选择性控制酶水解玉米芯木聚糖制备低聚木糖

对采用选择性控制木聚糖酶水解条件制备低聚木糖进行了研究,并同时探讨了以两种木聚糖形式--干粉和湿浆为原料造成的酶解结果差异及其原因.结果表明,目前较适宜的低聚木糖制备工艺为以木聚糖湿浆为底物,底物质量浓度20～40g/L,酶用量1%(体积分数,下同),pH值4.8,温度50℃,酶解时间4 h.造成干粉与湿浆酶解制备低聚糖结果差异的原因,可能是由于这两种底物自身结构特性的差异导致了底物可及度,以及酶与底物吸附作用的不同.结果显示当以干粉为底物,酶用量10%,酶解时间12 h,低聚木糖得率最高可达40%(质量分数)左右,而以湿浆为底物,达到同样低聚糖得率的酶用量和酶解时间分别仅需1%和4 h.     

木聚糖酶水解制取低聚木糖的研究

比较了木聚糖酶和纤维素酶水解木聚糖制备低聚木糖的效果，并在10L酶解罐中研究了搅拌速率和酶解时间等因素对木聚糖酶水解的影响。优化了酶解工艺条件，当木聚糖质量浓度为30g/L，木聚糖酶体积用量为1%，搅拌速率180r/min时，酶解2h低聚糖得率可达35.2%。总糖得率为41.9%。产品酶解液中25.9%固形物是聚合度2-5的低聚木糖。     

重组木聚糖酶生产低聚木糖的实验研究

研究了重组木聚糖酶C0602生产低聚木糖的制备工艺,考察了不同类型底物、底物浓度和酶用量对酶解效率和低聚木糖产率的影响.实验结果表明,低聚木糖生产原料以抽提木聚糖为宜.桦木木聚糖质量浓度30g/L,重组木聚糖酶用量20 IU/g条件下水解4 h,酶解率可达56.05%,低聚木糖产率(C2～C6)为29.76%,产品平均...     

内切木聚糖酶的选择性纯化及酶解制备低聚木糖的研究

研究了超滤分离除去里氏木霉木聚糖酶中的外切-β-木糖苷酶,以及酶解制备低聚木糖。研究结果表明:用超滤的方法能完全除去外切-β-木糖苷酶,透过液经十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)鉴定为单带,酶解产物全部是低聚木糖,当酶解时间从2 h延长到10 h时,低聚木糖的得率从26.83%增加到54.22%;而用粗木聚糖酶酶解制备低聚木糖时,当酶解时间从2 h延长到10 h时,低聚木糖得率从17.97%下降到11.12%。因此,采用该技术可以大幅度增加总糖中低聚木糖所占的比例,显著提高木聚糖原料的有效利用率。     

木聚糖酶解反应与膜分离技术研究

过程耦合是应用技术领域研究的热点之一 ,膜及膜分离技术的开发促进了过程耦合技术的发展。如膜超滤、膜萃取、膜蒸馏、渗透蒸发。在超滤膜反应器中木聚糖酶解制备低聚木糖的条件 :酶体积用量1 0 % ,木聚糖质量浓度 3 0 .0 g/L ,稀释率 1h-1,pH值 5 .0 ,反应温度 48℃ ,酶解时间 1 3 5min。在该条件下 ,低聚木糖得率、木糖得率、低聚木糖生产能力及低聚木糖与总糖之比分别为 2 8.5 % ,4.1 % ,3 .80g/ (L·h)和0 .87,并比较了分批加料、浓缩酶、常规反应器中酶解反应效果 ,浓缩木聚糖酶酶解结果表明 :木糖得率很低(0 .2 % ) ,低聚木糖得率为 3 5 .9%。     

