三倍体毛白杨超短轮伐纸浆材基本密度及化学成分分析

以超短轮伐栽培的3年生三倍体毛白杨无性系为试验材料,在分析超短轮伐纸浆材基本密度以及化学组分的基础上探讨超短轮伐期栽培的可行性。结果表明:三倍体毛白杨无性系对超短轮伐纸浆材基本密度影响极显著,造林密度对超短轮伐纸浆材基本密度影响显著,3年生超短轮伐纸浆材基本密度在0.247～0.282g·cm-3之间变化。无性系对超短轮伐纸浆材聚戊糖含量、木素含量、综纤维素含量以及α-纤维素含量影响显著,而造林密度以及无性系与造林密度间相互作用对超短轮伐纸浆材化学组分的影响均不显著。超短轮伐纸浆材的苯醇抽出物含量介于3.68%～4.39%之间,戊聚糖含量介于12.86%～13.47%之间,木素含量介于18.16%～19.77%之间,综纤维素含量介于74.91%～77.61%之间,α-纤维素含量介于40.28%～43.49%之间。     

南方型黑杨品系短周期纤维材定向培育研究初报

本文以我省生产中的10个杨树品系为研究对象,以1a生苗木的生长量和杆重量以及纤维形态测定为指标,以1a轮伐期纤维材培育为目标,比较分析了不同品种之间的差异,并对其进行了多指标的综合评定。分析结果表明:1a生杨树苗木的各项性能指标均符合造纸原料要求。综合而言,中嘉2号、中潜2号和天寅杨更适于作为短周期纤维材进行定向培育,且应采取2a根1a杆的经营模式。     

3种杨树无性系纤维材性分析

以108杨、97号杨和渤丰3号杨3种杨树无性系为试验材料,对不同无性系杨树材性进行了化学成分检测、纤维形态分析和制浆性能测试,结果表明:渤丰3号杨的制浆性能较强,纤维较为细长,具备较好的纤维抄造性能,原料的粗浆得率和细浆得率相对较高。     

杨树超短轮伐期经营的生产力及材性的研究

以美洲黑杨２个无性系为供试材料，研究杨树超短轮伐期经营中地上部分生物量生产、分配模式、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的输出量及材性。结果表明，在３种密度和３种轮伐期的组合中，２个无性系均以造林密度为１００００株·ｈａ－１、轮伐期为３年的林分生物生产力最高，Ｉ－６９杨为１０．５２ｔ·ｈａ－１·ａ－１，ＮＬ－８０３５１杨约为１２．００ｔ·ｈａ－１·ａ－１；在生物量的分配比率和作为造纸材的经济生物量上也以这种组合模式最为合理，经济生物量最大，Ｉ－６９杨为７．１４ｔ·ｈａ－１·ａ－１，ＮＬ－８０３５１杨为８·４７ｔ·ｈａ－１·ａ－１。养分输出量的多少与林分的生物量生产和分配比率密切相关。轮伐期为３年，密度为１００００株·ｈａ－１的林分Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的输出量最高，Ｉ－６９杨为３３．９７ｋｇ·ｈａ－１·ａ－１，ＮＬ－８０３５１杨为３８．５０ｋｇ·ｈａ－１·ａ－１，但ＮＬ－８０３５１杨每生产１吨经济生物量所输出的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ总量略低于Ｉ－６９杨。杨树超短轮伐期经营中生产出的木材都可用作中、低档的造纸原料，其中Ｉ－６９杨的制浆性能优于ＮＬ－８０３５１杨。     

热带薪材林经营技术的研究

根据多年对热带薪材林经营管理及林分采伐更新等的研究,总结了一整套经营技术,包括抹芽定株(保留2～3株/桩萌条)、追肥(复合肥300g/株)、采收更新的轮伐期(一般4a左右,超短轮伐期1.5～2a,桉树类与相思类树种的混交林约3年采收相思类树种)、采伐方式(短轮伐期薪材林皆伐、乔薪结合择伐或间伐)、采伐季节(避开雨季,最好时期为冬季,其次为夏季)、伐桩高度(桉树类约10cm、相思类约60cm高)以及其它与更新相关的林龄、桩径、树种等技术问题。     

