不同生物制剂处理去穗玉米秸青贮对奶牛营养价值的影响

为研究生物制剂对玉米秸青贮营养成分含量变化和瘤胃内降解率的影响。本试验用纤维素酶1g/kg和乳酸菌0.025%分别添加制作玉米秸青贮;用3头装有永久性瘘管荷斯坦乳牛,按3×3拉丁方设计,对不同处理的玉米秸青贮进行了瘤胃内降解率测定。结果为:①未处理、酶制剂处理与菌制剂处理的去穗玉米秸青贮的NDF和ADF含量之间比较差异显著(P<0.05),即未处理>菌处理>酶处理。酶处理和菌处理的去穗玉米秸青贮的CP含量分别比未处理组高1.54和1.57个百分点(P<0.05)。②各种处理去穗玉米秸青贮DM和NDF有效降解率之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),即酶制剂处理>菌制剂处理>未处理;生物制剂处理的去穗玉米秸青贮ADF和CP的有效降解率显著高于未处理组,但酶制剂和菌处理之间差异不显著。表明酶和菌制剂处理均能提高去穗玉米秸青贮品质及其主要营养成分降解率,但在DM和NDF有效降解率指标上,酶制剂处理去穗玉米秸青贮效果优于菌制剂处理。     

纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸青贮营养成分及其奶牛瘤胃降解率的影响

此研究探讨了添加纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸青贮营养含量变化及其瘤胃内有效降解率的影响。以去穗玉米秸为试验材料，设5个处理，分别为未处理组（E1）、乳酸菌制剂处理组（E2）（1．56／kg）、纤维素酶制剂处理组（E3）（1g／kg）。5头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛，采用5X5拉丁方设计对不同处理的玉米秸青贮主要营养成分进行瘤胃降解率的研究。结果表明：①酶制剂和菌制剂处理的去穗玉米秸青贮CP含量显著高于未处理组（P〈0．05），NDF和ADF含量显著低于未处理组（P〈0．05）；②各组去穗玉米秸青贮DM和NDF有效降解率之间存在显著差异（P〈0．05），即酶处理〉菌处理〉未处理的去穗玉米秸青贮；酶和菌制剂处理的去穗玉米秸青贮ADF和CP的有效降解率显著高于未处理组，但酶和菌处理的玉米秸青贮对ADF和CP有效降解率的效果相似。通过试验综合评价，纤维素酶和乳酸菌处理均能提高青贮的营养价值及其瘤胃有效降解率，但在DM和NDF有效降解率指标上，酶制剂处理去穗玉米秸青贮效果优于菌制剂处理。     

不同青贮处理方式对甘蔗尾叶饲用品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同青贮方式对其青贮后甘蔗尾叶饲用品质的影响。不同青贮方法包括直接青贮甘蔗尾叶(对照组);分别添加0.6%、1.2%尿素青贮;添加0.1、0.2、0.4g/kg纤维素酶青贮;添加0.3、0.6g/kg甲酸青贮;添加0.5、1.0g/kg丙酸青贮。对青贮后甘蔗尾叶进行感官评定、常规营养成分分析和养分瘤胃降解率分析。结果表明,添加不同浓度的尿素、纤维素酶、甲酸、丙酸青贮甘蔗尾叶,与对照组直接青贮相比,青贮品质均有提高,瘤胃DM、NDF降解率有所提高。添加纤维素酶组的CP降解率显著高于其它处理组(P0.05),添加1.0g/kg丙酸青贮甘蔗尾叶后DM、NDF、OM的降解率显著高于其它组(P0.05)。试验结果表明,添加纤维素酶或1.0g/kg丙酸青贮,可以显著提高甘蔗尾叶饲用品质。     

