重庆地区马尾松人工林不同间伐强度试验

为探明不同间伐强度对重庆地区马尾松人工林生长的影响,在重庆市綦江区北部林场选择马尾松人工纯林(18年生)开展抚育间伐试验,分别设置弱度间伐(间伐株数占总株数的15%,保留密度1410株·hm~(-2))、中度间伐(间伐株数占总株数的30%,保留密度1155株·hm~(-2))、较强度间伐(间伐株数占总株数的45%,保留密度900株·hm~(-2))、不间伐(保留密度1650株·hm~(-2))等4种间伐强度。间伐3 a后调查结果表明,抚育间伐能显著提高马尾松人工林林分胸径的生长,林分平均胸径的生长量在一定范围内随间伐强度的增大而明显提高;不同间伐强度对马尾松林分平均树高生长的影响无显著差异;单位面积林分蓄积量大小依次为:间伐强度30%>间伐强度15%>对照组>间伐强度45%。说明间伐强度30%已达到了最佳的林分质量和收获量,是该区域马尾松人工林最优的抚育间伐强度,而1155株·hm~(-2)是较合理的伐后密度。     

造林密度对米老排人工林初期生长的影响

[目的]探讨不同造林密度对米老排人工林生长的影响规律,为米老排人工林定向培育过程中的密度控制提供参考。[方法]以广东省云浮市造林后6年生米老排人工林为研究对象,对不同造林密度(625、833、1 111、1 667、2 500株·hm~(-2))林分平均树高、优势木高、胸径、保留率和枝下高等生长指标进行连续4年调查。[结果]表明:随着造林密度的增大,米老排林分平均胸径、胸径连年生长量、保留率、单株材积和材积连年生长量均显著减小,而枝下高、林分蓄积量和蓄积连年生长量显著增加。在一定密度范围内,造林密度对林分高生长的影响比较小。造林后第6年,密度1 667株·hm~(-2)林分的平均树高最大(11.4 m),优势木高以密度1 111株·hm~(-2)林分的最大(13.3m),树高连年生长量以密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的最大(1.5 m·a~(-1));密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的平均胸径、胸径连年生长量、单株材积和材积连年生长量均最大,分别为14.3 cm、2.5 cm·a~(-1)、0.097 3 m~3和0.038 2 m~3·a~(-1),比密度2 500株·hm~(-2)林分的分别增加27.7%、81.0%、49.0%和82.4%;密度2 500株·hm~(-2)林分的枝下高、蓄积量和蓄积连年生长量均最大,分别为6.0 m、149.4 m~3·hm~(-2)和44.8 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),分别是密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的2.61、2.52、1.95倍。[结论]分析了造林密度对米老排初期生长的影响,对米老排人工林的培育具有理论指导意义。     

马尾松间伐的密度效应

利用20年生马尾松间伐密度试验林的10年观测资料,分析不同间伐保存密度对林分生长和经济效益的影响。结果表明:不同间伐保存密度(1200,2000,2800和3400株·hm-2)对林分生长、林分结构及材种规格均有显著影响,其中林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅、冠高比随密度增大而减小,高径比、自然稀疏强度随密度增大而增大,密度对树高生长无显著影响;不同密度的林分蓄积量与出材量随林龄增长而差异变小;随着密度增大,小径阶株数率及小径材出材量所占的比例增大,而大径阶株数率与大径材出材量减少。综合效益核算、材种出材量及马尾松人工林生长规律,马尾松人工林进入中龄林期后培育纤维材与中小径材保存密度控制在B～D(约2000～3400株·hm-2)并在15～17年生时采伐效益较好,培育大、中径材林分保存在A～B(约1200～2000株·hm-2)间的密度效益较好。     

