聚羧酸盐和聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯分散剂复配体系对戊唑醇水悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响

聚羧酸盐和聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯分散剂复配体系有利于提高农药水悬浮剂的物理稳定性。本研究选用430 g/L戊唑醇水悬浮剂 (SC) 作为研究对象,研究了聚羧酸盐分散剂850和聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯分散剂601p复配体系的胶束流体动力学直径以及对戊唑醇SC黏度、Zeta电势、比吸光度和流变性质的影响。结果显示:单独用601p制备的戊唑醇SC的分散稳定性要高于单独用850制备的,而用两者复配体系制备的戊唑醇SC的稳定性明显高于用单一分散剂制备的。进一步研究发现,分散剂的复配比例对戊唑醇SC的物理稳定性也有不同影响,其中当m(850) : m(601p) = 1 : 1时,复配分散剂的胶束动力学直径不再变化,制得的戊唑醇SC分散稳定性最好,表现为黏度相对较小,Zeta电势为 –40.8 mV。     

环氧氯丙烷改性玉米淀粉生物炭的制备及其对水中吡虫啉的吸附性能

吡虫啉是一种常用的新烟碱类农药，因使用量大、水溶性高、半衰期长而普遍存在于水环境中，对生态安全和人体健康构成潜在威胁。生物炭是生物质热解后的固体产物，具备来源广、能耗低、再生容易、环境友好等特点，在吸附领域得到广泛关注。本研究以玉米淀粉为原料，通过环氧氯丙烷交联改性，制备了环氧氯丙烷改性玉米淀粉生物炭(ECSB)。采用扫描电子显微镜等对其结构表征，考察其对吡虫啉的吸附性能，并探究其吸附机理。结果表明：ECSB表面有丰富的孔结构，比表面积为285 m²/g，孔体积为0.162 cm³/g，与未改性的玉米淀粉生物炭(CSB)相比，分别提高了46.5和31.4倍。ECSB对吡虫啉的最大吸附量为70.9 mg/g，其吸附效果比CSB提高了112倍。ECSB对吡虫啉的吸附过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型，是一个吸热、熵增的自发反应。ECSB对吡虫啉的吸附机理推断主要归功于孔填充作用，经5次超声波协同乙醇脱吸附技术再生后ECSB的吸附能力仍可达原始吸附能力的96.6%。本研究可为环境中吡虫啉污水的治理及玉米淀粉开发应用提供研究思路和理论...     

65%西草净·扑草津水分散颗粒剂的配方研制

用西草净和扑草津复配制成水分散颗粒剂,能拓宽除草谱,提高利用率。采用流点法对润湿分散剂进行初筛,再对分散剂、润湿剂、崩解剂和填料进行种类和用量的筛选,最终获得65%西草净·扑草津水分散颗粒剂的最优配方:西草净25%、扑草津40%、SD-816 5%、K12 3%、硫酸铵5%、玉米淀粉补足至100%。该配方所制得的水分散颗粒剂悬浮率高,热储稳定性好,各项性能指标均符合规定。     

生物杀菌剂解淀粉芽孢杆菌B1619水分散粒剂配方及助剂筛选

解淀粉芽孢杆菌生防菌株B1619能有效防控设施蔬菜枯萎病的发生和为害,有望研发成生物杀菌剂。本研究通过对多种助剂和填料影响解淀粉芽孢杆菌活菌量的研究,在确保被筛选的助剂和填料对生防菌B1619安全的基础上,比较各种助剂和填料及其组合的理化性能,选出最优的配比,确定了菌株B1619水分散粒剂的最佳配方(以质量分数计)为解淀粉芽孢杆菌B1619发酵液15%,粘结剂硅酸镁铝3%,分散剂萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物2%,崩解剂硫酸铵5%,润湿剂十二烷基硫酸钠1%,填料高岭土24%。测定了"生物杀菌剂1.2亿活芽孢/g解淀粉芽孢杆菌B1619水分散粒剂"产品的性能,结果表明,该产品生防菌B1619活菌含量大于1.2×108 cfu/g,悬浮率为90%,润湿时间为15 s,崩解时间30 s,水分含量小于5%,热贮稳定性合格;所得样品的各项技术指标均符合产品标准要求。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57微粉剂的研制及对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的防治效果