甲酸对全株玉米青贮饲料营养价值的影响

全株玉米秸青贮时分别加入0%、0.05%、0.1%的甲酸,添紧压实,密封保存于罐内一定时间,然后测定玉米青贮原料、青贮饲料DM损失率,用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定青贮饲料有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明:甲酸有提高青贮料中NDF、ADF及Ash含量的趋势,且随着甲酸量的提高而提高。玉米秸经青贮后,无论有无甲酸,都可显著提高CP含量,CP含量提高22.53%-28.68%;降低NDF、ADF含量,分别比青贮原料降低9.22%-16.37%、15.84-23.66%;灰分含量比青贮原料提高7.98%-22.5%。甲酸有提高青贮玉米秸DM、OM、NDF有效降解率的作用趋势,其中0.1%甲酸组与QⅢ对照组相比差异极显著(P〈0.01)。但添加甲酸会提高青贮饲料DM损失率。0.05%甲酸组、0.10%甲酸组与对照组相比,DM损失率分别增加38.7%、120.14%,差异显著,表明玉米秸青贮时添加甲酸不利于营养物质的保持。玉米秸经青贮(QⅠ、QⅡ、QⅢ)后,不管有无甲酸,DM、OM、NDF有效降解率与青贮前玉米秸对比差异极显著(P〈0.01),玉米秸经青贮后可提高DM有效降解率17.79%～24.30%;OM有效降解率13.62%～20.51%;NDF有效降解率10.43%～23.70%。     

添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸发酵品质和营养价值的影响

以玉米秸为原料,分别添加酶制剂0(C),800(1),1300(2),1800(3)g/tDM进行青贮。青贮结束对其发酵品质进行评定,并通过体外产气实验评价其营养价值。结果表明:各组青贮料发酵品质都较好。添加酶后降低了青贮料的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的含量、NH3/TN比值和pH值,显著提高了乳酸(P<0.01)的含量。在营养价值的变化上,随着酶添加量的提高,各试验组的a,b,a+b,GP48等值均有上升趋势,加酶各组青贮料的有机物消化率显著高于对照组,以3组最高,比对照组高7.5%。因此,添加酶制剂可提高青贮玉米秸的发酵品质和营养价值,其效果随添加量的增加而增强。     

益生素对梅花鹿仔鹿和羔羊日粮营养物质消化率的影响

4只5月龄梅花鹿仔鹿和3只7月龄安装永久瘤胃瘿管的小尾寒羊,先后饲喂基础日粮(定量颗粒饲料和自由采食玉米秸秆;对照组)和基础日粮添加4 g益生素(BioLac;试验组),观察添加益生素不同动物干物质采食量,日粮营养物质的消化率和秸秆在小尾寒羊瘤胃中的降解情况。结果表明,添加益生素可显著提高仔鹿和羔羊干物质的采食量,仔鹿干物质采食量由未添加益生素的441.4 g/d提高到506.0 g/d;羔羊的干物质采食量由未添加益生素的598.8 g/d提高到719.6 g/d。但试验组干物质、有机物、粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维的消化率(仔鹿分别为:49.3％、52.1％、57.4％和49.3％;羊分别为:53.6％、56.7％、47.9％和53.0％)显著低于对照组(仔鹿分别为:56.4％、58.7％、65.0％和56.4％;羊分别为:61.0％、64.0％、58.8％和61.0％)。结果仔鹿可消化干物质的采食量在对照组(248.9 g/d)和试验组(249.1 g/d)间无显著差异,试验组羔羊可消化干物质采食量(384.9 g/d)略高于对照组(365.7 g/d)。瘤胃降解试验结果表明,秸秆干物质,有机物质和中性洗涤纤维2-48 h,在饲喂益生素的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率均略高于未添加益生素的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率,粗蛋白在饲喂试验日粮的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率在2 h时高于在饲喂对照日粮的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率,其他时间低于在饲?     

