Osmium isotopic evidence for ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the kerguelen islands, southern indian ocean

Upper mantle xenoliths found in ocean island basalts are an important window through which the oceanic mantle lithosphere may be viewed directly. Osmium isotopic data on peridotite xenoliths from the Kerguelen Islands, an archipelago that is located on the northern Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean, demonstrate that pieces of mantle of diverse provenance are present beneath the Islands. In particular, peridotites with unradiogenic osmium and ancient rhenium-depletion ages (to 1.36 x 10(9) years old) may be pieces of the Gondwanaland subcontinental lithosphere that were incorporated into the Indian Ocean lithosphere as a result of the rifting process.     

Mantle-derived peridotites in southwestern Oregon: relation to plate tectonics

A group of peridotites in southwestern Oregon contains high-pressure mineral assemblages reflecting recrystallization at high temperatures (1100 degrees to 1200 degrees C) over a range of pressure decreasing from 19 to 5 kilobars. It is proposed that the peridotites represent upper-mantle material brought from depth along the ancestral Gorda-Juan de Fuca ridge system, transported eastward by the spreading Gorda lithosphere plate, and then emplaced by thrust-faulting in the western margin of the Cordillera during late Mesozoic time.     

Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet: evidence for Eurasian plate subduction

Seismic data from central Tibet have been combined to image the subsurface structure and understand the evolution of the collision of India and Eurasia. The 410- and 660-kilometer mantle discontinuities are sharply defined, implying a lack of a subducting slab beneath the plateau. The discontinuities appear slightly deeper beneath northern Tibet, implying that the average temperature of the mantle above the transition zone is about 300 degrees C hotter in the north than in the south. There is a prominent south-dipping converter in the uppermost mantle beneath northern Tibet that might represent the top of the Eurasian mantle lithosphere underthrusting the northern margin of the plateau.     

Lithospheric Contributions to Arc Magmatism: Isotope Variations Along Strike in Volcanoes of Honshu, Japan

Major chemical exchange between the crust and mantle occurs in subduction zone environments, profoundly affecting the chemical evolution of Earth. The relative contributions of the subducting slab, mantle wedge, and arc lithosphere to the generation of island arc magmas, and ultimately new continental crust, are controversial. Isotopic data for lavas from a transect of volcanoes in a single arc segment of northern Honshu, Japan, have distinct variations coincident with changes in crustal lithology. These data imply that the relatively thin crustal lithosphere is an active geochemical filter for all traversing magmas and is responsible for significant modification of primary mantle melts.     

Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity

Topography and gravity measured by the Mars Global Surveyor have enabled determination of the global crust and upper mantle structure of Mars. The planet displays two distinct crustal zones that do not correlate globally with the geologic dichotomy: a region of crust that thins progressively from south to north and encompasses much of the southern highlands and Tharsis province and a region of approximately uniform crustal thickness that includes the northern lowlands and Arabia Terra. The strength of the lithosphere beneath the ancient southern highlands suggests that the northern hemisphere was a locus of high heat flow early in martian history. The thickness of the elastic lithosphere increases with time of loading in the northern plains and Tharsis. The northern lowlands contain structures interpreted as large buried channels that are consistent with northward transport of water and sediment to the lowlands before the end of northern hemisphere resurfacing.     

Lateral variations in Compressional/Shear velocities at the base of the mantle

Observations of core-diffracted P (Pdiff) and SH (SHdiff) waves recorded by the Missouri-to-Massachusetts (MOMA) seismic array show that the ratio of compressional (P) seismic velocities to horizontal shear (SH) velocities at the base of the mantle changes abruptly from beneath the mid-Pacific (VP/VS = 1.88, also the value predicted by reference Earth models) to beneath Alaska (VP/VS = 1.83). This change signifies a sudden lateral variation in material properties that may have a mineralogical or textural origin. A textural change could be a result of shear stresses induced during the arrival at the core of ancient lithosphere from the northern Pacific paleotrench.     

Geographic variation in the molluscan recovery from the end-cretaceous extinction

Biotic recovery patterns after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction differ among the molluscan faunas of the North American Gulf Coast, northern Europe, northern Africa, and Pakistan and northern India. In contrast to the Gulf Coast, the other three regions lack a rapid expansion and decline of "bloom taxa" and have lower proportions of invaders early in the recovery phase. The anomalous Gulf Coast patterns, distinct from extratropical Europe and the tropical regions, provide evidence for the biogeographic and macroevolutionary complexity of biotic recoveries and may have implications for present-day biotas.     

