扬麦16籽粒灌浆速率相关性状的QTL定位(小麦15K SNP芯片法)

为给选育籽粒灌浆快、粒重高的小麦新品种提供材料与技术支撑,以扬麦16、镇麦168、扬麦20和扬麦22为亲本构建获得的158个RIL群体为材料,利用小麦15K SNP芯片构建遗传连锁图谱,对小麦籽粒灌浆速率相关性状进行QTL定位。结果表明,应用完备区间作图法共检测到11个QTL,其中检测到5个与灌浆速率相关的新的QTL,分别位于3AL、4DL(2)、6AL和 7AL上,可解释3.4%~9.3%的表型变异;检测到3个与千粒重相关的QTL,分别位于4AL（2）和4DS上,可解释3.9%~9.2%的表型变异;首次检测到3个与籽粒灌浆持续时间相关的QTL,分别位于3AL和4DL(2)上,可解释2.7%~7.5%的表型变异。扬麦16提供与灌浆速率和千粒重相关QTL的增效基因,累加了定位到的全部籽粒灌浆快和粒重高的位点;扬麦22提供与籽粒灌浆持续时间相关QTL的增效基因。扬麦16和扬麦22可用作选育早熟、大粒小麦新品种的亲本材料。     

扬麦17/宁麦18的F2群体株高QTL定位及分析

扬麦17和宁麦18均为高产小麦品种,为研究两者的株高遗传机制,以扬麦17与宁麦18杂交获得的310个F_2单株及其衍生F_(2:3)家系为材料,利用已构建的覆盖19条染色体的遗传连锁图谱,对株高性状进行QTL定位。应用复合区间作图法定位到8个株高QTL,分别位于2D、4B、5A、5B和7A染色体上,4个QTL在两世代中均检测到,其中 QPh-YN-5A.1为一主效株高QTL位点,矮秆效应来自扬麦17,LOD值为8.69和12.81,可解释14.36%和20.46%的表型变异; QPh-YN-2D.1、 QPh-YN-5B.2和 QPh-YN-7A的矮秆效应来自宁麦18,可在两世代中分别解释2.84%和6.37%、4.26%和5.46%、2.15%和3.16%的表型变异。另外4个QTL仅在单世代检测到,其中 QPh-YN-2D.2、 QPh-YN-4B和 QPh-YN-5B.1的矮秆效应来自宁麦18,可分别解释5.05%、11.24%和4.62%的表型变异, QPh-YN-5A.2的矮秆效应来自扬麦17,可解释7.72%的表型变异。     

扬麦13/C615重组自交系籽粒蛋白质含量和硬度性状QTL分析

籽粒蛋白质含量和硬度是评价小麦品质的重要指标,也是小麦品质育种的主要选择指标。为挖掘新的与小麦品质相关的QTL,以扬麦13为父本,以CIMMYT引进种质C615为母本,构建了包含198个家系的重组自交系（recombinant inbred line,RIL）群体,利用小麦90K SNP芯片构建遗传图谱,并结合群体在4个环境下的籽粒蛋白质含量和硬度性状,对这两个性状进行QTL定位。结果表明,后代的品质性状偏向于扬麦13; 94个家系的籽粒蛋白质含量平均值小于12.5%,硬度平均值小于50,符合国家弱筋小麦籽粒品质标准;构建的遗传图谱覆盖小麦 21条染色体,长度为4 853.76 cM,平均图距为5.79 cM;共检测到4个与籽粒蛋白质含量显著相关的QTL,分别位于2D染色体短臂、3D染色体短臂、5B染色体短臂和7A染色体长臂上,除 QGpc.yaas-3DS的增效基因来源于扬麦13外,其余3个QTL的增效基因均来自C615。 QGpc.yaas-2DS在4个环境中均能检测到,单个QTL的表型贡献率为2.80%～  11.79%,其他3个QTL均仅能在1个环境下检测到,表型贡献率为  3.09%～9.79%;共检测到2个与籽粒硬度性状显著相关的QTL,分别位于4A染色体长臂和5D染色体短臂上,硬度增效基因都来自C615, QHA.yaas-4AL在2个环境能检测到,表型贡献率为3.17%～3.84%; QHA.yaas-5DS在4个环境下能检测到,表型贡献率为  26.37%～37.51%。聚合2个硬度增效基因的家系硬度值均达到硬质麦水平（硬度值≥50）。综上,扬麦13可作为优异亲本用于弱筋小麦品质育种,定位到的稳定的QTL/基因可为小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和硬度性状的分子标记辅助育种提供帮助。     

