稻米的密度与千粒重及粒型性状的相关性研究

测定了161份不同类型水稻材料的谷粒、糙米的密度及其粒型参数。结果表明,谷粒的密度与谷粒千粒重、谷粒粒长呈极显著正相关,与谷粒长宽比和谷粒百粒体积显著正相关;糙米的密度与糙米千粒重、糙米粒长、糙米百粒体积、糙米粒厚均呈极显著正相关,与糙米宽显著正相关。通径分析表明,谷粒和糙米的千粒重对密度的直接正效应最大;百粒体积和粒宽对密度的直接负效应较大;谷粒其他性状也多是通过谷粒千粒重和百粒体积来间接影响谷粒密度的;而糙米不同性状的间接效应较复杂。谷粒回归模型表明,需增加合理解释谷粒密度变异的预测变量;而糙米回归模型表明,糙米千粒重、粒厚、百粒体积可解释糙米密度因变量的70.2%。     

基于SmartGrain软件的小麦NaN3诱变群体籽粒性状分析

为了解小麦NaN₃诱变后代籽粒性状的遗传变异规律,利用高通量表型分析软件SmartGrain对小麦新品种陕农33 NaN₃诱变群体(M₃)籽粒性状进行测量,并进行相关分析、通径分析和主成分分析。结果表明,M₃代籽粒性状变异系数表现为千粒重>密度因子>表面积>长宽比>粒宽>圆度>周长>粒长,诱变群体籽粒性状均值除长宽比外均较陕农33不同程度下降。千粒重与籽粒表面积、周长、粒长、粒宽、圆度、密度因子均呈极显著正相关,与长宽比呈极显著负相关。经通径分析,7个籽粒性状对千粒重直接贡献表现为密度因子>粒宽>表面积>周长>长宽比>圆度>粒长,其中,密度因子、粒宽和表面积对千粒重有较大的正效应。主成分分析结果显示,2个主成分（籽粒大小和籽粒形状）累计贡献率达到94.10%,说明2个主成分已经覆盖诱变群体所有籽粒性状的主要变异信息。     

大麦籽粒大小的遗传多样性与稳定性评价

为了解大麦籽粒大小的遗传多样性与稳定性,以185份大麦种质资源为材料,测定了7个试验环境下籽粒的长度、宽度、长宽比及千粒重等性状,对其遗传多样性和稳定性进行了分析评价。结果表明,所有试验环境下二棱大麦粒长、粒宽及千粒重均值均大于六棱大麦,籽粒长宽比均值均小于六棱大麦;二棱大麦与六棱大麦千粒重、粒长、粒宽及籽粒长宽比在品种(系)间及环境间差异均极显著,且品种(系)与环境之间存在极显著的互作效应,籽粒大小在环境间差异程度因性状而异,其中以千粒重的差异程度最大。依据10级分类分布频次法则,千粒重和粒宽分布比较集中,六棱大麦集中分布在3、4等级,二棱大麦集中分布在7、8等级;粒长和籽粒长宽比分布比较分散,六棱大麦粒长和籽粒长宽比分别分布在1~10等级和2~10等级范围内,二棱大麦粒长和长宽比分别集中分布在4~8等级和2~7等级范围内。千粒重与粒长、粒宽及粒长与籽粒长宽比呈极显著正相关,粒宽与籽粒长宽比呈极显著负相关;粒长与粒宽及千粒重与籽粒长宽比的相关性因棱型不同而异。二棱大麦千粒重的稳定性小于六棱大麦,而粒长和籽粒长宽比的稳定性恰好相反,粒宽的稳定性与棱型无关;皮大麦千粒重稳定性小于裸大麦,其余籽粒大小性状的稳定性与皮裸无关。通过熵权法TOPSIS对大麦籽粒大小进行综合评价,筛选出籽粒饱满且稳定的品种川52209,其可作为大麦籽粒性状改良的优异种质。     

二棱大麦与六棱大麦籽粒性状的差异性及其相关性

为了解不同棱型大麦籽粒性状的差异性及其千粒重与粒型性状的相关性,对98份二棱大麦和89份六棱大麦品种(系)在不同试点的千粒重、粒长、粒宽进行测定和分析。结果表明,二棱大麦千粒重、粒长和粒宽普遍高于六棱大麦,不同棱型大麦千粒重、粒长和粒宽在基因型间及环境间差异均达到显著或极显著水平。经过聚类分析,依据千粒重将二棱大麦和六棱大麦聚为高、中、低粒重3类。随着千粒重的减小,二棱大麦千粒重与粒长之间由显著正相关变为不显著负相关,六棱大麦则由不显著正相关变为显著正相关。二棱大麦和六棱大麦各类品种(系)的平均千粒重与粒宽均呈极显著正相关,而且相关系数均高于千粒重与粒长的相关系数。     

高粱穗部主要性状与产量的相关分析

以相关分析法研究了27个高粱品种产量与6个穗部性状的相关关系.结果表明,6个因素中除二级枝梗数、穗长与产量有负相关外,其他4个因素均为正值.其中,千粒重、穗粒重、穗粒数均为大的正值,达到显著或极显著相关.通径分析表明,穗粒重对产量的直接作用最大,其次为穗粒数与千粒重.由此得出:优良的穗部性状应该是穗长适中,千粒重保持一般水平,有较高的穗粒重.对品种的穗粒重、穗粒数、千粒重进行选择,就可达到对高产品种的选择目的.     