鲁中石灰岩山地不同密度侧柏人工林林分生长特征研究

以山东中部石灰岩山区林龄50 a左右的侧柏人工纯林为研究对象,选取23块样地,研究了林分密度对侧柏人工林林分生长指标和冠型指标的影响。所调查样地侧柏林林分密度主要分布于2 400～4 000株·hm~(-2);侧柏林平均胸径、平均树高、材积、冠幅、冠层高与林分密度之间均呈极显著负相关(P0.01),随着林分密度增大,侧柏单株长势显著变弱,冠层呈狭长型变化;单位面积蓄积量、乔木层生物量均与林分密度显著负相关(P0.05)。调查发现,林龄50 a的侧柏人工林单位面积蓄积量与乔木层生物量最大值均在林分密度2 800株·hm~(-2)时出现,可作为营林参考依据。     

择伐强度对湘南桉树人工林生长的影响

以湘南桉树人工林为研究对象,探究择伐强度对湘南桉树人工林生长的影响。结果表明:择伐强度对湘南7年生"常寒一号"桉树人工林的胸径、树高和单木材积有着显著的影响,择伐强度越大,胸径、树高和单木材积连年生长量也越大,但择伐强度对树高的影响不如对胸径和单木材积的明显。在中低择伐强度下(保留密度为500～800株·hm~(-2)),其林分蓄积的2年增加量与对照无显著差异,故采用中低强度的择伐来降低湘南桉树人工林的密度,既能提高经济效益,又能兼顾生态效益。     

马尾松不同营造混交类型选择及林分生长量研究

马尾松分别与米老排等4种阔叶树及杉木采用不同混交比例、密度营造混交试验林,通过对6年生和22年生的试验林生长数据进行分析,结果表明:采用不同混交比例和方法,6年生林分树高差异达极显著水平,单株材积和单位蓄积达显著水平,而胸径无显著差异;但在22年生时胸径、树高差异均达极显著水平,单株材积达显著水平,而单位面积蓄积、冠幅无显著差异。不同混交密度的林分胸径、树高、单株材积、冠幅差异均达极显著水平,但林分单位面积蓄积无显著差异。通过分析可知,适宜营造马尾松混交林的树种有火力楠、木荷等,混交方式以马尾松阔叶树行间混交为最优,混交密度以2 m×2.5 m或2 m×1.67 m为最优。     

尾巨桉不同造林密度林分生长动态及林木分化特征

以尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis) 3种不同造林密度(A密度:1 666株/hm~2,B密度:1 250株/hm~2,C密度:833株/hm~2)林分为研究对象,分析了1.5~5.5年生时不同密度林分生长动态、差异及林木分化特征,目的是为尾巨桉纸浆材、胶合板材或大径级锯材人工林培育提供参考依据。3种密度林分树高连年生长量排序是CBA,胸径、单株材积连年生长量的排序与树高相同;而不同密度林分蓄积连年生长量的排序则相反。3种密度间尾巨桉林分树高、胸径、单株材积、蓄积量均有显著差异;密度A、B、C的林木胸径变动系数分别是12%、15%、15%,最大与最小变动系数间仅相差3个百分点;林分树高与胸径之比值中,林龄5.5年时最大比值(B密度,比值为140.7)比最小比值(C密度,比值为134.8)仅大4.2%。分析表明,林分树高、胸径、单株材积连年生长量随密度增加而减小,林分蓄积连年生长量则随密度增加而增大;密度小的林分平均树高、胸径、单株材积显著高于密度大的林分,但密度小林分蓄积量则显著低于密度大的林分;林木分化及林木圆满度在不同造林密度间差异较小,且无明显规律。     

1、2代马尾松人工林林分生长特性比较

采用配对样地法,以不同栽植代数(1、2代)、不同发育阶段(8、15、18、20 a)的马尾松人工林为对象,对1、2代马尾松人工林林分树高、胸径、单株材积及蓄积量生长进行比较分析。结果表明:马尾松连栽后,林分平均胸径、平均树高、单株材积和林分蓄积等指标总体表现为2代好于1代,2代较1代总体分别上升0.61%、3.17%、3.85%和23.82%,但差异均不显著。马尾松连栽并未导致林分平均胸径、平均树高、单株材积及蓄积量生长出现下降趋势,林分生产力水平不但没下降,反而还有一定程度的提高。     