微生物接种剂和酶制剂对玉米秸组成成分和瘤胃有效降解率的影响

通过玉米秸发酵试验及半体内法 ,评价了复合产乳酸菌 (植物乳杆菌 保加利亚乳杆菌 粪尿链球菌 嗜酸乳杆菌 )、酶制剂 (纤维素酶 淀粉酶 糖化酶 )、液体发酵剂 (益生菌 )单独或联合应用对玉米秸组成成分及瘤胃有效降解率的影响。结果表明 ,从整个发酵期来看 ,高剂量固体发酵剂组 (每吨秸杆添加复合产乳酸菌 2 0 g 纤维素酶 10 0 g 淀粉酶 30 0 g 糖化酶 30 0 g)、高剂量液体发酵剂组 (每吨秸杆添加益生菌 5 0 0 m L )、中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)含量略低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;高剂量的固体发酵剂和液体发酵剂明显提高了玉米秸快速降解的干物质 (DM) (P <0 .0 5 )、NDF成分 (P <0 .0 1) ,显著降低了慢降解的 DM、NDF成分 (P <0 .0 1) ;从有效降解率来看 ,高剂量液体发酵剂组的DM有效降解率明显高于对照组及纤维素酶组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,NDF有效降解率则比其他各组均有明显提高 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

复合化学处理对玉米秸干物质和瘤胃降解率的影响

为了研究复合化学处理对玉米秸干物质和纤维瘤胃降解率的影响,试验将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸风干质量的2%、3%和4%分别添加,对玉米秸进行复合化学处理,9个试验组,1个对照组为原玉米秸,通过短期人工瘤胃技术测定不同处理玉米秸干物质和纤维瘤胃72 h降解率。结果表明:干物质瘤胃72 h降解率,9组(4%尿素+4%氢氧化钙)极显著高于对照组和其他试验组,比对照组提高21.4%;中性洗涤纤维瘤胃72 h降解率,9组除与4组(3%尿素+2%氢氧化钙)无显著差异外,均极显著或显著高于对照组和其余试验组,比对照组提高16.36%;酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃72 h降解率,9组高于7组(4%尿素+2%氢氧化钙),差异显著,极显著高于对照组和其余试验组,比对照组提高20.6%。结果说明:在试验设计条件下,以9组,即用占秸秆风干质量4%的尿素+4%的氢氧化钙共同处理是最适宜的玉米秸复合化学处理法。     

牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性及饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性和饲粮营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响。试验选用4只平均体重为(40.83±4.11) kg的4周岁新疆细毛羊×杜泊羊杂交的安装永久瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不添加牛至油),试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.015%、0.030%和0.045%牛至油的试验饲粮。试验共分为4期,每期12 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期2 d。第1天于早餐采食后2、4、6及10 h采集瘤胃液,测定瘤胃液pH、挥发性脂肪酸、总氮、氨氮和尿素氮浓度,第2天利用尼龙袋法测定基础饲粮的营养物质瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)添加牛至油对饲粮干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率均未产生显著影响(P0.05); 2)添加牛至油对各组在各时间点的绵羊瘤胃液pH、总氮、氨氮和尿素氮浓度均未产生显著影响(P0.05); 3) 0.030%和0.045%组绵羊瘤胃液4 h的总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05); 0.015%组绵羊瘤胃液0、2、6 h乙酸比例显著低于其余各组(P0.05),6 h的乙酸/丙酸显著低于其余各组(P0.05),而2 h丙酸比例显著高于除了对照组外的其余各组(P0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加牛至油不影响饲粮营养物质的瘤胃降解率,对瘤胃氮浓度也无显著影响,但会影响瘤胃内挥发性脂肪酸浓度,以添加0.015%牛至油效果最好。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对玉米秸秆DM、OM瘤胃有效降解率(P)无显著影响(P>0.05);玉米秸秆NDF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)和降解常数(c)及ADF降解常数(c)差异不显著(P>0.05),丙酸镁组ADF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),NDF和ADF瘤胃快速降解部分(a)和瘤胃有效降解率(P)较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁提高了玉米秸秆NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率(P)。     

Effects of Energy Level on Physical and Chemical Indicators,Composition and Content of Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Muscle of House-fed Yaks