早籼粒形的遗传和改良

谷粒的长度、宽度、厚度、长宽比和粒重都属于多基因控制的数量性状。多数组合或性状是以加性效应为主,广义和狭义遗传率分别为28.3%～94.0%和4.0～83.2%,并有较高的遗传进度。粒长、粒宽与长宽比间的相关最为密切。加强杂交后代长粒形的选择压,并注意穗重和穗数可明显改进粒长和长宽比。通过上述选择方法已初步育成细长粒高产品系浙农928和浙农937。     

胡麻主要农艺性状的相关和通径分析

本文对作为杂交亲本材料的二十个胡麻品种(系)的主要农艺性状进行了遗传相关和通径分析。结果表明:单株粒数、单株结实果数与单株粒重的遗传呈极显著正相关;直接通径系数为较大正效应。二者通过有效分枝数和千粒重对单株粒重的间接作用为负效应。有效分枝数、有效分茎数与单株粒重遗传呈极显著正相关;直接通径系数为负效应,但其通过单株结实果数、单株粒数的间接作用为较大的正效应。千粒重与单株粒重的遗传相关呈显著负相关,其直接通径系数为较大的正效应。通过单株粒数的间接效应为较大的负效应;通过其它性状的间接效应都很微弱。因此,选育高产新品种,以提高单株粒数、单株结实果数为主;间接选择有效分枝数多,千粒重大的单株。     

小麦粒重相关分子标记Xgwm46等位变异的鉴定与评价

为评价粒重相关SSR标记Xgwm46在小麦分子育种工作中的应用效果,以442份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)为材料,鉴定了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型及其分布频率,分析了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和籽粒面积的关联性,并进一步探讨了各种等位变异的育种价值。结果表明,Xgwm46标记可以检测出A、B、C三种类型的等位变异,分布频率分别为31.90%、55.20%和12.90%。关联分析表明,B类型与C类型材料的千粒重(P0.001)、粒长(P0.05)、粒宽(P0.001)和籽粒面积(P0.001)等粒重性状的差异都达到显著水平,而且B类型与粒重性状均呈显著正相关,C类型与粒重性状均呈显著负相关。B类型比C类型的材料平均粒长长0.16mm,粒宽宽0.10mm,籽粒面积大0.81mm2,千粒重重1.98g,其等位变异效应较突出。总之,Xgwm46标记适合用于小麦粒重农艺性状的鉴定与筛选,其中,B类型是粒重性状优异的等位变异,可应用于小麦分子标记辅助选择育种。     

谷粒形状与稻米品质相关性研究

通过对安徽省农科院水稻所选育的17个水稻品种（组合）进行粒形分类，并对谷粒形状与稻米品质的相关性进行分析。结果表明，供试品种（组合）的粒长多属短粒形，长宽比多为短圆形。谷粒形状（粒长、粒度、长宽比）与加工品质（糙米率、精米率、整精米率）呈显著或极显著相关，与蒸煮品质中的碱消值呈显著相关；千粒重对各稻米品质性状的影响均未达显著水平。并提出水稻品质育种只有做到粒长、粒重兼顾，才有可能在提高产量的同时达到改良米质的目的。     

杂交中稻稻谷整精米率与籽粒及穗部性状的关系研究

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,在2个施氮水平条件下,通过相关、回归与通径分析,研究了杂交中稻稻谷整精米率与籽粒及穗部性状的关系。结果表明,籽粒的长、长宽比、长厚比、千粒重分别与整精米率呈极显著负相关,籽粒的宽、宽厚比、容重、着粒数和结实率则分别与整精米率呈极显著正相关。籽粒的长、宽、厚、长厚比、宽厚比5个性状对整精米率的直接效应和间接效应均极大。并预测出在川东南生态条件下,整精米率达56%～52%(国家1～3级优质稻标准)的籽粒及穗部性状值分别为:籽粒长8.10～8.58mm、宽3.16～3.06mm,长宽比2.58～2.84,长厚比3.70～3.93,宽厚比1.44～1.40,容重1.02～0.99g/ml,千粒重26.20～27.47g,每穗粒数229.16～213.56粒。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.