高山龙胆种子萌发特性研究

为了解高山龙胆种子萌发的适宜条件,[方法]研究了不同温度、不同光照条件和不同赤霉素浓度处理对种子萌发的影响。研究结果表明,不同温度对高山龙胆种子的发芽率影响明显,低温(5 ℃)和高温(35 ℃)严重抑制种子萌发,25 ℃是高山龙胆种子萌发的最理想温度,发芽率达到68.9%。光照条件对高山龙胆种子萌发具有显著的影响,黑暗条件不利于种子萌发。赤霉素处理对高山龙胆种子的发芽势和发芽率均有促进作用,但过高的浓度会阻碍种子萌发,以300-400 mg/L的赤霉素处理种子最为适宜,发芽率可达85%以上。 [结论]因此,高山龙胆种子发芽最适温度为25 ℃,且种子需光萌发,300-400 mg/L的赤霉素处理可以明显提高种子发芽率。     

野鸢尾种子萌发特性的研究

对野鸢尾(Iris dichotoma Pallas.)种子萌发特性进行了研究.结果表明,野鸢尾种子生活力为100.0%;种子含水量为8.4%,具有良好的吸水性;温水浸种最适起始水温为80 ℃;种子萌发最适温度为变温30℃/20℃;光照对野鸢尾种子萌发有显著影响,最适光照条件为8 h;赤霉素对种子萌芽率影响不显著,但处理后发芽整齐,最适浓度为100 mg/L;种子不存在休眠,不适宜低温沙藏,室温干藏的效果更好.     

刺山柑种子休眠及萌发特性研究

以刺山柑种子为材料，研究干藏、埋藏和层积处理后不同温度、光照、赤霉素浓度对刺山柑种子萌发的影响，探讨刺山柑种子的休眠类型和萌发特性。结果表明，刺山柑种子存在非深度生理休眠，千粒重(3.931 6±0.096 2)g,种子活力为98%;最适萌发温度为15℃/2℃;埋藏和低温层积能解除种子休眠；赤霉素能显著提高种子的萌发率(p<0.05),光照不是种子萌发的必要条件；干藏对种子的萌发率无显著性影响(p<0.05)。     

大叶千斤拔种子萌发特性研究

探讨大叶千斤拔种子发芽最佳基本条件和种子的寿命,为栽培生产提供科学依据。测定种子的吸水率;通过磨破种皮、热水处理和浓硫酸处理等找到破除种子硬实的最佳方法;考察不同温度和光照、发芽床、贮藏对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,大叶千斤拔种子吸水率为31.26%,种皮透水性差是影响种子发芽的关键因素。种子适宜萌发的温度范围为25～30℃,发芽前用磨擦种皮+80℃热水浸种4 h的方法可使种子的发芽率提高到66.67%;光照和发芽床对种子萌发无显著影响。种子在4℃低温条件下贮藏3年发芽率仍有61%,贮藏4年发芽率降至32%。综上,大叶千斤拔种子为硬实性种子,发芽前需要预处理;种子为高温萌发型、光中性种子;种子寿命在4年以上。     

丹参种子的萌发特性研究

通过研究光照、温度、pH值、赤霉素和覆土厚度等条件处理对丹参种子萌发的影响,探讨了丹参种子的萌发特性。结果表明,丹参种子最适宜的萌发温度为20~25℃,在适宜的温度下,全光照比无光照的发芽势和发芽率都高,对pH值的适宜范围比较宽,在pH值为2~10范围内均可萌发,赤霉素对丹参种子的萌发作用不明显,种子最适覆土厚度为1.0 cm,最适贮藏时间为6个月,生产中建议随采随播。     

西南鸢尾种子萌发特性初步研究

以西南鸢尾种子为研究对象,从种皮透水性、不同光温条件下种子萌发率以及低温湿沙层积和赤霉素处理对打破种子休眠的效应等方面对西南鸢尾种子萌发特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,种皮透水性良好,在浸水2h后吸水量迅速增加,在48h后达到吸水高峰。4种恒温15、20、25、30℃和3种变温20／10、25／15、30／20℃条件下,发现种子萌发最适温度为30／20℃,同时有光条件下的种子萌发率明显高于无光条件,即西南鸢尾种子萌发具有需光性。种子在5℃湿沙层积1～6个月后,萌发率提高18.3％～48.9％。而不同浓度的赤霉素（50～600mg／L）处理24h后均没有提高种子萌发率,以上结果表明西南鸢尾具有非深度生理体眠特性。     

伊犁郁金香(Tulipa iliensis)种子萌发特性研究

为研究伊犁郁金香(Tulipa iliensis)种子的萌发特性,根据伊犁郁金香在自然环境中先经历夏季高温,再渡过严寒的冬季之后再萌发的特点,探讨夏季室温储藏、冬季低温贮藏的时间和二者的交互作用及赤霉素(GA3)对打破种子休眠的影响.结果表明:15/2℃是伊犁郁金香种子较为理想的萌发条件;新鲜伊犁郁金香种子在5℃条件下贮藏15d或在室温下储藏30d有助于打破种子休眠;800 mg/L的GA3对新鲜种子萌发率的影响较大.由此可见,低温是伊犁郁金香种子萌发的首要条件,种子的休眠类型为胚后熟引起的休眠,而种皮的机械阻碍作用也是引起其休眠的原因之一.     

大叶蚁塔种子萌发特性研究

研究了低温层积处理、光照、温度、pH等因素对大叶蚁塔种子萌发的影响。结果表明:低温层积40～50 d处理有利于打破大叶蚁塔种子休眠,促进种子萌发。最适光照强度为1 500 lx,最适光周期为16 h;最适萌发温度为25℃;pH值最适为7,萌发率最高达80.25%。     

南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb)种子形态与萌发特征的初步研究

在实验室条件下,对南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb)种子的形态特征、千粒重、生活力、吸水速率及萌发特征进行了初步研究。结果表明:南蛇藤种子平均大小为0.413 cm×0.220 cm×0.194 cm(长×宽×厚),千粒重约8.269 g;自然条件下产出有活力种子比例为69%左右;种皮具有较好的透水性,但因其较厚、硬的外种皮束缚了种胚的生长,影响其透气性,从而引起种子休眠;破种皮与3 mmol/L的赤霉素同时处理种子可使种子的发芽率达到29.33%,而完整种子同时用赤霉素处理、完整种子不用赤霉素处理、破种皮但不用赤霉素处理3种条件下,均不萌发。种皮机械障碍和胚的生理后熟均是引起南蛇藤种子休眠的原因。     

北枳椇种子萌发特性研究

通过研究北枳椇种子的吸水特性、光照、温度、硫酸、赤霉素、低温层积等条件处理对北枳椇种子萌发的影响;测定不同保藏时间北枳椇种子的活力及发芽率和不同覆土厚度对北枳椇种子萌发的作用,探讨了北枳椇种子的萌发特性及其贮藏特性.结果表明:刚采收的北枳犋种子不存在生理休眠,生活力高达86%;北枳椇种皮坚韧,对胚具有机械限制作用,发芽周期超过100d,且发芽不整齐;光照对胚发芽无显著影响;45 d低温砂藏促进其种子萌发;0.5～4 g/L.浓度GA,的处理对其种子萌发促进作用不显著;用浓硫酸处理12 min后,在25℃温度下北枳椇种子30 d发芽势由不处理的21.67%提高到75.4%;北枳椇种子活力在常温下可以保存数年,保藏1年后的种子可能由于老化的原因,萌发时需要改进处理方法以提高发芽率;北枳椇为子叶出土型种子,育苗覆土小于0.5 cm为好.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.