小麦籽粒WSC含量QTL的整合与元分析

在干旱胁迫条件下,小麦营养器官暂贮性可溶性碳水化合物(Water-soluble carbohydrates,WSC)是小麦籽粒灌浆所需的重要碳源。为发掘控制小麦籽粒WSC含量的真实主效数量性状位点(Quantitative trait loci,QTL),利用生物信息学方法,借助小麦高密度分子标记遗传图谱,对来自不同遗传作图群体的控制小麦籽粒WSC含量的168个QTL位点进行图谱映射和元分析。结果发现,142个QTL定位区间与参考图谱有共有标记,其中92个QTL对籽粒WSC含量的表型变异具有增效效应,50个QTL具有减效效应。建立控制小麦籽粒WSC含量的QTL一致性图谱,获得16个"一致性"QTL(Meta quantitative trait loci,MQTL)位点及其连锁标记,MQTL置信区间最小达到0.77cM。     

野生二粒小麦粒重QTLs位点分析

为了挖掘野生二粒小麦的优异基因资源,对从以色列魏茨曼科学院引进的一套以普通小麦品种中国春为遗传背景的野生二粒小麦染色体臂渐渗系(Introgression lines,渐渗系)进行了一年两点的田间试验,考查了构成粒重的三个重要因子即粒长、粒宽和千粒重。结果表明,8个渐渗系(3AS、7AL、5AS、1BS、7AS、3BL、2AL、1BL)的籽粒显著宽于亲本,推断在这些染色体臂上至少有一个正效QTL控制野生二粒小麦的粒宽;同样可以推断,12个控制野生二粒小麦粒长的正效QTLs分别定位在2AS、7AL、1BL、4BS、3AS、7BS、4BL、7AS、5BS、2BS、3AL、6AS上;5个控制野生二粒小麦千粒重的正效QTLs分别定位在7AS、4BS、7AL、1BS、6AS上。各粒重构成因子关联性分析表明,粒长、粒宽和千粒重主要受遗传因素调控,粒长和粒宽都与千粒重显示出较高的遗传相关性。     

小麦籽粒性状的QTL定位

为了明确小麦籽粒性状的遗传控制基础,以γ射线诱变结合花药培养创制的大粒、高蛋白小麦新种质H307及生产上主栽品种郑麦9023创建的含有310个株系的重组自交系为实验材料,利用QTL-ICIMapping V3.3软件构建了包含133对SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,对千粒重、粒长、粒宽、籽粒面积、周长、粗蛋白和淀粉含量进行QTL分析,结果在两年环境条件下共检测到47个加性QTL和10个QTL富集区,其中6个千粒重QTL,分别位于1D、2B、3D、6D和7A染色体上,单个QTL可解释4.54%~13.14%的表型变异;31个粒形QTL,位于1B、1D、2B、3B、3D、5A、5D、6B、6D、7A和7D染色体上,单个QTL可解释2.90%~15.86%的表型变异;10个粗蛋白和淀粉含量QTL,分别位于1A、1B、4B和6A染色体上,单个QTL可解释3.64%~12.19%的表型变异。2B染色体上检测到1个贡献率较大且能稳定表达的重要染色体区段,该区段包含控制小麦千粒重、粒长、粒宽、籽粒面积和周长的10个QTL。1BL染色体上检测到1个控制籽粒粗蛋白含量的微效QTL,对表型的贡献率为3.64%,与连锁分子标记gwm818的遗传距离为0.22cM,该位点是一个不同于前人研究结果的新位点。     

小麦穗粒数及千粒重主效QTL共定位区QC-7AL的精细定位及遗传效应分析

为了研究小麦7AL染色体上与穗粒数及千粒重相关的基因位点及其遗传效应,对小麦穗粒数及千粒重主效QTL共定位区QC-7AL进行了精细定位及遗传效应分析。结果表明,QC-7AL主要位于小麦7AL染色体的IWA7406～IWA5913标记区间,长度为3.1cM,对应的物理距离约为5.63 Mb,其中包含了473个SNP标记和81个基因。QC-7AL对穗粒数和千粒重具有明显相反的遗传效应,其遗传效应分别为9.3%～14.3%和8.7%～13.7%。QC-7AL与QC-4BS位点对小麦穗粒数具有明显的互作效应,且QC-7AL位点对穗粒数的遗传效应略大于QC-4BS位点。     