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of energy level on the physical and chemical indicators,the composition and content of amino acids and fatty acids in muscle of house-fed yaks.A complete randomized design was adopted in this study,and sixty healthy and 3-year-old Maiwa yaks with an average body weight of (192.66±3.64)kg were randomly divided into 3 groups with 20 replicates per group and 1 yak per replicate.Diets for all groups were of the same crude protein content (14.81%) and different net energy levels for gain (NE_g) with 4.17(LE),4.48(ME) and 4.79 MJ/kg (HE),respectively for 97 days (7-day pretrial period,and 90-day feeding trial).The results showed as follows:The level of energy had no effect on the value of pH,cooking yield,drip loss,moisture,crude protein (CP),crude fat (EE),calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (P>0.05).Except for the content of proline and histidine in muscle of group ME were significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05),the content of total amino acids and other kinds of amino acids had no significant difference (P>0.05).The content of monounsaturated fatty acids,polyunsaturated fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids in ME group were significantly higher than the LE and HE groups,and the content of total saturated fatty acids in HE group higher than the LE and ME groups.For all kinds of fatty acid,the content of C15:1 n-3,C16:1 n-2 and C18:1 n-8 three monounsaturated fatty acids in ME group significantly increased than the other two groups (P<0.05);And the content of C17:0 in HE group had a significat rise trend.In conclusion,we recommend 4.48 MJ/kg (DM basis) as a diet appropriate NE_g level for the barn feeding of fattening yak under this experimental condition,appropriate NE_g level of diet could improve the fatty acids content in muscle of the yaks.     

能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛肌肉理化指标和氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及含量的影响

本研究旨在探讨能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛肌肉理化指标和氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及含量的影响。选取60头体况良好、平均体重为（192.66±3.64）kg的3周岁左右的舍饲育肥麦洼公牦牛,采用完全随机试验设计,每组20个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。饲喂粗蛋白质（CP）水平为14.81%,增重净能（net energy for gain,NE_g）分别为4.17（低能量组,LE）、4.48（中能量组,ME）、4.79 MJ/kg（高能量组,HE）的3种日粮。试验期共97 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期90 d。结果显示,各处理组牦牛肌肉的pH、熟肉率和滴水损失3个理化指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）;各处理组牦牛肌肉常规营养成分的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和磷含量无显著差异（P>0.05）;除ME组牦牛肌肉中的脯氨酸（Pro）和组氨酸（His）含量显著高于其余两组外（P<0.05）,总氨基酸和其他种类的氨基酸含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;ME组单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸及总不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著高于LE、HE组（P<0.05）,HE组总饱和脂肪酸显著高于LE、ME组（P<0.05）。对于各种类脂肪酸,ME组的C15：1 n-3、C16：1 n-2和C18：1 n-8 3种单不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著大于其余两组（P<0.05）;而HE组的C17：0含量则有显著高于其余两组的趋势。在本试验条件下,舍饲育肥牦牛日粮中适宜的NE_g水平为4.48 MJ/kg（日粮DM）,适宜日粮NE_g水平能提高牦牛肌肉中脂肪酸的含量。     

Effect of dietary energy levels on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives in sheep

The effect of dietary energy levels on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was investigated in sheep fed hay and concentrate diets. In addition, the possibility of using PD concentrations in spot samples of urine as a useful tool for determining daily PD excretion was also examined. Three female lambs (mean bodyweight (BW) ± standard error, 31.4 ± 1.0 kg) were fed three diets consisting of timothy hay (20 g dry matter/kg BW per day) and rolled barley at three different energy levels (low‐energy (LE), medium‐energy (ME) and high‐energy (HE) at 1.0‐, 1.2‐ and 1.5‐fold greater than the maintenance level of energy (450 KJ/BW^0.75/day), respectively) in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary protein level was almost constant (380 mg nitrogen/BW^0.75/day as digestible crude protein base) and was adjusted using soybean protein. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) increased (P < 0.05) with an increase in the dietary energy level and there was a difference (P < 0.05) in the organic matter digestibility between the LE and HE diets. For urinary PD excretion, the differences between the LE and ME diets and the HE diet were significant (P < 0.05), although there was no clear difference between the LE and ME diets. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.47, P < 0.05) between urinary PD excretion and DOMI. There was also a correlation (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) between the urinary PD level at 7–8 h after the morning feed and the daily total PD excretion, suggesting that the PD level in spot urine samples could be useful for estimating microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and/or digested in the lower gut.     

