植物根分泌的化感物质及其在土壤中的环境行为

植物根系是化感物质进入土壤的重要通道。根系分泌物中含有大量具有化感活性的物质,其中以小分子的酚、酸最为常见,这些物质对植物自身及植物根际微生物和土壤酶具有广泛影响,一度成为化感研究的重要内容。自然状态下根系分泌化感物质的活性效应与植物根系分泌化感物质的强度和累积、化感物质本身的特性以及土壤对化感物质的吸附和降解能力有关。因此,研究化感物质在土壤中的迁移、吸附-解吸附、降解等环境行为是揭示化感物质累积机制的重要工作,应该成为化感研究的重要内容,在今后的研究中应给予充分重视。     

Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): I. A reevaluation of the U.S. germplasm collection

Genetic variation within the U.S. cucumber collection (Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. and var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef.) was assessed by examing the variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci and comparing the results of this investigation with a similar previous analysis of 14 loci. About 29% (15 of 51) of the enzyme systems examined in an initial survey were polymorphic. Seven loci (Ak-2, Ak-3, Fdp-1, Fdp-2, Mpi-1, Pep-gl and Skdh) which were not previously used to estimate genetic diversity, were assessed. On average, 1.4 loci were polymorphic per enzyme system and 2.2 alleles were present per polymorphic locus. The frequency of polymorphisms was relatively low for Fdp-1(2) (0.01), Mpi-1(1) (0.03), and Skdh(1) (0.02). Principal component and cluster analyses of allelic variation at polymorphic loci separated a diverse array of 757 cucumber accessions from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm Systesm's (NPGS) collection into distinct groups by country (45 nations examined). All accessions of C. s. var. sativus were isozymically distinct from C. s. var. hardwickii, which were themselves dissimilar from each other. Data suggest that C. s. var. hardwickii is not a feral derivative of extant C. s. var. sativus populations. The allelic profile of C. s. var. sativus accessions originating from Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia were distinct from the other accessions examined. Allelic fixation has occurred at Pgd-2 in accessions from Burma, and at Ak-2 in accessions from Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. Some of the countries examined that were in close geographic proximity (e.g., Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong) contained accessions with similar isozyme profiles. Accessions are fixed for certain alleles [e.g., Gr(1) (100%), Fdp-1(1) (100%) and Mpi-2(2) (50%) for accessions from Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong]. Grouping countries by continent or sub-continent (i.e., North and South American, China, Eastern Europe, Western Europe) and by numbers of accessions examined (i.e., India/Burma, Iran, Japan, Turkey, and remaining accessions) was used to identify accessions with unique allozymic profiles [PIs 209064 (USA), 257486 (China), 188749 (Egypt), 285607 (Poland), 369717 (Yugoslavia), 357844 (Poland), 255936 (Netherlands), 183127 (India), 200818 (Burma), 200815 (Burma), 137836 (Iran), 227013 (Iran), 227235 (Iran), 451976 (Japan), 181752 (Syria), 181874 (Syria), 169383 (Turkey), 171613 (Turkey)].     

西芹鲜根丙酮浸提物层析流分对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用以及化感物质鉴定

为探明西芹鲜根中化感物质成分,利用柱层析法对西芹鲜根丙酮浸提液进行4次层析,每次层析后获得的流分与黄瓜枯萎病菌共培养,测定菌落直径与孢子萌发率,以化感抑制效果筛选最佳流分,然后通过GC-MS对第4次层析最佳流分中化感物质进行鉴定。结果表明,各次层析最佳流分均对黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发有较强抑制作用,第4次层析获得的最佳流分(RA3246、RA3344、RA9889、RA91064)对枯萎病菌菌丝生长的化感抑制效果[相对于第4次层析丙酮对照(ACK4)]分别升高至28.69%、37.83%、42.44%、33.83%,孢子萌发抑制率分别升高至50.72%、50.66%、55.02%、59.37%。通过GC-MS共鉴定出有机酸、酚、醇、酯类、杂环有机物及含氮化合物6类12种化感物质,分别为3-羟基扁桃酸、硫代乙醇酸、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、十二烷醇、2-甲基-2-丙烯酸十三烷酯、2-丙烯酸十二烷基酯、2-丙稀酸十五烷基酯、二甲基环己酯、3,4-环氧呋喃、十六烷基二甲基叔胺、(Z)-9-十八烯酸酰胺和二丁氨腈。研究获得结果可为利用西芹提取物防控黄瓜枯萎病提供理论基础。     