不同造林密度对巨尾桉生长指标的影响

对巨尾桉不同造林密度的林分生长指标进行了分析,结果表明:巨尾桉不同造林密度对林木胸径、树高及单株材积都有影响,但树高差异不大。不同造林密度对巨尾桉胸径和单株材积的影响为:随着密度的增大,林分平均胸径和单株材积变小,当造林密度为1110株/hm~2时,平均胸径和单株材积最大;当造林密度为2500株/hm~2时,林分的蓄积量最大。     

塞罕坝林区低密度经营对华北落叶松林分生长的影响

为了给坝上塞罕坝林区低密度经营提供依据,以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对不同林分密度条件下(150株/hm~2、225株/hm~2、300株/hm~2和375株/hm~2)华北落叶松林分的生长情况进行分析,研究低密度经营对华北落叶松生长的影响,提出培育华北落叶松大径级用材林的技术体系。结果表明:林分密度对胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量都有一定程度的影响,影响程度按照胸径、单株材积、树高顺序递减;林分密度过大或过小均影响华北落叶松林分的生长,林分密度控制在225~300株/hm~2时,华北落叶松胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量最大。     

Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation

Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands.     

Evaluation of growth response,stand value and financial return for pre-commercially thinned jack pine stands in Northwestern Ontario

This study examined the impact of pre-commercial thinning (PCT) on tree growth, product recovery, stand value and financial return in jack pine stands in Northwestern Ontario. Ten sites composed of both control and PCT stands representing various stand densities (2000–6000 trees/ha) and stand ages (26–36 years old) were selected for this study. Three thousand and eighty-two trees were measured for DBH and total height, and were reconstructed in 3-D using a taper equation for jack pine. The reconstructed virtual trees were then “sawn” using the software package Optitek to obtain optimal lumber value recovery, which was then used to determine total product value per tree and financial return. The quadratic mean DBHs of trees from the PCT stands were significantly larger than those from the control stands for all 10 sites. Six of ten PCT stands had significantly taller trees than did the controls of the same sites. With increasing stand density, tree DBH decreased in the control stands while no consistent pattern could be recognized for the DBH of the PCT stands. The increment in average DBH due to PCT increased with increasing thinning intensity. PCT reduced total tree volume per hectare, benefited merchantable stem volume per hectare, and improved the total lumber volume and value recovery per hectare. On average, the PCT stands produced approximately $2760 and $1770/ha (or 19.6 and 16.1%) more product value per hectare for the dimension mill and stud mill, respectively. PCT also significantly reduced logging and lumber conversion costs. Higher total product values and lower total costs resulted in higher benefit/cost (B/C) ratios in the PCT stands than did in the control stands. The increased financial return due to PCT is associated with the magnitude of difference in quadratic mean DBH resulting from PCT. The B/C ratio difference between control and PCT stands increased with increasing thinning intensity. Overall, this study indicates that PCT appears to be an economically viable silvicultural investment for jack pine stands in Northwestern Ontario.     

广西大青山柚木人工林生长过程研究

[目的]研究柚木人工林生长过程及其与气象因子的相关性,为柚木抚育经营提供理论依据。[方法]以优良、中等和差3种生长类型的30余年生柚木人工林为对象,基于样地调查,选取优势木、平均木、被压木进行树干解析,对比分析其生长过程,应用灰色关联分析法揭示气象因子对柚木生长的影响。[结果]表明:3种生长类型林分柚木胸径、树高和材积生长过程基本一致,各分级木的生长过程亦相似,其胸径平均和连年生长量随年龄的增大呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,树高生长整体上呈下降趋势,材积生长则呈递增趋势。各优良林分的林木及各类型林分的优势木,其胸径、材积平均和连年生长量较大,速生期持续时间长,生长衰减慢,而其树高生长量的优势相对不明显;30余年生时柚木尚未达数量成熟龄。各类型林分间柚木生长与气象因子关系的差异仅体现在胸径,优良林分胸径连年生长量主要受极端低温影响,而中等和差林分则与年均降水量相关性最大;各分级木间柚木生长与气象因子的关系无明显差异;影响树高和材积连年生长量的最主要气象因子分别为年均降水量和年均气温。[结论]柚木各生长类型及分级木的生长过程整体趋势基本一致,其差异主要体现在生长量大小和快速生长期长短。约30年生柚木人工林仍未达到数量成熟,后期抚育经营对于其优质大径材高效培育仍不可忽视。     