饲粮能量水平对13~18月龄荷斯坦阉牛生产性能和屠宰指标的影响

旨在研究饲粮能量水平对13～18月龄荷斯坦阉牛生产性能和屠宰指标的影响。选择健康13月龄荷斯坦阉牛60头,平均体重为（501.47±40.09） kg,随机分为3组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头牛。根据饲粮能量水平,3组分别为低能量组（LE）、中能量组（ME）、高能量组（HE）。试验期为154 d,预试期10 d,正试期144 d。试验前期（97 d）饲粮的综合净能（NE_mf）分别为5.90、6.10、6.30 MJ·kg^-1,试验后期（47 d）饲粮的NE_mf分别为6.10、6.30、6.50 MJ·kg^-1,全试验期饲粮粗蛋白质水平各组均为11.50%。饲养试验结束时进行生产性能等指标测定,每组随机选择5头牛采集血液测定血液生化指标并屠宰,测定屠宰性能和肉品质等。研究结果表明：在整个试验期,提高饲粮能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛的平均日增重（ADG）无显著影响（P>0.05）,与LE组相比,HE组料重比显著降低（P<0.05）,但HE组与ME组差异不显著（P>0.05）;随着饲粮能量水平的增加,HE组血清中的葡萄糖含量最低,与LE组和ME组相比分别降低了16.04%（P<0.05）和8.99%（P<0.05）。ME组血清中尿素氮含量最低,较LE组降低了8.52%（P<0.05）,与HE组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。β-羟丁酸和生长激素含量随着饲粮能量的增加显著下降（P<0.05）,血清脂蛋白酯酶活性随着能量浓度的增加而提高（P<0.05）;随着能量水平的提高,显著降低了荷斯坦阉牛体高（P<0.05）,对体斜长和胸围无显著影响（P>0.05）;提高能量水平对荷斯坦阉牛的屠宰率、净肉率和肉骨比无显著差异（P>0.05）,但显著增加了眼肌面积（P<0.05）;与LE组相比,HE组背最长肌中粗脂肪含量显著提高（P<0.05）,水分含量显著降低（P<0.05）;养殖收益以ME组最高,较LE组和HE组每头阉牛分别多收入0.97、1.02元·d^-1。综上所述,在本试验条件下,13～18月龄荷斯坦阉牛饲粮CP在11.50%时,前期适宜NE_mf水平为6.10 MJ·kg^-1,后期适宜NE_mf水平为6.30 MJ·kg^-1。     

Effects of recombinant DNA-derived somatotropin and dietary energy intake on development of beef heifers: II. Concentrations of hormones and metabolites in blood sera

The effects of somatotropin (STH) and energy intake on serum concentrations of glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea nitrogen (UN) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were determined in 40 Angus heifers. At 7 mo (208 +/- 8 d) of age heifers were assigned to four treatment groups: 1) vehicle (V) + high energy (HE; 2.68 Mcal ME/kg DM), 2) recombinant DNA-derived STH (20.6 mg/d; s.c.) + HE, 3) V + low energy (LE; 2.22 Mcal ME/kg DM) or 4) STH + LE. Animals remained on treatments until an average of 15.5 mo of age. Blood samples were taken every 30 min for 4 h at 9, 11, 13 and 15 mo of age to determine circulating concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Serum IGF-I was increased (P less than .01) by STH injections, but this effect appeared to diminish with age (STH x age; P less than .01). Energy intake did not influence IGF-I levels. Somatotropin increased (P less than .01) serum GLU in heifers fed the HE diet but only tended (P = .08) to increase GLU in those fed the LE diet (STH x energy; P = .05). Although STH increased (P less than .01) serum INS in both energy groups, the response in heifers fed the HE diet was greater (P less than .02) than that in heifers fed the LE diet (STH x energy; P less than .05). Heifers fed LE had higher (P less than .01) concentrations of NEFA than heifers fed HE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

