濒危红树植物红榄李种子形态及萌发特性

濒危红树植物红榄李(Lumnitzera littorea(Jack.)Voigt)目前在中国数量稀少,处于濒临灭绝的边缘。为了解其濒危机制,本文研究了红榄李的种子形态及温度、盐度、光照和外源激素GA3对其种子萌发的影响。结果表明,种子萌发是在果实外果皮完全腐坏后进行,萌发率极低(11.7%)。适宜红榄李种子萌发的温度范围极为狭窄,最适宜的萌发温度是25℃,当低于15℃时,种子完全不能萌发,当高于30℃时偶有萌发现象但幼苗无法成活。最适宜的海水的盐度范围在5‰~10‰之间,高于30‰盐度下,种子完全不萌发,但在淡水环境下种子可以萌发(2.8%)。红榄李的种子在黑暗条件下无法萌发,周期性光照条件下,种子萌发率最高。100~200 mg/L浓度的外源激素GA3对红榄李种子萌发有显著促进作用,且能明显缩短种子萌发时间但无法有效减少种子萌发停滞时间。因此,红榄李种子存在明显休眠现象,种子萌发对果皮、温度、盐度和光照等微环境的适应性狭窄是红榄李处于濒危状态的主要原因之一。     

野生泸定百合种子休眠和萌发习性的研究

野生泸定百合属于百合科百合属多年生草本植物,其药用和园艺观赏价值极高,自然条件下泸定百合种子的萌发率极低,主要依靠幼芽鳞茎的形式来繁殖后代.为研究和确定云南野生泸定百合种子休眠和萌发的习性,本研究设置了不同光照、不同温度条件下种子的萌发试验,具体为在有光照(光照12 h/d)和无光照的黑暗条件下,分别设置了恒温20℃、30℃和20～30℃变温时种子的萌发试验;设置了5℃低温层积处理后种子的发芽试验,层积时间分别为7、14、21、28d和60 d;以及100mg/L赤霉素处理后,种子于光照和黑暗条件下的发芽试验.结果表明:恒温20℃和20～30℃变温的黑暗条件,适宜野生泸定百合种子的萌发,表现为萌发时间最短、发芽率达到了最高(45%);100 mg/L的GA3处理对种子的萌发有明显促进作用,可加快和缩短种子萌发时间,提高种子发芽率;而5℃的低温层积对野生泸定百合种子的萌发在萌发时间和发芽率方面没有明显促进作用.     

繁缕(Stellaria media(L.)Vill.)种子萌发特性的研究

对繁缕进行温度、光照、低温贮藏、赤霉素和破种皮处理实验,研究不同条件对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,繁缕种子萌发对温度敏感,对光照不敏感,最适宜的萌发温度为12℃,最适光照条件为8 h。低温贮藏处理可有效促进种子萌发,-70℃贮藏后种子萌发率达到93.25%。赤霉素对种子萌芽影响较显著,最适浓度为500 mg/L。破种皮处理后种子萌发效果最好,萌发率达到96.75%,并于5 d萌发完毕。     

壮瑶药野甘草种子萌发特性研究

研究壮瑶药植物野甘草种子萌发特性,为野甘草育种以及规范化种植提供科学依据。以野甘草种子为材料,测定不同温度和光照条件下种子发芽率,及聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)、赤霉素(GA)、硝酸钾浸种对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：（1）野甘草种子在20℃和35℃恒温条件下不萌发,25℃、30℃、15/25℃变温、20/30℃变温和25/35℃变温条件的发芽率分别为78%、43%、73%、94%和75%;（2）野甘草种子在全黑暗条件下不萌发,由黑暗转入光照后,种子正常萌发;（3）浓度为1%~5% PEG-6000、1~100 mg/L GA和1~5 mmol/L KNO₃浸种后,野甘草种子发芽率均显著高于蒸馏水对照处理,分别为86%~90%、93%~95%和87%~88%。野甘草种子为需光性种子,适宜发芽温度为20/30℃变温,PEG-6000(1%~5%)、GA(1~100 mg/L)和KNO₃(0.01~5 mg/L)浸种可促进野甘草种子萌发。     

巧玲花种子萌发最佳条件研究

为了探讨巧玲花种子萌发最适条件,在GA3浓度分别为0、100、500、1 000μ mol/L,温度依次为10、15、20、25、30℃,光照强度为0、24.9、35.5、67.325μmol/(m2·s)的条件下研究了GA3、温度、光照等因素对巧玲花种子萌发的影响.试验结果表明,1 000μmol/L GA3浓度、20℃温度、黑暗为巧玲花种子萌发的最适条件,巧玲花为喜低温型种子.     