马尾松纸浆原料林对不同间伐强度的生长反应

马尾松(ＰｉｎｕｓｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａＬａｍｂ)生长快、适应性强,木材纤维含量4551%～6192%,纤维长度达44～6.5ｍｍ(周政贤等,1989),是造纸工业原料林发展的主要树种之一。但由于湖北省本地种源的马尾松在干形、材性、速生丰产性、耐瘠薄和抗病虫害等方面均不如南方种源的高州马尾松(李传志,1983),因而湖北及其它省市已从广东大量引种高州马尾松。为更好地掌握高州马尾松的生长规律,确定其造纸工业原料林的合理密度和经营管理措施,笔者对高密度高州马尾松纸浆原料林对不同间伐强度的生长反应进行了试验研究。1　试验地点与材料高州马尾松…     

巨尾桉大径材间伐试验研究

为培育巨尾桉大径材,对造林密度为1650株·hm-2的10年生巨尾桉,开展二次间伐试验,首次间伐在造林后3 a进行,第二次问伐在第1次间伐后3 a进行,分别设置间伐株数2/3、1/2、1/3及不间伐(对照)4种间伐强度处理,采用随机区组试验设计.分析不同间伐强度对巨尾桉林分胸径、树高、单株材积、林分蓄积和经济效益的影响.结果表明:第2次间伐保留密度为645株·hm-2的林分,其平均胸径23.6 cm、立木单株材积0.552 5 m3、林分蓄积356.379 m3·hm-2、经济效益为293 385元·hm-2,分别比对照增加21.2％、54.2％、5.2％、28.4％,均优于其他不同处理.表明间伐强度以株数1/3为宜,保留密度为645株·hm-2的巨尾桉大径材林分,其胸径、单株材积、林分蓄积量和经济效益达到最大值.     

近自然化改造对杉木人工林物种多样性的影响

在广西凭祥市热林中心青山实验场设置杉木人工林近自然化改造样地,进行3种间伐强度处理(75%、55%、35%),均匀套种4种阔叶树。改造5年后,研究不同间伐强度近自然经营对群落组成、物种多样性和林分生长状况的影响。结果表明:近自然化改造5年后,乔、灌、草3层的物种数明显增加,灌草层的优势种有所变化,但各间伐处理的优势物种大致相同;各间伐处理的灌木层物种多样性指数无显著差异;改造后各处理草本层物种多样性指数均高于未改造的纯林,各处理草本层的Simpon指数和均匀度指数均显著高于改造前的纯林。杉木胸径随间伐强度的增大而增加且差异显著,但各处理间树高无显著差异;套种的4种阔叶树的胸径、树高随间伐强度的增大而增加,大叶栎、红椎的胸径、树高生长量在不同间伐处理林分中有显著差异;高间伐强度改造的杉木人工林适合套种阳性树种大叶栎、米老排和中性树种红椎,中等间伐强度改造的杉木人工林适合套种耐阴性树种润楠。     

Crown radius of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) depending on stem size,stand density and site productivity

Crown size is a good indicator of the growth potential of trees and is often used in forest management for outlining thinning guidelines or constructing forest growth models. The aim of this study was to analyse mean crown radius as a function of stem size, stand density and site productivity in even-aged stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Data included measurements of 620 trees from 53 plots in nine thinning experiments and one operational stand in Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain, representing a wide spectrum of thinning practices ranging from the strictly unthinned control to extremely heavy thinning with essentially solitary trees. Three sets of models were constructed based on different predictor variables, including indicators of individual stem size (diameter at breast height, DBH), stand density/thinning grade (quadratic mean diameter and stand basal area) and site productivity (stand top height). Preliminary results indicated a significant effect of DBH and (nominal) thinning grade on crown radius. The response pattern of the final models indicated an increasing crown radius with increasing DBH, with increasing thinning grade (decreasing stand density) and with decreasing site productivity. The models are valid for predicting the crown radius of pedunculate oak in even-aged forest stands.     

