,但与110 μmol/L 2,4-D无显著性差异;接种至110 μmol/L 2,4-D的褐化率最低,为50.00%;纵切接种获得愈伤率最高,为40.00%;完整胚接种褐化率最低,为33.33%。结果表明：基因型、凝固剂、激素浓度和外植体接种方式对愈伤组织的诱导率均有显著影响。‘文椰2号’愈伤组织诱导的最佳2,4-D浓度为110 μmol/L,最佳凝固剂为Phytagel^TM-P8169,最佳接种方法为剥取胚芽接种。‘文椰4号’愈伤组织诱导的最佳2,4-D浓度为110 μmol/L,最佳凝固剂为Agar-A8190,最佳接种方法为胚纵切接种。     

几个籼稻品种的成熟胚愈伤组织植株再生体系的建立

组织培养技术在作物改良上的成功应用需要合适的植株再生体系。本试验以7个籼稻成熟胚为材料，通过优化激素配比，建立适合于水稻遗传转化的高频植株再生体系。研究结果表明，NB 2mg／L2，4-D适合于供试品种的成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导，诱导率达90％以上；在分化培养基中添加3．0-3．5mg／L KT，0．5～1．0mg／L NAA和5．0mg／L ABA的激素配比，明恢81、N175、航1号的最高分化率分别达72．7％、80．0％和78．0％；移栽成活95％以上。     

海南粗榧外植体灭菌与愈伤组织诱导

对海南粗榧茎段外植体灭菌和愈伤组织诱导实验研究表明,以海南粗榧温室扦插苗的嫩茎作为外植体,70％酒精1min,0．1％氯化汞溶液12min表面消毒处理效果最好;最适愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS＋0．5mg／LNAA＋0．5～1．0mg／LBA＋2．5～4．0mg／L2,4～D。     

Callogenic studies of Achyranthes aspera leaf explant at different hormonal combinations

With the objective to promote in vitro callus induction, leaf segments of Achyranthes aspera were inoculated on basal MS medium supplemented with 3.0% sucrose and 0.8% agar with different concentrations of 2,4-D alone and in combination with NAA, BAP, IAA, IBA and Zeatin. The explants were maintained in growth room at 25 +/- 1 degrees C and 16 h light cycle. The best callus induction was obtained with 2,4-D (1.0 and 2.0 mg L(-l)) in combination with NAA (0.5 mg L(-1)). Callus induction and good texture from leaf explant was also observed at 2,4-D with BAP. On these combinations morphologically, light green, soft, compact and non-embryogenic callus (Type III callus) was observed. While morphology of callus and callogenic response was poor at 2,4-D alone or in combination with other hormones at different concentrations.     

小麦不同外植体的组织培养效果研究

良好的组织培养效果是提高植物基因转化效率的基础。以山东省近年来育成并大面积推广的10个优良品种（系）为材料，对这些品种的花药、幼穗、幼胚和成熟胚的组织培养效果进行研究，旨在筛选每一基因型最适合于组织培养的外植体类型，为应用基因工程技术进行小麦遗传改良提供基础材料。结果表明，禽伤诱导率和再生成苗率与基因型和外植体类型（花药、幼穗、幼胚和成熟胚）密切相关。8802在花药和成熟胚培养中表现突出，花药出愈率达119．5％，愈伤分化成苗率19．9％;烟农19的幼穗愈伤直接分化成苗率最高，这43．5％；8802、烟农19和潍麦8号三个基因型的幼胚培养效果差异不显著，其愈伤分化成苗率分别为26．3％、24．5％和24．8％。蔗糖浓度在3％～9％之间，对成熟胚的愈伤组织诱导率影响很小。高浓度蔗糖降低愈伤生长速度。在一定蔗糖浓度下，愈伤诱导率与2，4-D浓度密切相关，高浓度的2，4-D对愈伤组织再生不利。MS＋4mg／L2，4-D对于成熟胚的脱分化相对较好，MS和MS＋0．4mg／L NAA＋0．6mg／L KT作为成熟胚的愈伤组织再生培养基，对不同基因型具有一定的适用性。     

Efficacy of postemergence herbicides tankmixes in aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum

The development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP)-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for postemergence herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in Texas (Bushland, and Yoakum), Kansas (Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Manhattan, Colby, Ottawa, and Tribune), and South Dakota (Highmore) to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop tank mixes in APP-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, 2,4-D, prosulfuron, 2,4-D + metsulfuron methyl, or halosulfuron methyl + dicamba. Herbicides were applied when sorghum was 12–50 cm in height. Overall weed control was greater when quizalofop was applied with other herbicides than when applied alone. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] control were greater than 90% when quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, halosulfuron methyl + dicamba, or prosulfuron. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.) control were greater than 90% in all treatments except when quizalofop was applied alone. Herbicide treatments, except those that included 2,4-D, caused slight to no sorghum injury. Grain sorghum yield was greater for all herbicide treatments compared to the weedy check. This research showed that application of quizalofop in combination with broadleaf weed herbicides provided excellent weed control in sorghum.     