黄瓜和西芹间作对黄瓜生长及枯萎病发生的影响

为研究黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜生长、黄瓜枯萎病菌化感作用及田间黄瓜枯萎病发生的影响,本试验采用室内不同土壤浸提液培养黄瓜枯萎病菌和田间测定黄瓜生长与枯萎病病情指数的方法,探讨与西芹间作土壤浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用和田间防病效果。结果表明:与西芹间作促进了黄瓜营养生长,降低了第1雌花节位,增加了1~30节内雌花数;与西芹间作土壤浸提液培养的黄瓜枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,分别与西芹单作和黄瓜单作达显著性差异(P0.05);黄瓜与西芹间作土壤的乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液均对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感作用,且表现为抑制作用,化感效果可达38.11%~75.90%;且乙醇浸提液培养的枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,与丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液达极显著差异(P0.01)。采用上述3种土壤田间种植黄瓜,在黄瓜第1片真叶期接种黄瓜枯萎病菌,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的病情指数,对比黄瓜单作和西芹单作的抑病效果可达57.03%~72.15%。因此,黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感抑制效果,能够有效降低田间黄瓜枯萎病的发生,为黄瓜土传病害的化感防控提供科学依据。     

化感作用在设施黄瓜连作中的应用研究

简述了设施黄瓜栽培中化感作用的研究现状、化感物质的作用方式、途径、机理及其与设施生态系统环境的相互作用关系,概括了化感作用在黄瓜设施栽培中的意义并分析其发展前景。     

不同供氮水平下加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用与资源竞争分析

为探讨加拿大一枝黄花在入侵过程中的化感作用与资源竞争之间的关系,采用化感-竞争分离法,分析了加拿大一枝黄花在入侵过程中其化感作用与资源竞争及在不同氮水平下的反应特性。结果表明,外来入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花具有较强的生物干扰能力,在不同氮素水平下,其资源竞争能力较强且表现稳定,但化感作用潜力则随供氮水平的下降而明显增强,土著植物一枝黄花不具化感作用潜力,在供氮水平充足下,其资源竞争能力减弱,但氮胁迫下却明显增强,这被认为是在环境资源匮乏时生态位之间竞争加剧的结果。     

西芹根物质浸提液处理后黄瓜叶片内几种氮代谢物质含量的变化

以黄瓜品种"津春4号"为材料,在黄瓜植株第1片真叶长至宽5 cm时,使用西芹鲜根及根际区物的乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液对黄瓜植株进行化感处理(灌根),测定处理后黄瓜叶片内几种氮代谢物质含量的变化,从氮代谢角度研究西芹鲜根及根际区物浸提液处理后黄瓜植株对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感抑制作用机理。结果表明:处理后黄瓜叶片内可溶性蛋白质、氨、丝氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸与总氨基酸含量均高于对照,含量达到峰值时分别较丙酮对照增加10.58%、18.31%、6.54%、3.10%、9.64%和3.16%,而硝酸盐、甘氨酸和蛋氨酸含量则低于对照,含量达到最低值时分别较丙酮对照降低7.52%、3.41%和15.55%。对于不同西芹根物质浸提液处理,丙酮浸提液处理的氮代谢物质含量变化最显著,乙醇浸提液处理次之,蒸馏水浸提液处理变化最低,西芹鲜根浸提液处理的氮代谢物质含量变化高于西芹根际区物浸提液处理。     

酚酸化感作用对栝楼生理特性及根际微生态的影响

酚酸类物质对植物产生明显化感作用，威胁植物生长和加工产品质量。以栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.)为研究对象，通过室内盆栽试验，在土壤中添加3种不同浓度(0,50,100,150,200 mg/kg,分别为CK、T1、T2、T3、T4)的对羟基苯甲酸(pHBA)、苯甲酸(BA)、肉桂酸(CA)处理液，研究酚酸对栝楼生理和土壤特性的影响，阐明酚酸化感作用的强度和规律。结果表明：(1)T1浓度pHBA能够促进栝楼根系伸长，根鲜重增长率可达19.25%;BA影响栝楼生物量的积累，T4浓度下可抑制鲜重和根鲜重至CK的35.17%和58.38%;T4浓度下CA对株高和根长的抑制效果最为明显，最大降幅达到66.19%和63.13%。(2)高浓度pHBA能降低根系活力，最大抑制率为33.55%;BA对根系活力的化感效应与浓度呈正相关，最大抑制率为47.41%。3种酚酸对蒸腾速率的作用效果略有不同，但高浓度下均表现为抑制作用。(3)pHBA与CA提高SOD、POD活性，下调CAT活性；BA使SOD、POD、CAT活性都被抑制，分别降低47.42%,59.07%,45....     