Influence of precommercial thinning grade on branch diameter and crown ratio in Pinus sylvestris in southern Sweden

Precommercial thinning is regarded as one of the most important measures for influencing timber quality in stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The present study considers the influence of both thinning intensity and tree height at the time of thinning on diameter of the thickest branch and crown ratio. A total of 115 plots (either naturally regenerated, planted or sown, and either thinned down to 528–8000 stems?ha^?1 or untreated) included in 20 sites in southern Sweden were analysed. The average tree height after thinning varied from 1.2 to 8.3?m. An increasing number of remaining stems resulted in a reduction in branch diameter, although the reduction appeared to be only minor if the number of stems after thinning was more than 3000 stems?ha^?1. It was found that late thinning reduced the diameter of the thickest branch. The crown ratio decreased with stand height, number of stems after thinning and average height at thinning. The results were consistent for all trees and for the 500 thickest trees per hectare.     

北美鹅掌楸人工林生长规律及早期选择可行性探究

[目的]北美鹅掌楸为优良的珍贵用材树种,研究其生长发育规律及生长性状早晚期相关对于北美鹅掌楸人工林高效培育有重要的指导意义。[方法]本文利用树干解析的方法对江苏句容24年生的北美鹅掌楸人工林生长规律研究,并在此基础上进行胸径、树高和材积性状的年年相关分析以及早期选择效率评价。[结果]研究结果表明:北美鹅掌楸胸径、树高从6 a进入快速生长期,持续到17 a,而材积则在1 10 a增长缓慢,12 a后进入速生期,生长速率在20 a达到最大,22 a后逐渐降低,林分接近数量成熟。生长性状的年年相关及早期选择效率分析结果表明:胸径、树高在6 a与18 a显著相关,材积在6 a与16 a达到显著相关,且此时选择效率最高;若以24 a为伐期年龄早晚相关分析,胸径、材积在16 a与24 a生长量达到显著相关水平,而树高则为14 a。[结论]北美鹅掌楸胸径、树高早期增速较快,进入中壮龄阶段竞争加剧,个体间分化增大。随着林分年龄的增长,研究获得的早期选择年龄也相应地延迟。从加速育种角度,在6 a进行早期选择较为合理,而在培育大径材北美鹅掌楸方面可以16 a之后再进行疏伐选择。     

杉木林分密度效应研究

该项试验共分2个部分.(1)造林密度试验,小区面积为600 m2,5个处理,即1 667株.hm-2(A)、3 333株.hm-2(B)、4～983株.hm-2(C)、6 633株.hm-2(D)、9967株.hm-2(E);(2)造林密度调控试验,造林设计方法与造林密度试验相同,但在林分生长过程中,按密度管理图的密管线0.5为标准进行间伐,间伐后保留密度要与临近的下一个初植密度较稀植的林分密度基本相同,两者进行比较.试验结果(1)造林密度试验,优势高、平均高、平均胸径均随年龄的增加而递增,随密度的增加而递减,优势高9a、平均高6 a、平均胸径5 a,密度间差异已达显著性水平;林分蓄积量则随年龄增加而递增,5～7 a,密度间差异显著,8～18a,只有A密度与E、D密度差异显著;枝下高随密度、年龄的增加而递增,12～a后,C、D、E密度间的差异很小;冠幅随密度的增加而递减,随年龄的增加而递增,9～10a后,各密度则随年龄增加而缓慢递减.(2)造林密度调控试验,同一指数级,间伐后的林分与其密度基本相同未间伐的林分比较,其优势高、平均高差异不明显;立木蓄积前者小于后者;总蓄积(立木蓄积+间伐蓄积)前者大于后者;同一指数级,初植密度不同的林分,间伐后与密度基本相同未间伐林分的蓄积百分比,初植密度大的大于初植密度小的;指数级不同,而初植密度相同的林分,间伐后与密度基本相同未间伐的林分总蓄积百分比,高指数级的比值大于低指数级的比值.