杨木屑木聚糖碱法提取及其制备低聚木糖的工艺研究

为充分利用杨树资源,以杨木加工废弃物杨木屑为原料,研究碱法提取木聚糖的工艺条件,并采取酶法制备低聚木糖。以质量分数为1%的稀硫酸预处理可以有效提高杨木屑木聚糖的得率,较对照组提高了2倍。对比3种碱液(NaOH、KOH和NaHCO_3)提取杨木屑木聚糖的得率,以NaOH提取的木聚糖得率最大。通过单因素和正交试验优化NaOH提取杨木屑木聚糖的条件,结果显示碱液质量分数10%,固液比1∶10(g∶mL),温度120℃下提取3 h所得的木聚糖得率可达到20.7%,且四因素对提取得率的影响显著程度依次为提取温度碱液质量分数提取时间固液比。碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖酸水解后产物由88.69%D-木糖、4.76%纤维二糖和6.62%葡萄糖组成且不含有阿拉伯糖,说明碱法提取的杨木屑木聚糖支链上主要连有木糖。以碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖为底物,优化了来源于嗜热菌Dictyoglomus thermophilum的重组木聚糖酶Xyn B-DT的酶解适宜条件:在温度70℃,pH 6.0,酶用量3.00 U/m L,反应时间12 h后,杨木屑木聚糖水解产物中以木二糖和木三糖为主,并含有少量木四糖,降解率达86.2%。研究结果为杨木屑木聚糖的高值化利用奠定了基础。     

木聚糖酶在膜反应器内的酶解特性

分别研究了粗木聚糖酶和纯化的木聚糖酶在超滤膜反应器(UMR)和常规反应器(CSBR)中的酶解特性。粗木聚糖酶或纯木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,反应进行了525 m in时所得产品中低聚木糖各组分的质量分数(木二糖~木五糖)均在20%左右,木糖质量分数约为9.5%。在UMR中粗木聚糖酶降解木聚糖时的低聚木糖得率、低聚木糖占总糖的比例和低聚木糖生产能力比纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中分别高19.1%、14.8%和13.5%;而木糖的得率却低55.2%。粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖~木五糖组分含量基本相等;纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖含量较高。同纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解特性相比,粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖可以制得高质量低聚木糖。     

多轮定向酶解木聚糖制备木低聚糖的研究

研究了多轮定向酶解未水解木聚糖的低聚糖组成、得率、适宜的用酶量及重复利用未水解底物的次数。结果表明 ,随着轮数的增加 ,木聚糖被降解的难度越来越大 ,而且木低聚糖的组成、平均聚合度也发生变化。采用逐步加大用酶量同时适当缩短酶解时间的方法 ,不仅能够获得较高的木低聚糖得率 ,而且可以改善酶解液的澄清度。但在实际生产中 ,重复利用未水解木聚糖的轮数应以 2～ 3轮为宜     

木聚糖相对分子质量分布对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶茵,研究了相对分子质量(Mw)分布不同的木聚糖对木聚糖酶合成的影响。通过SephadexG一100凝胶过滤色谱分级分离发现木聚糖A中低Mw组分较多,木聚糖B中低Mw组分较少,木聚糖C中低Mw组分最少。分别以这3种木聚糖为碳源合成木聚糖酶,最高木聚糖酶活力分别为153．64、120．84和110.84IU／mL,产酶时间分别为60、72和96h。用这3种碳源合成的木聚糖酶酶解粗木聚糖,酶解2h时,产物中低聚木糖分别占总糖的80．70％、68．56％和66．92％。这表明低Mw组分较多的木聚糖不仅有利于促进木聚糖酶的诱导合成,而且有利于促进内切-1,4-木聚糖酶的合成。     

碱性亚硫酸盐预处理对桉木酶解糖化的影响

为提高按木原料的酶解糖化效果,采用碱性亚硫酸盐对桉木原料进行预处理,并对预处理所得样品进行纤维素酶酶解糖化.通过测定酶解液中的葡萄糖、木糖得率,探讨预处理条件对产糖得率的影响.结果表明:随着蒸煮温度的升高,NaOH用量的增大,桉木酶解液中木糖、葡萄糖得率明显增大;随着Na2SO3用量的增大,保温时间的延长,酶解液中木糖、葡萄糖得率先增大后减小.最佳预处理条件为:蒸煮最高温度170℃,保温时间3h,NaOH用量3％,Na2SO3用量10％.此时,酶解木糖、葡萄糖得率分别可达15.37％和60.79％,比未经处理的1.73％和12.33％提高了7.88倍和3.93倍.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.