花生秧作为肉用绵羊单一粗饲料有效能值的测定与估测

本试验旨在用套算法和插值法测定与估测肉用绵羊花生秧有效能值,确定替代法中饲粮中适宜花生秧替代比例,为单一秸秆饲料有效能值的测定与估测提供方法学上的参考。选用体重为(45.00±1.96)kg的体况良好的杜泊×小尾寒羊F1肉用成年羯羊54只,采用随机区组设计,分为9组,饲粮分别为基础饲粮、全花生秧饲粮和分别以10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%花生秧替代基础饲粮的试验饲粮,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。预试期10 d,正试期9 d,其中气体代谢试验3 d,消化代谢试验6 d。结果表明:1)全花生秧饲粮组花生秧干物质(DM)表观消化率与20%、30%、40%组间差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。全花生秧饲粮组花生秧有机物(OM)表观消化率与20%组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。全花生秧饲粮组花生秧总能(GE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率显著高于10%组(P0.05),粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率显著低于10%组(P0.05),与其他各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。2)花生秧消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME)均具有相同的规律,即全花生秧饲粮组DE、ME(8.57、6.69 MJ/kg DM)与20%(8.22、6.58 M J/kg DM)、30%(8.02、6.50 M J/kg DM)、40%组(8.10、6.52 M J/kg DM)差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于其他组(P0.05)。3)插值法求得花生秧M E"真值"为6.62 M J/kg DM,接近于套算法得到的花生秧ME。综合得出,套算法可以用于肉用绵羊估测花生秧(单一粗饲料)的DE和M E;用套算法测定花生秧秸秆类粗饲料有效能值,其在饲粮中的适宜替代比例为20%~40%。     

Effects of Energy Level on Growth Performance,Slaughter Performance,Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Rumen Microorganisms Number in House-fed Yaks

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of energy level on growth performance,slaughter performance,ruminal fermentation parameters and the number of several rumen microorganisms in house-fed yaks. Single factor randomized block design was adopted in this study,and sixty healthy 3-year-old Maiwa yaks with an average body weight of (192.66±3.64) kg were randomly divided into 3 groups with 20 replicates per group and 1 yak per replicate. Diets for all groups had the same crude protein content (14.81%) and different net energy levels for gain (NE_g) with 4.17(LE),4.48(ME) and 4.79(HE) MJ/kg,respectively. The experiment was lasted for 97 days (7-day pretrial period and 90-day feeding trial). The results showed that compared with LE group,average daily gain (ADG) of ME (1 099.89 g/d) and HE (1 019.02 g/d) were increased by 27.26%(P < 0.01) and 17.90%(P < 0.01),respectively,the F/G trended to be significantly decreased (P=0.073) and slaughter rate trended to be significantly increased (P=0.092) than that of LE group. However,no significant difference was found on the dry matter intake (DMI) and net meat percentage among all treatment groups (P > 0.05).With the increase of diet energy level, pH in yak rumen tended to decrease significantly (P=0.064), and that of ME group was the lowest.The increase of diet energy level tended to significantly affect the isobutyric acid concentration (P=0.063) and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (P=0.074).Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and acetic acid concentration of ME group were significantly higher than the other two groups (P < 0.05),of which the valeric acid concentration was extremely significantly increased with the increase of the diet energy level (P < 0.01).Increasing dietary energy level had a trend to decrease the relative content of R.flavefaciens,but there was no significant effects on the relative content of R.albus and F.succinogenes (P > 0.05). In conclusion,we recommend 4.48 MJ/kg (DM basis) as a diet appropriate NE_g level for the barn feeding of fattening yak under this experimental condition.     