Plant growth and microbial activity in a tropical soil amended with faecal pellets from millipedes and woodlice

The effect of soil fauna-mediated leaf litter (faecal pellets) versus mechanically fragmented (finely ground) leaf litter on biomass production of rice (Oryza sativa, var. Primavera) was assessed in pot tests. Rice seedlings were either grown in soil samples amended with faecal pellets of diplopods and isopods fed on leaf litter of a legume cover crop (Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth) and a peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) or in soil amended with finely ground leaf litter. The addition of faecal pellets caused a significant and dose-related increase in plant biomass compared to pure soil. Ground leaf litter induced a significantly smaller positive effect on plant biomass development with Pueraria litter > Bactris litter > mixed primary forest litter. In contrast, soil microbial biomass development during the 4 weeks plant test was higher in the soil amended with ground litter as compared to soil amended with feacal pellets. The results show a clear positive effect of the soil fauna on soil fertility and indicate differences in the availability of nutrients from the organic substrates to higher plants and soil microorganisms.     

The use of 8-hydroxyquinoline for the isolation and prequalification of plant growth-stimulating rhizosphere pseudomonads

Summary The application of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8OHQ) in a low-iron medium is demonstrated to be an important selective agent providing a simple and non-laborious method in the search for plant growth-stimulating and antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads. Eleven isolates obtained from low-iron plates containing 120 ppm 8OHQ possessed similar or even better antagonistic properties in vitro than the reference strains Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS 374 and pseudobactin-producing strain B10 with plant growth-stimulating properties. One out of four of the best in vitro antagonists showed significant growth stimulation of radish (Raphanus sativus), comparable to that of the plant growth-stimulating reference strains. Iron supply abolished their antagonism in vitro, indicating that siderophores were primarily involved. The selective mode of action of 8OHQ was demonstrated to be iron stress induced by the strong chelation of available iron.     

长雄野生稻及其后代抑草效果与化感潜力和农艺性状的关系

明确化感潜力和农艺性状对长雄野生稻(Oryza longistaminata)及其后代抑草效果的影响及相互关系,对发掘与利用野生种质资源的化感基因培育水稻化感新品种具有重要意义。本研究以化感抗稗草长雄野生稻、亚洲栽培稻‘RD23’及其杂交F1代(RD23×O.longistaminata)和F2代单株分离群体为材料,采用室内生物测定和温室盆栽试验相结合方法,研究化感潜力和农艺性状对长雄野生稻及其后代抑制稗草的影响,并探讨三者的相互关系。结果表明,室内生物测定为强化感潜力的水稻材料在盆栽条件下对稗草的密度防效、生物量防效和株高抑制作用并非总强于弱化感和无化感作用的水稻材料,但在根际距离0~3 cm时,强化感潜力水稻材料对伴生稗草的抑制效应显著强于弱化感潜力和无化感作用的水稻材料。不论供试材料化感潜力强弱,当根际距离大于3 cm时,株型高大、分蘖强的供试水稻材料在盆栽条件下对稗草的密度防效、生物量防效和株高抑制作用均显著强于株型矮小、分蘖少的材料。供试水稻材料在不同苗龄对稗草的抑制作用也存在显著差异,苗龄60 d的供试材料在根际距离0~3 cm范围内对伴生稗草的密度防效均小于苗龄30 d的对应处理组,但对伴生稗草的生物量防效和株高抑制作用则大于苗龄30 d对应处理组;之后随着距离的增加,除根际距离在3~6 cm的密度防效外,其他均无显著差异。在根际距离0~3 cm时,供试材料的化感综合效应指数(SE)与对伴生稗草的密度防效、生物量防效和株高抑制作用显著相关,但随根际距离的增加相关性逐渐减小;株高和分蘖数与稗草的密度防效不相关,与生物量防效和株高抑制作用存在一定的相关性。研究结果显示,长雄野生稻及其后代田间抑草效果与化感潜力、苗龄、株高和分蘖数等因素相关,在根际距离0~3 cm时,化感作用在苗龄30 d的强化感潜力水稻材料的抑草效应中起主要作用。     

Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil amended with plant residues

Residues from some tree species may contain allelopathic chemicals that have the potential to inhibit plant growth and symbiotic N₂-fixing microorganisms. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] was grown in pots to compare nodulation and N₂-fixation responses of the following soil amendments: control soil, leaf compost, red oak (Quercus rubra L.) leaves, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) leaves, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) leaves, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) leaves, rye (Secale cereale L.) straw, and corn (Zea mays L.) stover. Freshly fallen leaves were collected from urban shade trees. Soil was amended with 20 g kg^-1 air-dried, ground plant materials. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage to determine N₂-fixation by the difference method. Although nodulation was not adversely affected, soybean grown on leaf-amended soil exhibited temporary N deficiency until nodulation. Nodule number was increased by more than 40% for soybean grown on amended soil, but nodule dry matter per plant generally was not changed compared with control soil. Nonnodulating plants were severely N deficient and stunted as a consequence of N immobilization. Nodulating soybean plants grown on leaf or crop residue amended soil were more dependent on symbiotically fixed N and had lower dry matter yields than the controls. When leaves were composted, the problem of N immobilization was avoided and dry matter yield was not reduced. No indication of an allelopathic inhibition on nodulation or N₂-fixation from heavy application of oak, maple, sycamore, or walnut leaves to soil was observed.     

Sorption–desorption of phenolic acids as affected by soil properties

Phenolic acids have been implicated in the process of allelopathy and are, therefore, of interest in plant management as a basis for new herbicide structures. The potential bioavailability of phenolic acids is controlled by sorption–desorption processes in soil. Sorption–desorption of p-coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid), ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), veratric acid (3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid), vanillic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) was characterized on soils with varying physicochemical properties. The phenolic acids sorbed quickly (<8 h) and in high proportions to the amount applied (average 84% of applied was sorbed). Sorption was irreversible with the batch desorption method used (0.01 N CaCl₂ extraction). Pretreatment of soils to remove organic matter and free metal oxides from the soils decreased sorption, particularly in soils with free oxides removed. Statistical analysis suggested that sorption of p-coumaric and ferulic acids was correlated with soil clay content and veratric acid sorption was correlated with several soil factors. In contrast, no consistent relationship between soil characteristics and vanillic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid sorption was found. Based on the results of these experiments, i.e. the high reactivity of the phenolic acids, it is unlikely that these chemicals would be transported far from their point of origin, limiting their range of influence. It appears that, for phenolic acids to have allelopathic effects on plants, they would have to persist in the soil for long periods, resulting in a buildup of the chemical to high enough levels so that sufficient chemical would be in solution to cause the allelopathic effects, even though they may be strongly sorbed at lower concentrations.     

Fate and impact on microorganisms of rice allelochemicals in paddy soil

Allelopathic rice can release allelochemicals from roots to inhibit neighboring plant species, but little is currently known about their fate and impact on microorganisms in paddy soil. This study showed that allelopathic rice PI312777 released much higher concentrations of allelochemical (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) than non-allelopathic rice Liaojing-9 in field. When quantitative 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone was added into soil, flavone gave a short half-life of 18.27 +/- 2.32 h (r(2) = 0.94) and could easily be degraded into benzoic acid. Benzoic acid with a half-life of 29.99 +/- 2.19 h (r(2) = 0.96) was more resistant toward degradation in paddy soil. Furthermore, both the culturable microbial population and the entire microbial community structure of soil incubated with flavone and benzoic acid were evaluated using the soil dilution plate method and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, respectively. It appeared from the results that flavone could reduce microorganisms especially for fungi present in paddy soil, while benzoic acid could induce a higher response for soil microorganisms especially for bacteria. Consequently, flavone would be responsible for the dynamics of soil microorganisms during the early period, and any observed effect during the late period would be very likely due to its degradation product benzoic acid rather than flavone itself. These results suggested that allelopathic rice varieties could modify soil microorganisms to their advantage through the release of allelochemicals. The concentration and fate of discriminating 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone between allelopathic and non-alleloparhic varieties tested in rice soil would result in the different patterns of microbial population and community structure in paddy ecosystems.     

