微波技术在我国木材加工与产品检测中的应用

概述了微波技术在我国木材干燥、木材改性、胶粘剂合成、材料缺陷检测、竹木产品含水率检测和人造板甲醛释放量检测方面的研究成果及应用现状,微波干燥技术使木材在干燥过程中温度梯度和含水率梯度较小,具有加热时间短、干燥质量好、提高出材率等优点;通过微波改性技术,可以赋予竹木材某些特殊的功能,使低档竹木材高档化,从而有效地利用竹木材料,提高经济价值;借助微波技术进行胶粘剂合成,反应速度比传统的加热方法快数十倍;提出了微波技术在木材干燥、木材改性、无损检测、萃取甲醛释放量检测的发展方向和应用前景.     

木材微波干燥缺陷产生原因及其预防措施分析

从木材介电特性、微波穿透深度、微波设备、干燥工艺等方面分析了木材微波干燥缺陷产生的主要原因,并从优化干燥器设计,改善微波场分布均匀性,控制微波辐射功率和辐射时间,改变微波辐射方式等方面探讨了预防干燥缺陷产生的主要措施,以期为木材微波干燥技术的研究和应用提供参考。     

木材干燥技术研究进展

阐述了木材干燥技术的发展,介绍了木材干燥基础理论研究及工艺研究现状,探讨了各种干燥工艺的优缺点及其应用,指出了目前木材干燥行业存在的主要问题,对木材干燥技术领域的发展进行了展望。     

高频、微波加热技术在日本木材工业的应用

日本从欧洲引进高频、微波加热技术后,以实用化为目的进行了大量开发研究,并在众多领域推广和应用.本文介绍了高频、微波加热处理技术的原理和方式,以及在日本木材胶合、干燥、可塑化处理、热处理等加工领域的利用现状和应用实例,分析展望了两项技术在我国木材加工领域的应用和发展前景.     

木材微波干燥技术

木材微波干燥技术刘昌铎（南京国营七七二厂微波所南京２１０００９）美国、日本、加拿大、德国等国的学者在６０年代初就开始研究利用微波干燥木材，认为微波干燥木材是一种最有效的快速干燥方法。我国在７０年代初开展木材微波干燥技术的研究和应用，并取得了一定的成绩...     

木材微波加热厚度的确定

较之传统加热方法,微波加热是一种新型加热技术,在简述木材微波加热的机理上,阐述了影响木材介电特性的因素,指出其中木材含水率和温度是影响木材节电性质的两个最重要的因素.通过理论计算确定微波在木材中的穿透深度.计算表明:随着木材含水率和微波工作频率的增加,微波在木材中的穿透深度减少;当用频率为915 MH z和2 450 MH z的微波加热或干燥具有高含水率的木材时,木材的最大厚度应分别控制在16 cm和6 cm左右.     

科技通讯

炉气间接加热高效干燥木材的工艺和设备由南京林业大学为主进行的炉气间接加热干燥木材的工艺和设备研究,已于1990年9月21日由林业部教育宣传司组织鉴定,与会专家给予充分肯定,认为该项技术属国内领先水平。这种新型木材干燥设备适用于我国中、小木材加工企业,可以批量生产,推广应用。     

低压工业汽水炉供热系统及其在干燥进口地板材中的应用

众所周知，木材干燥是木材加工工业的能耗大户，如何降低木材干燥的能量消耗，以降低干燥成本，是多年来木材干燥技术工作者研究的重要课题之一。南京林业大学干燥技术研究所对木废料为能源的木材干燥方法已有２０多年的研究历史，先后研制开发了炉气直接加热和间接加热木材干燥系统，该系统的优点是投资少、干燥成本低，但不易实现自动控制和现代化管理。燃木废料低压汽水炉供热木材干燥系统不仅具有炉气直接加热或间接加热干燥技术的优点，而且具有适合较大规模的干燥作业和现代化管理的特点，与蒸汽加热相比，还具有运行稳定，便于控制的…     

加入WTO对我国木材干燥行业的影响

建国以来,特别是改革开放以来,我国木材干燥技术和基础理论研究不断深入,干燥设备制造水平显著提高,木材干燥市场一片繁荣。但与世界水平相比,还有一定差距。加入WTO,我们将真正融入全球经济大家庭,在统一的“游戏规则”下进行商品生产和贸易。我们要充分认识到加入WTO对我国干燥行业的影响,抓住机遇,迎接挑战,促进我国木材干燥业的健康、快速发展。加入WTO,对我国木材干燥行业的影响主要体现在以下几方面:一、加入WTO,有利于缩小我国与世界先进科学技术水平的差距据有关专家分析,我国多数干燥设备的设计水平,以及木材干燥工艺研究方面…     

微波加热在木材工业中的应用

引言微波是近几十年来发展起来的一门新技术,最早是在第二次世界大战中应用于雷达,此后,微波技术得到了迅速发展.50年代应用于地面通讯,60年代后应用于卫星通讯,而微波加热技术在70年代才开始应用.微波是频率约为300MHz～300KMHz即波长约为1mm～1m的电磁波总称.我国规定了微波加热使用的专用频率为890～940 MHz、2400～2500MHz、5725～5875MHz、22000～22500MHz,其中常用频率为915MHz和2450MHz.在木材工业中,微波主要用于木材软化、木材干燥、树脂固化等.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.