 采用单因素试验和响应面分析等方法优化解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57的发酵工艺。得到解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57发酵的最优条件为山梨醇10 g·L^-1、棉籽饼粉17 g·L^-1、NaH₂PO₄ 0.5 g·L^-1、Na₂HPO₄ 0.4 g·L^-1,初始pH 7.0、装液量80 mL/250mL三角瓶、接种量2.1%、培养温度30℃、转速180 r·min^-1、发酵时间32 h,此时含菌量达到3.8×10⁸ CFU·mL^-1,较优化前提高了80%。明确了解淀粉芽胞杆菌微粉剂的最佳配方为解淀粉芽胞杆菌母粉50%,白炭黑10%,分散剂木质素磺酸钠1%,表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠4%,保护剂羧甲基纤维素钠1%,硅藻土补足至100%。该制剂含菌量为3.26×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1,平均粒径8.31 μm,分散指数98.16%,浮游性指数85.37,含水率1.42%,坡度角68°,各项检测结果均符合标准。解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57微粉剂对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的田间防治效果高达97.12%。     

70%甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂(WG)的研制

对70％甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂的配方进行了研究，确定最佳配方为以98％甲基硫菌灵为原药，润湿剂MF-3，分散剂聚羧酸盐，崩解剂硫酸铵，填料高岭土。试验结果表明：该产品悬浮率达到90％以上。崩解时间〈1min，在（54＋2）℃下，贮存2周后的分解率〈4％．且产品的各项技术指标和热贮稳定性均达到水分散粒剂的标准。     

40%丁香·戊唑醇悬浮剂配方的研制

本研究通过对润湿分散剂、增稠剂和防冻剂等助剂的筛选,最终确定了40%丁香·戊哇醇悬浮剂的最佳配方:丁香菌酯原药10.4%、戊唑醇原药31%、SD-208为6%、乙二醇4%、黄原胶7%、有机硅消泡剂1%、去离子水补足。结果表明:该配方制备的悬浮剂平均粒径<3μm,悬浮率95%以上,其它各性能指标也均达到悬浮剂的要求。并通过悬浮剂的Zeta电位值说明了体系具有优良的稳定性。     

含OH11发酵液玉米种衣剂的研制及其对茎基腐病的效果评价

通过正交试验,筛选分散剂、乳化剂及增稠剂,利用湿法砂磨法,将OH11发酵液研制成30%悬浮种衣剂,将研制的玉米种衣剂不同药种比包衣后测定对玉米根长、苗长、鲜重指标影响,并通过菌土混合法,测定了药剂对玉米茎基腐防效。结果显示,30% OH11发酵液悬浮种衣剂最佳配方为OH11发酵液30%、木钠0.8%、PEG4000 3%、XG0.2%、红染4%、成膜剂3%,水余量。该种衣剂药种比1:200、1:500包衣对玉米生长发育影响不大,1:200时对玉米茎基腐（腐霉菌）防效达93.55%,1:500防效达80.51%,显著高于对照药剂30%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂（39.16%）。结果显示30% OH11发酵液悬浮种衣剂能够很好的应用于玉米茎基腐（腐霉菌）病的防治。     

白僵菌可湿性粉剂的研制

以白僵菌孢子粉为原药,硅藻土为主要载体,通过单因素和正交设计筛选合适的润湿剂、分散剂等助剂配方比例,研制出性能优良的白僵菌可湿性粉剂。确定配方为：白僵菌分生孢子粉20%; NNO7%; 农乳32082%; 拉开粉5%; 十二烷基硫酸钠2%; 硅藻土加齐至100%。质量检测结果表明：该配方润湿时间<1min,悬浮率可达到75%以上,其他各项指标均符合可湿性粉剂的要求。     

茶渣基生物质炭的制备及其对双草醚的吸附

生物质炭是一类具有较高孔隙率、较大比表面积的高度芳香化富碳固体,其表面含有丰富的化学官能团,因具有较强的吸附能力而在众多领域得到广泛应用。双草醚是一种常用于稻田杂草防治的高效嘧啶水杨酸类除草剂,因水溶性较大而易造成水体污染,进而影响生态环境。本研究选用废弃茶渣为原材料,分别通过500 ℃和700 ℃高温热解制备生物质炭 (BC-500和BC-700),进一步将BC-500与氢氧化钾水溶液混合,并于700 ℃下高温热解,得到活化生物质炭 (TBC-700)。通过X-射线粉末衍射 (XRD)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)和比表面积测定 (BET) 对其结构进行表征,并通过Zeta电位测定探究其吸附机理;比较了BC-700及TBC-700对双草醚吸附效果的差异,并采用TBC-700对双草醚的吸附过程进行动力学及吸附等温线拟合。结果表明:TBC-700材料表面有丰富的孔状结构,比表面积为768.07 m2/g,与BC-700相比,其比表面积提高了约143倍。BC-700对双草醚的去除率最大为0.95%,吸附量仅为0.66 mg/g;而TBC-700对双草醚的去除率最大可达98.67%,吸附量为65.97 mg/g,其吸附效果提高了近100倍。拟合结果表明,TBC-700对双草醚的吸附过程更符合准一级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温线。本研究结果可为环境中残留的双草醚除草剂的高效去除及茶渣的可持续性利用提供研究思路和理论基础。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.