看麦娘叶片对化感小麦根水提液的生理响应

为阐明小麦化感抑草的生理机制,选择强化感小麦‘115/青海麦’、‘92L89’和弱化感小麦‘抗10103’,通过添加浓度为0.2%、0.5%和1.0%的小麦根水提液进行水培试验3周后,测定了各处理看麦娘的鲜重,分析叶片中叶绿素(SPAD值)、可溶蛋白、MDA、类黄酮、总酚的含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性。结果表明,水提液处理显著抑制了看麦娘的生长,抑制率在不同处理浓度及小麦品种间均存在显著差异,强化感小麦的抑制率显著高于弱化感小麦。在处理浓度范围内,不同小麦根水提液的抑制率大小依次为‘115/青海麦’(24.7%~74.3%)‘92L89’(15.7%~71.6%)‘抗10103’(13.8%~61.4%);0.2%、1.0%和5.0%水提液处理的抑制率大小依次为13.8%~24.7%、41.7%~66.4%和61.4%~74.2%。看麦娘叶绿素含量(SPAD值)随处理浓度增大显著降低,可溶蛋白含量,SOD、POD、CAT活性,MDA、类黄酮含量随处理浓度增大显著升高,强化感小麦对看麦娘的生理刺激作用高于弱化感小麦。1.0%‘115/青海麦’及5.0%各小麦水提液处理的看麦娘总酚含量高于对照。可见,小麦化感胁迫提高了看麦娘的保护酶系统活性,增强了抗氧化物质代谢,但显著增强了细胞膜脂质过氧化和叶绿素降解,不利于靶标植物看麦娘的生长。     

Root-mediated allelopathic interference of bhringraj (Eclipta alba L.) Hassk. on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and mung bean (Vigna radiata)

The root mediated allelopathic interference of Eclipta alba infested soil on growth, physiological parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity was conducted on Arachis hypogaea L. and vigna radiata L. It was found that rhizosphere soil significantly reduced the germination percentage, seedling growth and dry biomass depending upon the species sensitivity. The germination inhibition was correlated with membrane deterioration as proved by a strong electrolyte leakage, increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ content. The physiological parameters like chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (P_n), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), stomatal conductance (G_s), and transpiration (E) also showed significant reduction in E. alba infested soil and non-significant increase in leaf temperature (L_t) of two test species. The test seedlings have circumvented the allelochemicals stress, by both significant decrease and non-significant increase in the antioxidant activities in E. alba infested soil in contrast to control soil. Rhizosphere soil contained significantly higher amount of water-soluble phenolics as the putative allelochemicals, which were vanillic acid, benzoic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. The study concluded that rhizosphere soil exerts an allelopathic influence on peanut and mung bean by releasing water soluble phenolic acids as putative allelochemicals in soil.     

Experimental complexities in evaluating the allelopathic activities in laboratory bioassays: A case study

Soil is the major player in deciding allelopathic activities. A study was designed to examine experimental complexities in determining the allelopathic behavior of soil amended with water-soluble leachates from Chenopodium murale. Chenopodium murale interferes with the growth and establishment of crop seedlings. The present study examined the role of water-soluble organic substances, if any, in the shoot growth suppression of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice seeds were grown on C. murale leaf leachate-amended soil to investigate the phytotoxic effects of C. murale leachates. Any modification of C. murale phytotoxic activities was studied through using abiotic soil, activated charcoal and nitrogen (N) fertilization. Chemical and microbiological analysis of C. murale-amended soil was made to evaluate the role of soil components in C. murale phytotoxicity. Significant inhibition in the shoot growth of rice was observed when abiotic or biotic soil was amended with full-strength leaf leachate (T1) of C. murale compared to unamended soils. The inhibitory effect of T1 is maintained when rice seeds were placed on T1-amended soil after 0, 24 or 48 h; however, the inhibitory effects were eliminated when seeds were placed on amended soil after 72, 96 h or 1 wk of incubating soil with T1. Activated charcoal (1, 2 or 4 g) could not eliminate the inhibitory effects of T1-amended soil to the shoot length of rice. The phytotoxic effects of T1-amended soil to the shoot length of rice, however, were largely eliminated after the addition of N fertilization. Interference of C. murale leaf leachate to rice shoot growth could be due to number of effects that could be misconstrued as allelopathy effects.     