Proline and Glutamine Improve in vitro Callus Induction and Subsequent Shooting in Rice

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of proline and glutamine on in vitro callus induction and subsequent regeneration and to develop a reproducible and highly efficient plant regeneration protocol in four rice genotypes, viz. Pawana, Jaya, Indrayani and Ambemohar. Considerable variation in response to plant growth regulators and amino acid supplements used was observed in all the four genotypes. Medium supplemented with proline and glutamine was shown to be superior to medium without proline and glutamine. The best callusing from mature embryo was observed on Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D), 500 mg/L proline and 500 mg/L glutamine. Shoot induction was higher in the callus obtained from medium supplemented with 500 mg/L proline and 500 mg/L glutamine. The highest shoot regeneration frequency(83.2%) was observed on MS medium with 2.0 mg/L benzylaminopurine, 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, 500 mg/L proline, and 500 mg/L glutamine in the callus obtained from MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 500 mg/L proline and 500 mg/L glutamine. Among the four genotypes, Pawana has the highest regeneration efficiency(83.2%), whereas the regeneration efficiency of the rest three rice genotypes was in the range of 32.0% to 72.3%. This optimized regeneration protocol can be efficiently used for Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation in rice.     

玉米自交系GS01愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生

实验用玉米自交系GS01的幼胚作为外植体,探讨不同培养基、不同蔗糖浓度和不同2,4-D浓度等对GS01愈伤组织诱导的影响,经过继代培养筛选出胚性愈伤组织,使之分化、生根和出苗,成长为完整的植株。实验表明:玉米自交系GS01在N6培养基、2,4-D浓度为1mg/L、蔗糖浓度为30g/L时的胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高。     

不同遗传背景小麦成熟胚再生体系的初步研究

为了进一步探索小麦成熟胚再生体系的各种影响因素,选取5个不同遗传背景的小麦品种（绵阳19、西农928、洛阳8716、陕354、紫麦）,以成熟胚为外植体,对其再生条件进行了研究。结果表明,不同基因型的小麦成熟胚愈伤诱导率差异不大,均在87%以上。同一品种在不同的2,4D浓度下愈伤诱导率稍有差异,其最适2,4D浓度为4 mg·L-1。不同的激素配比对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织再生成苗有一定的影响。分化培养基中2,4D/KT(mg·L-1) 为0.5/1.5时,各基因型小麦再生率为绵阳19：16.67%;西农928: 27.69%;洛阳8716: 11.25%;陕354: 6.3%;紫麦:41.67%。2,4D/KT(mg·L-1) 为0.5/1.0时,西农928的再生率最高,为31.25%。2,4D/KT(mg·L-1)为0.2/1.0时,紫麦的再生率最高,为45.45%。     

Weed control efficacy and winter wheat safety of a novel herbicide HW02

HW02, a pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor, is a newly developed herbicide for broadleaf weed control in wheat, maize and turf in China. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate its efficacy against weeds and safety to winter wheat. In the greenhouse experiment, this herbicide had higher activities than 2,4-D against Descurainia sophia (L.) Schur., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., and Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries.. When it was applied at late tillering stage of winter wheat in spring, the herbicide provided weed biomass reduction of 98%–100% at the rates 225–525 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and was safe to the crop at the rate of up to 900 g a.i. ha⁻¹. These results showed HW02 could be an alternative herbicide for resistant weed management because its mode of action is different from herbicides presently used.     

The Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Inflorescence Removal on Plant Growth,Yield, and Skin Color of Red LaSoda Tubers

Foliar applications of the synthetic auxin compound 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) have been used to enhance skin color of red potato cultivars for many years. Relatively, little is known about the mode of action of this compound, but it has been proposed that 2,4-D stimulates ethylene production and enhances the activity of enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to compare several other plant growth regulators to 2,4-D for their effect on plant growth, tuber yield, and skin color of the light red-skinned cultivar “Red Lasoda.” Trials were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the effects of foliar applications of the ethylene-stimulating growth regulator ethephon, the ethylene-inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and 2,4-D. Manual inflorescence removal was also included as a treatment to determine the influence of anthocyanin sink competition between tubers and flowers on tuber skin color. Ethephon application caused floral abscission in treated plants and reduced plant height compared to other treatments and the non-treated control. While 2,4-D caused foliar injury and ethephon slightly increased the yield of <56 g tubers, neither growth regulator affected total and marketable yield. Both ethephon and 2,4-D increased tuber skin color at harvest compared to the non-treated control. In contrast, 1-MCP and inflorescence removal had no effect on yield, tuber size, and skin color. The results indicate that ethephon and 2,4-D foliar applications have similar effects on skin color and appearance, supporting the hypothesis that 2,4-D works by stimulating ethylene production within the plant.     

五味子不同外植体愈伤组织的诱导

以五味子的嫩茎段、叶片、叶柄、果柄为外植体,以MS附加相同激素配比的培养基为基质,进行了诱导北五味子愈伤组织的适宜外植体及培养条件的筛选。结果表明：北五味子嫩茎段在MS＋6-BA1．0mg／L＋NAA0．2mg／L＋2,4-D0．1mg／L＋IBA0．3mg／L诱导效果较好,在附加MS＋6-BA2．0mg／L＋ZT0．1mg／L的诱导芽效果较好。