利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型定位爆裂玉米子粒蛋白含量QTL

在两种环境条件下种植以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建的259个F23∶家系群体,采用SSR标记构建了包含183个标记的爆裂玉米遗传连锁图谱,覆盖玉米基因组1762.2cM,标记间平均距离为9.6cM。利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型和区间作图方法对子粒蛋白含量进行了QTL定位和效应分析。在春、夏播条件下均检测到6个QTL,分别位于第1、3、4、6、7和第8染色体上,其中春、夏播条件下都检测到的QTL有3个,可解释的表型总变异分别为42.85%和53.19%,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为4.50%～17.70%。表现为加性、部分显性、显性和超显性的QTL数目分别为2、2、2和6。3个QTL的增效基因均来自丹232,其余QTL的增效基因均来自N04。     

小麦纹枯病抗性QTL分析

小麦纹枯病是世界性的小麦重要病害之一,培育和使用抗病品种是减轻纹枯病危害最经济和有效的手段。为了挖掘更多的小麦纹枯病抗性QTL用于小麦标记辅助育种,本研究构建了CI12633和扬麦158重组自交系群体,采用二代测序方法开发SNP分子标记,并对群体中的94个家系进行基因型分析,构建遗传连锁图;采用牙签接种和病麦粒接种的方法鉴定重组自交系群体纹枯病抗性,进而对小麦纹枯病抗性QTL进行定位。结果显示,构建的遗传连锁图包含3 355个分子标记,遗传距离为2 510.66 cM,共有31个连锁群,均能分配到相应的染色体;在5A(2)、6A、1B、2B、3B、4B、5B、6B(2)、7B、1D、2D(2)、4D和7D染色体共发现16个与小麦纹枯病抗性相关的QTL,单个QTL可解释9.0%～26.8%的表型变异;除了7B染色体的QTL来源于感病品种扬麦158,其余QTL均来自抗病品种CI12633;3B、7D和5A(Chr5A_564101963)染色体的QTL与已有报道一致,其余均为新发现的QTL。发现的QTL和紧密连锁分子标记为今后小麦抗纹枯病分子标记辅助育种以及抗纹枯病基因的克隆提供帮助。     

小麦“N553×扬麦13”RIL群体小穗密度、株高及赤霉病抗性QTL分析

为了发掘新的抗赤霉病基因,以抗赤霉病新种质N553与扬麦13构建的包含184个家系的重组自交系(RILs)为材料,利用217对在双亲间具有多态性的分子标记构建遗传连锁图谱,利用该图谱对小穗密度、株高及赤霉病抗性进行QTL检测,并分析了小穗密度及株高与赤霉病抗性的相关性。结果表明,本研究共检测到5个赤霉病抗性相关QTL,其中1个效应较大的QTL位于2D染色体上,位于标记wmc18-cfd233之间,可解释8.17%~11.42%的表型变异;在3B染色体短臂上检测到1个QTL,位于标记barc102-gwm533之间,可解释5.33%~42.96%的表型变异。QFhb.jaas-2DS与QFhb.jaas-3BS聚合可显著增强小麦赤霉病抗性。另外3个QTL贡献率小于10%,分别位于染色体2B、3B、4A上。检测到与小穗密度相关的QTL有1个,位于3B染色体上,可解释5.36%~6.08%的表型变异。检测到与株高相关的QTL有5个,分别位于染色体4A、7A、5B、6B上,可解释5.2%~8.93%的表型变异。小穗密度与赤霉病抗性呈正相关,株高与抗扩展抗性无相关性,与抗侵染抗性呈负相关。结合以上QTL检测及相关性分析结果可知,QFhb.jaas-3BL可能不是赤霉病抗性位点。因此,包括QFhb.jaas-3BL在内的贡献率小于10%且仅在单一环境下检测到的3个赤霉病抗性相关QTL需进一步进行多年多点试验。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.