苎麻根际土壤水浸提液化感潜力评价

【目的】通过苎麻根际土壤水浸提液有机化合物的分离鉴定及生物学实验,探讨了苎麻败蔸与化感作用的关系。【方法】运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术 (GC-MS),对苎麻根际土壤的不同极性有机溶剂萃取液进行了物质成分分析;采用室内生物测定方法,研究了不同浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸提液对萝卜、油菜、拟南芥 3 种植物的化感效应;并应用实时定量 PCR 技术 (QPCR),测定了不同浓度根际土壤水浸液处理后拟南芥其抗逆基因 RD29A (AT5G52310) 和 RD29B (AT5G52300) 及生长素合成相关基因 YUC1 (AT4G32540) 的相对表达水平。【结果】四种不同极性有机溶剂萃取液经 GC-MS 检测共鉴定出 51 种有机化学物质,包括烃类及其衍生物、甾类化合物、苯甲酸及其衍生物、酚类、萜类、含氮类等已被报道具有化感活性的化合物。不同浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸液对 3 种不同植物的下胚轴长及根长的化感效应具有差异性,随着浸提液浓度增加,对油菜及拟南芥抑制作用越显著,但对萝卜的影响不显著。QPCR 检测结果表明,拟南芥的 RD29A、RD29B、YUC1 这 3 种基因的表达量随水浸提液浓度增加均降低。【结论】苎麻根际土壤中含有抑制自身生长的潜在化感物质豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮,2,5-二叔丁基苯酚,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,6,6-二甲基-1,3-庚二烯-5-醇,羊毛甾-8,24-二烯-3,22-二醇。高浓度苎麻根际土壤水浸提液对供试三种植物下胚轴长及根长具有抑制效果,因此,连作导致的化感物质累积可能是连作导致苎麻败蔸的原因之一。     

低氮胁迫下小麦抑草作用的化感效应与资源竞争分析

化感效应和资源竞争在作物抑草中起重要作用。为区分低氮胁迫下小麦抑草作用的化感效应与资源竞争,以强化感小麦品种‘115/青海麦’、‘92L89’和弱化感小麦‘抗10103’为材料,设置氮水平为25 mg·L-1、50mg·L-1、100 mg·L-1和200 mg·L-1的水培试验,通过小麦与看麦娘共培、应用含小麦根系分泌物的小麦-看麦娘共培液处理看麦娘,分别测定了小麦对看麦娘的生物干扰作用、化感效应及资源竞争效应。结果表明,不同化感潜力的小麦对看麦娘的抑制能力存在显著差异,抑制率大小为‘115/青海麦’(55.1%~73.9%)‘92L89’(48.9%~65.9%)‘抗10103’(15.4%~45.5%),且抑制率随氮水平的降低而增大。在小麦的抑草作用中,化感效应与资源竞争并存。低氮胁迫条件下,强化感小麦抑草能力增强主要通过提高化感效应实现;弱化感小麦抑草能力增强主要通过提高资源竞争实现。不同化感潜力小麦的抑草作用在低氮胁迫下表现出不同的生态策略。小麦抑草作用的化感效应均随氮水平降低而增大,其抑制率随氮水平的变化可用一元二次方程加以拟合。     

Allelopathic potential and an allelopathic substance in mango leaves

The present study was aimed to determine the allelopathic potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves and to identify allelopathic substances in the leaves. The aqueous methanol extracts of mango leaves inhibited seedling growth of garden cress, radish, rapeseed, foxtail fescue and crabgrass, and the inhibitory effects increased with the increasing extract concentration, suggesting that mango leaves may contain allelopathic substances. The extract was then purified by several chromatographic runs through a bioassay-directed fractionation, and an growth inhibitory substance was isolated and identified by spectral data as methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (methyl gallate). Methyl gallate at the concentration of 10 mM inhibited 98.6% and 99.8% of root and shoot growth of garden cress relative to the control, respectively, and 94.4% and 49.3% of those of foxtail fescue, respectively. The concentrations of methyl gallate required for 50% growth inhibition (I₅₀) on garden cress roots and shoots were 3.9 and 3.3 mM, and those on foxtail fescue roots and shoots were 1.5 and 9.5 mM, respectively. It is the first report of an allelopathic substance in mango leaves and allelopathic activity of methyl gallate. Therefore, the mango leaves may have potential as a soil additive material for the weed management options.