2种决明属牧草不同生育期营养成分在肉牛瘤胃降解动态研究

采用瘤胃尼龙袋法,研究威恩圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv.Wynn)和闽引羽叶决明(C.nictitans cv.Minyin)2个豆科牧草初花期和结荚期干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、粗蛋白质(CP)等养分在肉牛瘤胃内0～72 h降解动态变化,并建立瘤胃降解模型参数。结果表明:不同生育期决明属牧草各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性有着不同差异,牧草初花期的DM,NDF和CP在肉牛瘤胃72 h的有效降解率均高于结荚期。2个牧草品种的DM和NDF的慢速降解部分b值均随着生育期的延长而逐渐降低,但牧草DM的有效降解率差异并不显著。闽引羽叶决明初花期NDF的有效降解率(20.31%)显著高于结荚期(13.01%)(P<0.05);威恩圆叶决明初花期NDF的有效降解率(11.84%)比结荚期(9.12%)高出29.82%,但差异不显著。闽引羽叶决明初花期的CP快速降解部分a值和慢速降解部分b值均显著大于结荚期(P<0.05),有效降解率分别达到65.99%和58.76%;威恩圆叶决明初花期和结荚期CP的快速降解部分a值、慢速降解部分b值及有效降解率均无显著差异。不同品种、不同生育期DM和CP的有效降解率均要高于NDF的有效降解率。此外,从品种间营养成分的瘤胃降解特性综合比较,闽引羽叶决明在瘤胃的降解效果要优于威恩圆叶决明。     

能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物数量的影响

试验旨在探讨能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物数量的影响。选取体况良好、平均体重为（192.66±3.64）kg、3周龄左右的舍饲育肥麦洼公牦牛60头,采用单因素随机区组设计,分为3组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。饲喂粗蛋白质（CP）水平为14.81%,增重净能（NE_g）分别为4.17（低能量组,LE）、4.48（中能量组,ME）、4.79（高能量组,HE） MJ/kg的3种日粮。预试期7 d,正试期90 d。结果显示,ME和HE组的平均日增重（ADG）分别为1 099.89和1 019.02 g/d,相对于LE组分别极显著提高了27.26%和17.90%（P < 0.01）,且两组的料重比（F/G）值有显著低于LE组的趋势（P=0.073）,而屠宰率有显著提高的趋势（P=0.092）,但各组的干物质采食量（DMI）和净肉率无显著差异（P > 0.05）;随着日粮能量水平的提高,牦牛瘤胃pH有显著降低的趋势（P=0.064）,且以ME组最低;日粮能量水平的提高,有显著影响瘤胃异丁酸浓度（P=0.063）和乙酸/丙酸（P=0.074）的趋势;ME组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）和乙酸浓度均显著高于其余两组（P < 0.05）,而戊酸浓度则随日粮能量水平的提高极显著升高（P < 0.01）。提高日粮能量水平有降低瘤胃黄色瘤胃球菌的相对含量的趋势（P=0.068）,但对白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌没有显著影响（P > 0.05）。在本试验条件下,舍饲育肥牦牛日粮中适宜的NE_g水平为4.48 MJ/kg（日粮DM）。     

海南省部分热带灌木饲用价值评定

本试验旨在评定海南省部分热带灌木的饲用价值。试验通过常规化学成分分析和体外产气技术测定了18种热带灌木主要营养成分含量、体外产气量(GP)、体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)和代谢能(ME),并对营养成分与GP、IVDMD和ME进行相关性分析,采用多元线性回归分析得出相关的预测模型。结果表明,18种热带灌木干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、有机物(OM)、单宁(TT)含量及饲料相对值(RFV)、ME、IVDMD平均值分别为32.22%、14.14%、3.99%、38.83%、33.67%、91.48%、1.53%、1.14、8.24 MJ/kg、58.85%。另外,DM、CP、EE、ADF、NDF和TT与GP、IVDMD和ME显著相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,热带灌木CP、EE含量高,NDF、ADF含量适中,TT含量低,RFV、ME和IVDMD高,说明热带灌木对海南黑山羊具有较高的潜在饲用价值。同时,本试验提出了适用于热带灌木的GP、IVDMD和ME的营养成分预测模型。