Diamond genesis,seismic structure,and evolution of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton

The lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton of southern Africa shows variations in seismic P-wave velocity at depths within the diamond stability field that correlate with differences in the composition of diamonds and their syngenetic inclusions. Middle Archean mantle depletion events initiated craton keel formation and early harzburgitic diamond formation. Late Archean accretionary events involving an oceanic lithosphere component stabilized the craton and contributed a younger Archean generation of eclogitic diamonds. Subsequent Proterozoic tectonic and magmatic events altered the composition of the continental lithosphere and added new lherzolitic and eclogitic diamonds to the Archean diamond suite.     

Flow of mantle fluids through the ductile lower crust: helium isotope trends

Heat and mass are injected into the shallow crust when mantle fluids are able to flow through the ductile lower crust. Minimum 3He/4He ratios in surface fluids from the northern Basin and Range Province, western North America, increase systematically from low crustal values in the east to high mantle values in the west, a regional trend that correlates with the rates of active crustal deformation. The highest ratios occur where the extension and shear strain rates are greatest. The correspondence of helium isotope ratios and active transtensional deformation indicates a deformation-enhanced permeability and that mantle fluids can penetrate the ductile lithosphere, even in regions where there is no substantial magmatism. Superimposed on the regional trend are local, high 3He/4He anomalies indicating hidden magmatic activity and/or deep fluid production with locally enhanced permeability, identifying zones with high resource potential, particularly for geothermal energy development.     

Isostasy in australia and the evolution of the compensation mechanism

A linear transfer function analysis has been applied to gravity and topographic data from Australia to calculate the isostatic response function of Dorman and Lewis. The Australian response function is considerably different from that calculated for the United States. The differences can be explained on the basis of an apparent evolution of the isostatic compensation mechanism in which viscoelastic creep occurs in the lithosphere and relaxes the initial long-wavelength elastic stresses.     

Allometric engineering: an experimental test of the causes of interpopulational differences in performance

Hatchling lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) from a southern population are large and have high locomotor performance (speed and stamina) relative to hatchlings from northern populations. In order to determine whether differences in performance are an allometric consequence of interpopulation differences in size, yolk was removed from southern eggs, thereby producing miniaturized hatchlings equivalent in size to northern hatchlings. Miniaturized southern hatchlings no longer had higher speed than northern hatchlings, but maintained higher stamina. Interpopulation differences in speed but not in stamina are thus an allometric consequence of differences in egg size. Size manipulation adds an experimental dimension to aliometric analyses.     

绵羊线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性分析

利用PCR-SSCP技术对8个绵羊群体的806个个体的线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)5′端部分序列进行遗传多样性分析,以探讨山西省的3个绵羊品种(系):山西肉用绵羊母本品系、山西细毛羊和晋中绵羊与其它国内外品种的遗传多样性差异。共检测出6种单倍型,依次记为A、B、C、D、E和F。杜泊和大尾寒羊的主单倍型分别为B和E,其他群体均为F。单倍型多样度以考力代最低,为0.109;其它7个群体的单倍型多样度都较高,最高的为杜泊,达0.741;山西肉用绵羊、山西细毛羊和晋中绵羊的单倍型多样度分别为0.579、0.724和0.624。主成分分析显示山西肉用绵羊和小尾寒羊聚在一起,表明其间亲缘关系较近,与其它6个国内外品种遗传关系较远。     

Ancient mantle in a modern arc: osmium isotopes in izu-bonin-mariana forearc peridotites

Mantle peridotites drilled from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc have unradiogenic 187Os/188Os ratios (0.1193 to 0.1273), which give Proterozoic model ages of 820 to 1230 million years ago. If these peridotites are residues from magmatism during the initiation of subduction 40 to 48 million years ago, then the mantle that melted was much more depleted in incompatible elements than the source of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). This result indicates that osmium isotopes record information about ancient melting events in the convecting upper mantle not recorded by incompatible lithophile isotope tracers. Subduction zones may be a graveyard for ancient depleted mantle material, and portions of the convecting upper mantle may be less radiogenic in osmium isotopes than previously recognized.     

豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)的染色体组型和Giemsa C带带型

<正> 关于豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)的染色体组型。Blixt(1958,1959)曾作过报告。利用Giemsa显带技术研究豌豆染色体C带带型,Lamm(1981)在最近所有报导。豌豆是四川省的重要小春作物,品种资源很丰富。为了解我省豌豆地方品种的染色体组型和Giemsa C带带型的特点,进行了试验。本文报告了这一研究结果。     

Florida current volume transports from voltage measurements

The volume transport of the Florida Current is determined from the motionally induced voltage difference between Florida and Grand Bahama Island. Simultaneous measurements of potential differences and of volume transport by velocity profiling have a correlation of 0.97. The calibration factor is 25+/- 0.7 sverdrups per volt, and the root-mean-square discrepancy is 0.7 sverdrup. The induced voltage is about one-half the open-circuit value, implying that the conductance of the sediments and lithosphere is about equal to that of the water column.     