三倍体毛白杨超短轮伐纸浆林产量及其纤维形态分析

以三倍体毛白杨硬枝容器扦插苗为种植材料,以9990,6660,4995,4440,3330,2490株.hm-2为造林密度在山东兖州建立试验林,在研究三倍体毛白杨超短轮伐纸浆林产量并分析其纤维形态的基础上,探讨超短经营的可行性。结果表明:三倍体毛白杨无性系对超短轮伐纸浆林树高生长影响极显著,对材积生长影响显著;造林密度对胸径与材积生长影响极显著。在9990株.hm-2栽培密度下,3年生三倍体毛白杨超短轮伐纸浆林蓄积量平均达80.1m3.hm-2。3年生三倍体毛白杨超短轮伐纸浆材纤维平均长度介于0.77～0.86mm之间,平均宽度介于24.18～28.07μm之间,长宽比位于28.83～34.59之间,基本符合制浆造纸的要求。     

南方型黑杨无性系木材材性的研究

在48个7—8年生南方型黑杨无性系对比试验林中,选择生长量达中等以上水平的19个新、老无性系,开展木材基本密度、纤维素含量、纤维形态的分析研究。纤维素含量和纤维长度在19个无性系中无显著差异,基本密度只在中汉17等几个无性系间有显著差异。基本密度和纤维长度在不同年龄间都存在显著差异。1～3年生的纤维长度在0．9mm以下,属短纤维;4—7年生的纤维长度在0．91mm以上,达到中级纤维长度标准。因此,杨树纸浆材超短轮伐期可以确定为3a或3a以上。     

热带薪材林经营技术的研究

根据多年对热带薪材林经营管理及林分采伐更新等的研究，总结了一整套经营技术，包括抹芽定株（保留２～３株／桩萌条）、追肥（复合肥３００ｇ／株）、采收更新的轮伐期（一般４ａ左右，超短轮伐期１．５～２ａ，桉树类与相思类树种的混交林约３年采收相思类树种）、采伐方式（短轮伐期薪材林皆伐、乔薪结合择伐或间伐）、采伐季节（避开雨季，最好时期为冬季，其次为夏季）、伐桩高度（桉树类约１０ｃｍ、相思类约６０ｃｍ高）以及其它与更新相关的林龄、桩径、树种等技术问题。     

5品种杨树木材纤维形态和化学成分

中林46杨等是近年推广应用的杨树新品种,具有早期速生、产量高,轮伐期短的特点,在适宜的栽培条件下,每公顷年生长量可达22.5～30m~3。为了解它们的制浆造纸性能,我们进行了木材纤维形态和化学成分的测试,结果报告如下。     

杨树纸浆材定向培育技术研究

选择在山东省速生性好、栽培面积大的 14个杨树品种为研究对象 ,测试了木材的纤维性状、化学成分 ,研究了杨树纸浆林的品种选择、合理栽植密度、采伐年龄及抚育管理措施 ,评价了定向培育技术的经济效果。结果表明 :14个杨树品种 6a生林分的平均纤维长度为 0 86 3～ 1 0 5 1mm ,纤维素含量为 5 1 37%～ 5 8 17% ,均适合制浆造纸 ,综合考虑生长量和纤维性状 ,中林 4 6杨、中林 2 3杨、I- 6 9杨、中林 2 8杨可作为营造纸浆林的首选品种 ,也可选用I- 72杨、中林 14杨、中林 4 5杨、露伊莎杨、西玛杨 ;速生杨树品种林木适宜制浆造纸的年龄为 6～ 8a,造纸用材林密度以每公顷 84 0～ 16 6 5株为宜 ,在集约经营条件下 ,每公顷为 16 6 5、1110、84 0株 ,分别于 6a、6～ 7a、7～ 8a生时采伐 ,不仅可获得较高产量且木材纤维适合制浆造纸 ;农林间作 ,以耕代抚 ,结合农作物管理进行浇水、施肥、中耕 ,是提高造纸用材林木材产量和经济效益的有效技术措施 ;采用综合定向培育技术措施营造纸浆材林 ,每公顷年平均蓄积生长量可达 2 7～ 31 5m3,年平均利润可达 36 87 0元 ,成本利润率 16 7% ,投资效果系数达 0 2 2 ,内部受益率 2 5 5 % ,净现值为 94 72 5元 ,净现值指数为 1 80 ,投资效果显著。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.