基质、光照和温度对羊耳菊种子萌发的影响

为了研究羊耳菊种子的萌发特性,观察了不同基质、光照和温度等条件处理对羊耳菊种子萌发的影响.种子萌发试验的基质分别为纱布、滤纸及细河沙;光照条件分别为黑暗和自然光2种;萌发温度分别为10,15,20,25℃.结果表明:1)种子萌发最佳基质为细河沙;2)种子在光照条件下具有较高的萌发率;3)最适萌发温度为25℃,萌发率达53.75％.本研究可为羊耳菊资源利用提供科学依据.     

滇南杜鹃种子萌发特性研究

为探究滇南杜鹃种子的萌发特性,以采自云南禄丰的滇南杜鹃种子为研究材料,观察并测定其形态、种子千粒重及吸水率,统计了种子在不同温度、不同光照、不同浓度GA3及不同浓度PEG-6000处理下的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数,并对所得数据进行方差分析。结果表明:1)滇南杜鹃种子呈卵形至长卵形,种皮红褐色,两端有翅,长(1.60±0.18)mm,宽(0.54±0.08)mm,千粒重为(0.1296±0.005)g。2)在15℃/25℃变温24h黑暗条件下种子萌发率最高,达84.33%,发芽势为34.33%;在5℃/15℃变温12h光照/12h黑暗和24h黑暗以及30℃恒温24h黑暗条件下种子均不萌发。3)在100~5000mg·L^-1的GA3处理范围内,随浓度的提高,滇南杜鹃种子的发芽指标在不同程度上均呈先上升后下降的趋势,2000mg·L^-1GA3浸种效果最好,发芽率达87.00%。4)在5%~20%的PEG胁迫范围内,随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,滇南杜鹃种子的发芽指标显著降低,发芽启动时间推迟,发芽持续时间延长;20%PEG下,滇南杜鹃种子完全未萌发。     

海桐种子的休眠解除与萌发

观赏植物海桐(Pittosporum tobira(Thunb.)Ait.)种子的休眠和萌发特性已被进行了较充分的研究.TTC检测出新鲜海桐种子是高活力的(98%),但在5个恒温和1个变温(12 h/d的光周期)下,其萌发率仅为27%,这说明海桐种子处于休眠状态.经不同浓度(100mM和200 mM)的GA3溶液处理后,新鲜海桐种子的萌发率有所提高;在25/15℃与200 mM的处理下,其发芽率最高是41%,但仍不理想.当经过低温(5℃)处理一段时间(15、30、45、60、90d)后,海桐种子的萌发率显著提高,尤其是在25℃和25/15℃处理下,萌发率分别为87%和95%.此外,冷层积30 d和45 d的海桐种子经200 mM的GA3溶液处理后的萌发率分别达69%和94%,效果显著.可见,海桐种子的休眠是浅生理休眠,单一的GA3溶液处理不能有效地打破海桐种子的休眠,但冷层积90d或200mM GA3溶液处理冷层积45d的种子,可有效地解除其休眠;同时,温度对种子的萌发有较大影响,在适宜的萌发温度(25℃或25/15℃)与周期性(12h/d)光照下,种子的萌发率超过90%.由此推断,海桐种子在自然条件下难以萌发的原因与其生理休眠有关.     

温度、光照和水分对珍稀濒危树种崖柏种子萌发的影响

以崖柏种子为试验材料,研究不同温度条件、光照和持续黑暗、不同浸种时间等对种子萌发的影响,探讨适宜崖柏种子萌发的环境条件。结果表明:适宜崖柏种子萌发的温度为25℃,种子发芽率为88%,20℃和30℃条件下的种子发芽率分别为77%和33%。种子萌发进程在20℃和30℃条件下比在25℃条件下开始的时间晚,萌发持续的时间长。高温会显著提高种子霉变率,30℃条件下的种子霉变率高达40%;光照不是崖柏种子萌发的必要条件。在连续黑暗条件下种子仍可萌发,且种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势、霉变率等无明显差别。但在光照下种子持续发芽的时间短,种子霉变率低;浸种72 h、96 h和120 h对崖柏的种子萌发没有显著影响,但浸种120 h的种子发芽率低,霉变率高。浸种72 h即可以满足崖柏种子萌发对水分的基本需求。     

不同处理方法对金银莲花种子发芽的影响

为了解金银莲花种子特征及萌发条件,笔者研究了其种子形态、不同的光照、温度、GA3和不同p H值的溶液对其种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:金银莲花种子的直径为(0.704±0.048)mm,千粒重为(0.1102±0.05)g,种子离开母体时胚发育为成熟胚时期。其种子在光照条件下的萌发率高于黑暗条件;温度过高或过低均不利于种子萌发,其种子最适宜的发芽温度为25℃;一定浓度GA3溶液对金银莲花种子萌发有促进作用,浓度不宜过高;金银莲花种子对p H值有较广的适应性,p H 6~7时,种子的发芽率,发芽指数较高。因此,金银莲花种子为需光萌发,最适萌发温度为25℃,在中性偏弱酸的环境下种子易于萌发,50~400 mg/L的GA3处理其种子萌发率均可达到97%以上。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.