Efficiency and productivity analysis of vegetable farming within root and tuber-based systems in the humid tropics of Cameroon

The study analyzes the technical efficiency of vegetable farmers in root and tuber-based farming systems within selected sites of the humid tropics of Cameroon. Multistage sampling was used to collect primary data from a cross-section of vegetable farmers drawn from eight selected sites in Santa sub division, Northwest region of Cameroon. Stochastic frontier analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency of vegetable farmer and to examine its determinants. The results showed that farmyard manure was the most productive factor input, followed by farm equipment and labor. The mean technical efficiency level was 67%, revealing production shortfalls and indicating possibilities of significantly increasing production with the current input levels. Female, as well as more educated farmers were found to be significantly more efficient than their counterparts. The results also showed that farmers become less technical efficient as farm sizes become larger. Our study findings suggest that smallholder farmers' access to manure, farm implements, and increased women participation in vegetable farming, will produce huge payoffs in vegetable production efficiency in Cameroon.     

Electrical conductivity in the precambrian lithosphere of western canada

The subcrustal lithosphere underlying the southern Archean Churchill Province (ACP) in western Canada is at least one order of magnitude more electrically conductive than the lithosphere beneath adjacent Paleoproterozoic crust. The measured electrical properties of the lithosphere underlying most of the Paleoproterozoic crust can be explained by the conductivity of olivine. Mantle xenolith and geological mapping evidence indicate that the lithosphere beneath the southern ACP was substantially modified as a result of being trapped between two nearly synchronous Paleoproterozoic subduction zones. Tectonically induced metasomatism thus may have enhanced the subcrustal lithosphere conductivity of the southern ACP.     

玉米雌幼穗培养再生植株变异性状的遗传 I 再生植株R_1性状变异

考查由玉米雌幼穗培养获得的63棵再生植株R_1的自交结实性,以及R_1自交结实植株的株高、果穗、籽粒等多种性状,均表现出不同程度的变异.11R_1株高矮化率为52.2%.在11R_1中,有7棵再生株轴色由原来自交系的白色突变为紫红色.33棵自交结实再生株中,有4棵粒色由原自交系的橙黄色突变为紫红色.结果表明:所有再生株R_1都发生了性状变异.     

炒青绿茶自动化生产线加工过程中品质成分变化

通过测定炒青绿茶自动化生产线加工过程中各工序茶样的主要品质成分含量,并与传统工艺条件下的炒青绿茶的品质成分变化对比分析,探讨炒青绿茶自动化生产线对品质形成与改善作用。结果表明,炒青绿茶自动化生产线在制过程茶叶各工序失水均衡,失水率在1.18%～23.29%范围,加热、除湿和造型同步进行,有利于保持干茶和叶底绿色,叶绿素保留率较炒青绿茶传统制法高10%左右;同时,多酚类保留率较蒸青绿茶制法降低了约8%,茶叶滋味醇和,涩味下降。这表明,自动化生产线可改进炒青绿茶品质,提高炒青绿茶质量,同时实现清洁化加工。     

中国弄蝶科昆虫分布格局的简约性分析

【目的】根据中国弄蝶的分布特点划分生物地理区并推断弄蝶现代分布格局的成因。【方法】统计得到中国328种弄蝶及其分布;将中国地图划分成2°×2°的经纬网格,总计294个,依据地形、植被和弄蝶分布的特点将294个网格进一步汇总为28个大小和形状不一的区域,采用特有性简约分析方法进行分析。【结果】中国弄蝶的分布包括10个主要区,即中部地区(B1)、南部地区(B2)、台湾地区(B3)、中北部地区(C2)、西部地区(C3)、北部地区(D2)、秦巴山区(D3)、东北地区(D4)、西南地区(E1)和西藏地区(E2),其中台湾和西藏分别自成一支。通过比对地质板块与弄蝶的分布格局,表明弄蝶主要分布在秦巴山区、藏东南地区、喜马拉雅山东段南坡、黄河和长江中下游地区以及南部地区。中国弄蝶的分布区与中国动物地理区划的对比结果显示,两者有5个区基本相符,分别为中部地区(B1)、南部地区(B2)、西部地区(C3)、北部地区(D2)和东北地区(D4)。【结论】中国弄蝶的分布区和中国地质省区的划分基本吻合。